A comparative study of continuous steel-concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons: Experimental investigation

A comparative study of prestressed continuous steel-concrete composite beams is carried out based on an experimental investigation. Four full-scale continuous composite beams were tested, among which two were two-span beams and two were three-span beams. One of the two-span beams was a conventional non-prestressed composite beam, and the other was a composite beam prestressed with external tendons in both the positive and negative moment regions. One of the three-span composite beams was non-prestressed, and the other was prestressed only in the negative moment regions with external high-strength tendons. The cracking behaviors, distortional lateral and local buckling as well as the load carrying capacity of the beams were investigated experimentally. Full plasticity was developed at the mid-span section of each beam; however, the maximum moments attained at the internal supports were governed by local buckling, which is related to the slenderness of the composite section. It is found that in hogging moment regions, the ultimate moment resistance of a composite beam prestressed with external tendons is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode composed of distortional lateral and local buckling. The results show that exerting prestressing on a continuous composite beam with external tendons increases the degree of the internal force and moment redistribution in the beam. A design proposal based on moment redistribution to evaluate the load carrying capacity of continuous composite beams with external tendons is proposed.     

体外预应力钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区的承载力研究

通过体外预应力组合梁的承载力试验,研究了负弯矩作用下体外预应力组合梁的开裂和极限承载力。研究结果表明:对负弯矩区组合梁施加体外预应力后,可有效提高截面的开裂弯矩。负弯矩作用下体外预应力组合梁的预应力增量很小,可忽略。一般情况下,对负弯矩截面施加体外预应力,不会提高截面的屈服承载弯矩。负弯矩作用下体外预应力组合梁的极限承载力受失稳控制。把预应力作用作为等效荷载,探讨组合梁失稳承载力的计算方法,采用BS5400:Part3方法计算了预应力组合梁的失稳临界弯矩。     

体外预应力钢-混凝土组合连续梁的试验研究及有限元分析

与承受正弯矩的简支梁不同,连续梁中支座部分承受负弯矩,组成组合梁的钢板件受压力作用,其力学性能受稳定控制,不考虑稳定影响的规范简化塑性算法会带来不安全的结果.以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类组合梁和是否配置预应力筋为参数,进行了两组共四根连续组合梁的单调加载对比试验.试验结果表明:无论预应力连续组合梁或是普通连续组合梁,最终破坏特征均为负弯矩区混凝土开裂,钢腹板局部屈曲,整个截面畸变失稳,正弯矩区混凝土板压碎;正弯矩区的承载能力可由简化塑性计算方法计算,而负弯矩区的受力性能由稳定控制,影响其承载能力的主要因素为板件的宽厚比所表征的截面种类,考虑屈曲的承载力计算方法与试验结果吻合.对各组合梁进行了有限元数值分析,分析考虑界面滑移、预应力、稳定等影响,结果和试验吻合较好.     

Numerical investigation of inelastic buckling of steel–concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons

The ultimate resistance of a continuous composite beam is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode of the two which is sharply different from the torsional buckling mode in a bare steel beam. A finite element model is developed and based on the proposed FE model, inelastic finite element analysis of composite beams in negative bending is investigated, considering the initial geometric imperfection and the residual stress patterns and the FE results are found agree well with the test results. Parametrical analysis is carried out on the prestressed composite beams with external tendons in negative bending. Factors that influence load carrying performance and buckling moment resistance of prestressed composite beams are analyzed, such as initial geometric imperfection, residual stress in steel beams, force ratio, which is defined as the extent of prestressing force and negative reinforcement in the beams, as well as the slenderness ratios of web, flange, and beams. By varying cross-section parameters, 25 groups of composite beams under negative uniform bending with initial geometric imperfection, residual stress as well as different force ratios, 200 beams in total are studied by means of the FE method. The computed buckling moment ratios are drawn against the modified slenderness proposed by the authors and compared with the Chinese Codified steel column design curve. It is demonstrated that the tentative design method based on the Chinese Codified design curve can be used in assessment of buckling strength of composite beams in a term of the modified slenderness defined.     

Load carrying capacity of composite beams prestressed with external tendons under positive moment

Tests have been carried out to study the ultimate moment and incremental tendon stress of steel-concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons under positive moment. It appears that adding prestressing by external tendons of the composite beams can significantly increase the yield load and the ultimate resistance of the beams. The deflection at the serviceability state is also reduced. However, a substantial incremental stress will develop in the tendons at the ultimate state. On the basis of the compatibility of the tendons and the composite beam at the anchorage section, and equilibrium of the internal force, the neutral axis equation of the composite beam section at the ultimate state is derived. The simplified expressions for the ultimate incremental tendon stress related to the ultimate span/deflection value for four typical external tendon cases are developed. The results compare well with the test results and the finite element analysis. A simplified method for predicting the ultimate incremental tendon force and the load carrying capacity of the composite beams prestressed with external tendons is proposed.     

