基于VOF模型的膜状冷凝传热分析

基于流体体积函数法(volume of fluid,VOF)建立垂直平行平板通道内膜状冷凝传热预测数值模型,膜状冷凝传热传质过程模拟通过在VOF模型守恒方程中施加基于界面能量平衡方法的源项实现。通过数值分析研究发现,在壁面的顶部,冷凝液膜最薄,存在层流区域;冷凝液向下流动,一系列不规则的波纹随之出现;影响冷凝传热的主要因素是蒸汽的流速、液膜厚度及流动状态等。     

竖直圆管内R113的降膜换热特性数值模拟

为开发适用于低温热源的高效降膜蒸发换热装置,本研究采用FLUENT软件对低沸点有机工质氟利昂(R113)在竖直管内汽液两相逆流降膜蒸发进行模拟研究。汽液界面捕捉选用VOF模型,并通过udf编程模拟汽液两相蒸发传热,研究了喷淋密度、热流密度及入口温度对R113降膜蒸发换热的影响。结果表明:在一定结构参数下,存在降膜换热最佳喷淋密度;在一定喷淋密度下,热流密度对降膜换热影响显著,且热流密度越高换热效果越好;随着入口温度升高,降膜换热效果削弱,且高于某温度后其对降膜换热几乎没有影响。     

分离式省煤器内水相变传热的数值研究

为研究分离式省煤器内循环工质的相变过程,使用Ansys Fluent中的mixture(混合流)模型对汽液两相流进行数值模拟。通过Lee's蒸发冷凝模型对分离式省煤器的传热传质过程进行了迭代计算,获得了瞬态的气相图和温度场。在相变系统的加热过程中,可观察到蒸发段的液池内气泡的形成、合并、生长和上浮的全过程和在冷凝段壁面上凝结成液膜,并汇集返回蒸发段的全过程,计算得到的壁面温度与工程现场测量值相吻合,验证了模型的正确性。研究了热流密度、相变段内径、相变段长度比、充液量和冷凝段参数对相变系统总传热系数的定性关系,研究表明:在蒸发段管径30 mm、冷凝段温度320 K、热冷段长度比为1、热流密度800 W/m~2情况下,充液率在0.2~0.8时分离式省煤器内循环系统可以稳定运行,充液率为0.4时,传热系数达到最大。研究结果为分离式相变换热系统的研究设计提供了参考。     

预测水冷壁管道温度分布的新方法

为了得到锅炉水冷壁管道周向温度分布和内壁氧化膜生长的特性,通过对其传热过程的研究,建立起预测具有内壁氧化膜的管道温度分布的数值模型.并根据管状热流设备测得的管道热流密度,针对某电厂的水冷壁管道实际运行情况进行计算,结果表明在圆周角为120°时管道各界面的温度和氧化膜厚度最小,在圆周角为0°时管道各界面的温度和氧化膜厚度...     

自然循环锅炉水冷壁温度计算方法及影响因素分析

研究了自然循环锅炉膜式水冷壁管的传热，采用编制程序对水冷壁进行温度场分布的计算，在研究方法上考虑了欠热沸腾起始点的问题，探讨了入口工质状态、炉内热流密度、质量流量、质量舍汽率等对水冷壁温度的影响。计算结果表明，入口水温的变化会影响欠热沸腾起始点的高度，但对温度的影响较小；炉内热流密度、质量流量和质量舍汽率的波动都会对温度产生影响，这主要是由于它们影响了换热系数的大小。     

倾斜降膜蒸发特性实验研究

以电加热作为供热热源来模拟太阳能,研究了不同工况下倾斜降膜蒸发特性,通过对蒸馏器吸热面和冷凝面划分等间距小区段,根据液膜和冷凝面的温度分布,利用Dunkle模型预测了蒸馏器的产水速率.结果表明:热流密度、单位长度给水质量流量、倾斜角度和单位长度冷却水质量流量是影响蒸馏器产水速率的主要因素;产水速率随着热流密度的增大呈线性增加;在单位长度给水质量流量为5.5～10.0kg/(h.m)时,产水速率随着单位长度给水质量流量的减小呈线性增大,单位长度给水质量流量为0.7～5.5kg/(h.m)时,产水速率波动较小;在倾斜角度为15°～60°时,产水速率随着倾斜角度的增大而增大;冷却水均匀地流过冷凝面上表面有助于增大蒸馏器的产水速率;蒸馏器吸热面和冷凝面划分的区段越多,模型预测值与实验值吻合越好.     

