精对苯二甲酸装置腐蚀原因分析及防蚀对策

本文介绍了高温醋酸和高温含溴对苯二甲酸中典型不锈钢设备的腐蚀状况以及316L、317L、Mo5Cu、00Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN、00Cr20Ni18Mo6N 5种材料在上述两种介质中的腐蚀原因和减缓腐蚀所采取的对策。     

不锈钢和镍基合金在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用特制高压釜设备,研究304L不锈钢、316L不锈钢、317L不锈钢和镍基合金(Incoloy 800)在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀,初步探讨了不锈钢和镍基合金在醋酸溶液中的腐蚀机理及Ni和Mo元素对提高不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,温度对不锈钢和镍基合金耐蚀性有显著影响,随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率逐渐增大,当温度升高到一定值,不锈钢的耐蚀性会急剧下降.在低温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的;在高温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响.在低温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响;在高温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的.     

00Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo2N不锈钢耐海水应力腐蚀性能

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法研究了00Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo2N不锈钢的耐海水应力腐蚀性能,分析了试验温度、拉伸应变速率对应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在35～65℃温度区间,00Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo2N不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中对应力腐蚀不敏感,试验温度对00Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo2N不锈钢的应力腐蚀行为无明显影响。拉伸应变速率对其应力腐蚀行为有影响,应变速率为1.0×10-6/s时应力腐蚀敏感因子相对较高。     

纯钛醋酸精馏塔的制造

醋酸精馏塔是维尼纶生产中的关键设备.维尼纶生产采用乙烯直接合成醋酸乙烯的工艺方法.该方法存在醋酸和醋酸乙烯的腐蚀问题.液相法还存在着氯离子的腐蚀作用.原有设备大多为进口设备,采用不锈钢制造,使用一段时间后腐蚀、结垢严重,经常泄漏,塔内塔盘使用Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti.不锈钢使用2～3年后,厚3mm的塔盘被腐蚀减薄到0.5～1mm,筛孔也被腐蚀增大.由于纯钛在同样的介质中耐腐蚀性能远远优于不锈钢,采用钛材可解决上述问题,从而可大大提高设备的使用寿命,减少停车次数和停车损失.     

Cu对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N钢组织及性能的影响

研究了Cu对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N双相不锈钢组织、力学性能、高温热塑性的影响.结果表明,Cu是非常弱的奥氏体形成元素,对扩大奥氏体相区没有明显的作用;加入1.5% 的Cu,可使00Cr25Ni7Mo4N钢固溶处理后的强度增加,冲击韧性降低,并降低了在900～1100℃固溶处理钢的断面收缩率,而在1150～1250℃温度范围固溶处理,两种钢的断面收缩率相近,均大于60%,热塑性较好.     

Mn含量对Cr25Ni5Mo2Cu3RE双相钢组织和性能的影响

以Cr25Ni5Mo2Cu3RE双相不锈钢为对象,采用金相显微镜、万能拉伸试验机、冲击试验机和恒电位仪分析测试手段,研究了Mn含量对Cr25Ni5Mo2Cu3RE双相不锈钢的显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响规律.结果表明,奥氏体含量随Mn含量的增加先增多后减少,力学性能和耐电化学腐蚀性能随着Mn含量的增加先增大后降低;当Mn含量在0.6％～0.8％时,Cr25Ni5Mo2Cu3RE双相不锈钢的综合性能最好.     

00Ni18Co12Mo5Ti钢在酸性介质中的腐蚀行为

运用化学浸泡法和塔菲尔(Tafel)极化曲线外推法研究了00Ni18Co12Mo5Ti马氏体时效钢经硝酸和氢硫酸两种不同钝化处理后在Cl-介质中的腐蚀行为,对比分析了00Ni18Co12Mo5Ti钢与不锈钢和低合金钢在FeCl_3溶液中的腐蚀速率,并观察了腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明:00Ni18Co12Mo5Ti钢在两种不同钝化处理后的腐蚀速率稳定,硝酸钝化后其腐蚀速率是不锈钢的9倍,是低合金钢的40%;氢硫酸浸泡后其腐蚀速度稍低于不锈钢,是低合金钢的20%。扫描电镜结果显示,00Ni18Co12Mo5Ti钢的腐蚀类型为微观点蚀。     

基于d电子合金理论的新型节镍双相不锈钢设计及性能研究

依据d电子合金理论,设计了新型节镍00Cr19Mn6Ni0.5N0.2(DSSs)系列双相不锈钢,同时研究了W、Mo、Cu单独添加对该系列双相不锈钢显微组织、力学及腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:Cu可以显著扩大奥氏体相区,Mo和Cu能够适当提高材料的腐蚀性能,W和Mo可以不同程度的提高室温拉伸性能,该系列新型双相不锈钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别达到360、880MPa和35%以上。实验合金中没有发现sigma相的析出,与理论设计结果基本一致。     

ZG0Cr14Ni5Mo2Cu不锈钢铸件热校正工艺研究

ZG0Cr14Ni5Mo2Cu不锈钢铸件在铸造、热处理及加工等过程中极易产生变形,且因铸件结构限制、合金强度较高等因素影响,ZG0Cr14Ni5Mo2Cu不锈钢铸件冷态校正难度极大。本试验通过对比ZG0Cr14Ni5Mo2Cu不锈钢铸件在不同高温条件下校正效果及性能变化,开展不锈钢铸件加热校正工艺研究。研究表明,ZG0Cr14Ni5Mo2Cu不锈钢铸件热校正温度不应低于650℃,且不应高于850℃,在此温度区间进行热校正不影响铸件力学性能。     

00Cr25Ni6Mo3N双相不锈钢的力学性能

00Cr25Ni6Mo3N双相不锈钢可用于要求具有良好力学性能特别是低温冲击韧度的鼓风机叶轮等零件。某公司的00Cr25Ni6Mo3N双相不锈钢锻件低温冲击性能很不稳定。为此,对冲击性能不良的00Cr25Ni6Mo3N钢锻件进行了1050℃、1070℃、1100℃和1050℃保温1.5h水冷的固溶处理,随后测定了力学性能。结果表明:锻件的-40℃冲击吸收能量差异很大,有的达不到要求的27J。金相分析发现,00Cr25Ni6Mo3N钢锻件冲击韧度低的原因是锻造工艺不当析出了金属间相,而且热处理不能消除这种金属间相,严格控制锻造加热制度是解决该问题的唯一途径。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。