水平刻槽管壁面二元溶液升膜蒸发传热试验研究

对水平刻槽管壁面二元溶液升膜形成过程进行了分析.在同一热流密度下,不同升膜工质在管壁面的分布状态也不相同.由于刻槽管特殊的几何结构,液膜表面能实现欠热蒸发和过冷沸腾.实测了水平刻槽管壁面水和不同质量分数的NaCl溶液液膜内温度分布、周向换热系数和厚度分布.试验结果表明:NaCl溶液比水更易形成升膜,并且升膜的速度比水的大,所以换热效果比水的好,溶液质量分数对换热系数和温度分布存在影响.质量分数越大,溶液的换热系数也就越大,液膜内的温度变化也就越明显.对于一定质量分数的溶液,溶液的换热系数只与液膜的厚度分布有关.     

矩形通道干涸后膜态沸腾传热试验研究

在流动传热基础试验平台上进行了矩形通道干涸后膜态沸腾的传热试验,研究了各种热工水力参数对膜态沸腾传热的影响特性.结果表明:干涸后膜态沸腾是一个相对稳定的传热过程,其壁面温度不会出现明显的脉动;随着进口含汽率的增加,膜态沸腾热流密度减小,壁面温度升高,传热系数减小;随着质量流速的增大或系统压力的升高,膜态沸腾热流密度增大,壁面温度降低,传热系数增大.     

基于有限元方法的溴化锂降膜吸收传热传质的数值研究

吸收器是吸收式制冷系统的重要部件.溴化锂溶液的降膜吸收是吸收器中最常见的传质传热形式之一.通过对溴化锂溶液在降膜吸收过程中传质和传热特性的分析,使用基于有限元法的COMSOL Multiphysics软件,建立了溴化锂溶液和水蒸汽降膜吸收的物理数学模型,计算了液膜内部温度和质量分数的分布、界面处传质通量、界面处传热通量...     

垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发及相界面波动研究

采用数值模拟的方法对垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发流动和传热特性进行研究。分析入口雷诺数Re和热流密度的耦合作用对液膜流动和传热的影响,结果表明:壁面生成的汽泡呈现液滴状;大汽泡表面分割、脱离出小汽泡;汽泡生成、脱离强化了沸腾传热效率;热流密度越大,液膜表面的稳定性越差;Re的提高能够增强相界面稳定性;降膜沸腾传热方式的不同对传热系数影响很大;在计算工况范围内,绘制出传热模态分布图,为工程应用提供基础。     

Effect of surface free energy difference on steam-ethanol mixture condensation heat transfer

The condensation heat transfer of steam-ethanol mixture with different weight fractions was investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficients (HTC) and condensation modes, i.e. filmwise condensation (FWC), transition state and dropwise condensation (DWC), varied with the mixture compositions and the vapor-surface temperature differences. The interface effect, in terms of equivalent surface free energy difference between condensate and ultra thin liquid film, was introduced to analyze the variation of condensation modes and heat transfer coefficient. The equivalent surface free energy differences under various vapor conditions and vapor-surface temperature differences are calculated quantitatively. The experimental results show that as equivalent surface free energy difference was gradually increased, the condensation mode alternates from filmwise to transition state and finally to dropwise condensation, with heat transfer coefficient simultaneously increasing. The effect of surface free energy difference was also introduced to analyze the data in literature, and the effect of subcooling on heat transfer coefficient was discussed from the perspective of interface effect. The results show that as the vapor-surface temperature difference was gradually increased, the surface free energy difference increase accordingly and then reaches its peak value. The heat transfer coefficient exhibits the same tendency as equivalent surface free energy.     

Approximate equations for film condensation in the presence of non-condensable gases

Non-condensable gases greatly influence vapor condensation, resulting in a substantial reduction in the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Although extensive analytical and numerical investigations of condensation heat transfer in the presence of non-condensable gases have been done, most of the solutions are quite complicated. Based on a thermodynamics analysis, when the vapor is not close to its critical state and the mass fraction of the non-condensable gas in the main stream is less than 0.1, an equation which relates the vapor/gas-liquid interface parameters and the main stream parameters was developed in the present work. For forced convection film condensation heat transfer on the outside surface of a horizontal tube, the present equation combining with an existing analytical solution as well as a heat transfer correlation given by previous investigators, gives the heat flux and the interfacial parameters of the water vapor-air mixture. The results show that the predicted heat flux is in good agreement with experimental data available in the literature and that even a small amount of air substantially reduces the heat flux. An algebraic equation set is given to calculate free convection film condensation on a vertical flat surface, which associates the interfacial and main stream parameters, an integral solution and an analytical solution given by previous investigators. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data in the literature.     

Numerical study of heat and mass transfer of binary mixtures condensation in mini-channels

This work presents a model to study condensation heat and mass transfer characteristics of binary mixtures inside mini-channels. By considering the mass and heat transfer resistances in the vapor phase, the conservation equations of mass, species, momentum and energy are solved using higher order finite element method. The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental data from the literature, in particular for the case of methane/ethane mixtures at different compositions and working conditions in a tube of 1.0 mm in diameter. The results show a reasonably good prediction of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop by comparing with these experimental data. The model is then used to study the effect of mass flux, wall heat flux and system inlet pressure on the heat and mass transfer resistances during condensation of binary mixtures.     

Interface temperature and heat transfer in forced convection laminar film condensation of binary mixtures

Based on numerical solutions of the balance equations accurate empirical correlations for filmwise condensation in forced convection flow over a horizontal flat plate are presented. The correlations are designed to be also correct for the limiting case of zero and infinite condensation rate. They are applied to determine the interface temperature between liquid and vapour phase and hence the condensation rate and heat flux. The results are in excellent agreement with those from numerical solutions of the balance equations. It turns out that the usually adopted film theory for the vapour-phase mass transfer overestimates the size of a heat exchanger.     

The experimental and numerical investigation of a grooved vapor chamber

An effective thermal spreader can achieve more uniform heat flux distribution and thus enhance heat dissipation of heat sinks. Vapor chamber is one of highly effective thermal spreaders. In this paper, a novel grooved vapor chamber was designed. The grooved structure of the vapor chamber can improve its axial and radial heat transfer and also can form the capillary loop between condensation and evaporation surfaces. The effect of heat flux, filling amount and gravity to the performance of this vapor chamber is studied by experiment. From experiment, we also obtained the best filling amount of this grooved vapor chamber. By comparing the thermal resistance of a solid copper plate with that of the vapor chamber, it is suggested that the critical heat flux condition should be maintained to use vapor chamber as efficient thermal spreaders for electronics cooling. A two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model for the grooved vapor chamber is developed. The numerical simulation results show the thickness distribution of liquid film in the grooves is not uniform. The temperature and velocity field in vapor chamber are obtained. The thickness of the liquid film in groove is mainly influenced by pressure of vapor and liquid beside liquid–vapor interface. The thin liquid film in heat source region can enhance the performance of vapor chamber, but if the starting point of liquid film is backward beyond the heat source region, the vapor chamber will dry out easily. The optimal filling ratio should maintain steady thin liquid film in heat source region of vapor chamber. The vapor condenses on whole condensation surface, so that the condensation surface achieves great uniform temperature distribution. By comparing the experimental results with numerical simulation results, the reliability of the numerical model can be verified.     

Condensation of organic binary mixtures flowing horizontally in a horizontal tube bundle

Both heat and mass transfer in the gas phase and heat transfer in the liquid phase are examined experimentally for film condensation of organic binary mixtures such as ethanol-water and methanol-water. Experimental results on the average heat flux, vapor-liquid interface temperature and liquid-phase Nusselt number are compared with analytical solutions based on stagnant film theory and heat-transfer relationships for film condensation from a pure vapor. Experimental heat transfer results agree well with the analytical solutions, except that the experimental liquid-phase Nusselt numbers under conditions of low mass fraction of water are considerably higher than predicted by the analytical solutions. This high value of the liquid-phase Nusselt number is considered to be caused by dropwise condensation in the liquid phase. However, its effect on the tube bundle is not so remarkable compared with that in gravity-controlled condensation on a vertical surface. This is considered to be caused by the condensate inundation effect. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(6): 342–361, 1996     

Condensation heat transfer enhancement in the presence of non-condensable gas using the interfacial effect of dropwise condensation

Heat transfer characteristics of dropwise condensation (DWC) were experimentally studied on a vertical plate for a variety of non-condensable gas (NCG) concentration, saturation pressure, and surface sub-cooling degree. As the heat transfer performance was dominated by the vapor diffusion process near the interface of the gas–liquid within the gas phase, the additional thermal resistance of the coating layer may not be strictly limited, a fluorocarbon coating was applied to promote dropwise condensation mode. Compared with the traditional filmwise condensation (FWC), heat and mass transfer with NCG can be enhanced with the dropwise condensation mode. In the present paper, the effect of condensate liquid resistance should not be regarded as the most vital factor to explain the results, but the vapor diffusion process. This is attributed to the liquid–vapor interfacial perturbation motion caused by coalescence and departure of condensate droplets. The results also demonstrated that the feature of droplets departure is the dominant factor for the steam–air condensation heat transfer enhancement.     

Numerical simulation of R410A condensation in horizontal microfin tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of condensation for R410A inside horizontal microfin tubes with 0° and 18° helical angles were investigated numerically. The numerical data fit well with the experimental results and with the empirical correlations. The results indicate that local heat transfer coefficients increase with increasing mass flux, vapor quality, and helical angle. The heat transfer enhancement in the helical microfin tubes is more pronounced at higher mass flux and vapor quality. The centrifugal force induced by the microfin with a 18° helical angle tends to spread the liquid from the bottom to the top, leading to a nearly symmetrical liquid–vapor interface during condensation. Swirling flows in the liquid phase are observed in the tube with the 18° helical angle, but the liquid phase tends to flow to the bottom due to gravity in the tube with the 0° helical angle.     

Numerical simulation of condensation for R410A at varying saturation temperatures in mini/micro tubes

ABSTRACT

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of condensation for R410A inside horizontal tubes (d_h = 0.25, 1, and 2 mm) at saturation temperatures Tsat = 310, 320, and 330 K are investigated numerically. The results indicate that local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop gradients increase with increasing mass flux and vapor quality and with decreasing tube diameter and saturation temperature. Liquid film thickness also increases with increasing saturation temperature because of the lower surface tension at higher saturation temperature. When gravity dominates the condensation process, a vortex with its core lying at the bottom of the tube is found in the vapor phase region. For the annular flow regime, stream traces point from the symmetry plan to the liquid–vapor interface, where the vapor phase becomes the liquid phase. Numerical heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop gradients are compared to available empirical correlations. Two new models for heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drop gradients are developed based on the numerical work.     

Numerical solution of film condensation from turbulent flow of vapor–gas mixtures in vertical tubes

A complete two-phase model is presented for film condensation from turbulent downward flow of vapor–gas mixtures in a vertical tube. The model solves the complete parabolic governing equations in both phases including a model for turbulence in each phase, with no need for additional correlation equations for interfacial heat and mass transfer. A finite volume method is used to form the discretized mean flow equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. A fully coupled solution approach is used with a mesh that automatically adapts to the changing film thickness. The results of using three turbulence models involving combinations of mixing length and k–ε models in the film and mixture regions are compared. This new model is extensively compared with previous numerical and experimental studies. In the experimental comparisons, it was found that a model consisting of a k–ε turbulence model for both the film and the mixture flows produced the best agreement. Results are also presented for a parametric study of condensation from steam-air mixtures. The effects of changes to the inlet Reynolds number, the inlet gas mass fraction, and the inlet-to-wall temperature difference on the film thickness and heat transfer are presented and discussed. Local profiles of axial velocity, temperature, and gas mass fraction are also presented.