体外索钢箱——混凝土组合连续梁非线性结构性能试验研究

钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的开裂问题影响了这类组合结构向更大跨度的发展。针对这一问题,提出在钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁中施加体外索的新技术,研究施加体外索对增强钢箱一混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的抗裂能力,提高钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁弹塑性结构性能的有利作用。经对比试验表明,施加体外索后,钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的开裂荷载提高2．8倍,组合连续梁的弹塑性抗弯刚度提高29．35％,承载力提高34．67％,结构性能显著提高。在试验研究基础上,分析钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区局部力学性能与整体非线性结构性能的关系,揭示体外索提高钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁弹塑性结构性能的力学实质,给出承载力计算建议。研究结果可作为体外索钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁工程应用和理论分析的参考。     

受负弯矩和压缩作用的组合梁的性能和设计

调查了受负弯矩和轴向压缩共同作用下钢-混凝土组合梁结构的性能。在这项研究中,对6个承受负弯矩作用的足尺寸的组合梁同时进行压缩。轴向压缩的等级由低到高变化。根据试验,构建并标定一个非线性有限元模型来对试验结果进行验证。该模型能够对试验所用梁的非线性响应和最终破坏模式做出预测。所构建的有限元模型对一些常在实际中使用的组合梁可进行一系列参数分析。分析发现,当压缩荷载作用于组合截面时,组合梁的负弯矩承载能力明显降低,钢梁的局部屈曲更显著,影响了截面的延展性。基于截面平衡的刚塑性分析可以合理地预测组合截面的复合强度,因此可适当地使用于设计原理中。在负弯矩区钢梁腹板处使用纵向加劲肋可消除腹板屈曲,并增加组合截面的转动能力。根据试验结果和有限元分析提出一个可应用于工程实践中的简化设计模型。     

Behaviour and design of composite beams subjected to negative bending and compression

This paper investigates the behaviour of steel–concrete composite beams subjected to the combined effects of negative bending and axial compression. For this study, six full-scale tests were conducted on composite beams subjected to negative moment while compression was applied simultaneously. The level of the applied axial compression varied from low to high. Following the tests, a nonlinear finite element model was developed and calibrated against the experimental results. The model was found to be capable of predicting the nonlinear response and the ultimate failure modes of the tested beams. The developed finite element model was further used to carry out a series of parametric analyses on a range of composite sections commonly used in practice. It was found that, when a compressive load acts in the composite section, the negative moment capacity of a composite beam is significantly reduced and local buckling in the steel beam is more pronounced, compromising the ductility of the section. Rigid plastic analysis based on sectional equilibrium can reasonably predict the combined strength of a composite section and, thus, can be used conservatively in the design practice. Detailing with longitudinal stiffeners in the web of the steel beam in the regions of negative bending eliminate web buckling and increase the rotational capacity of the composite section. Based on the experimental outcomes and the finite element analyses a simplified design model is proposed for use in engineering practice.     

Probabilistic analysis for design assessment of continuous steel-concrete composite girders

In the design of continuous steel-concrete composite girders, cross section plastic resistance can be exploited in the sagging regions, where the compressed flange of the steel beam is connected to the reinforced concrete slab. However, elastic verification of cross sections is normally adopted in the hogging regions, where the compressed portion of the steel beam is unrestrained by the concrete slab and more prone to buckling. In a combined design approach, which uses the cross section plastic resistance in the sagging regions and the cross section elastic resistance in the hogging regions, the design must satisfy the condition that the sagging plastic moment can develop while the hogging bending moment remains below the elastic limit. The objectives of this work are to present a framework for simplified probabilistic nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite bridges and to assess, through such framework, the combined elastic-plastic design as applied to a realistic three-span continuous steel-concrete composite road bridge. The methodology presented here is based on the First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) approximation, adopted to compute the first- and second-order statistical moments (means, variances and covariances) of structural response quantities. Deterministic and probabilistic numerical results for the benchmark problem are illustrated and discussed.     

Behavior of composite beams prestressed with external tendons: Experimental study

The paper deals with the failure mechanisms and behavior of composite steel-concrete beams prestressed with external tendons and subjected to positive bending. Experimental tests were carried out on beams with straight and draped tendons as well as on a non-prestressed beam. Six simply supported beams subjected to a positive static bending moment were tested up to failure. The influence of shear connection flexibility was taken into account and slip was measured along the beam axis. Concurrently, push-out specimens were made and tested to determine shear force vs. slip curves. It was found that at the same eccentricity of tendons (draped or straight without saddle points) the tendon shape has no significant effect on the behavior and ultimate resistance of composite steel-concrete beams. It is also shown that steel-concrete bond cohesion can significantly influence the behavior of the shear connection in composite beams. This influence is comparable with the design shear resistance of a single stud connector.     

Design of semi-continuous composite steel-concrete beams at the fire limit state

A two-dimensional temperature analysis procedure based on the finite element method (FEM) is described and applied to steel-concrete composite beams. A computer program developed for the analysis is detailed. A strategy is also proposed for incorporating the influence of the partial resistance of the composite connections in reducing the sagging moment at central regions of the beam spans when the beam is calculated as semi-continuous. Finally, an example problem is discussed, comparing the design uniformly distributed loads that can be supported by a composite beam calculated as semi-continuous and with simply supported spans. The temperature distribution due to fire at the central region of the spans is taken as in the simplified procedure proposed in European Prestandard ENV 1994-1-2 [ENV 1994-1-2. Eurocode 4, Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Structural fire design. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN); 1994] and then obtained with the more rigorous calculation using the described numerical algorithm. It will be assumed that no ultimate limit state will occur due to shear force (web buckling) or due to bending moment at the hogging moment regions of the beam (web and bottom flange buckling or distortional lateral buckling).     

体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布试验研究

进行了3根体外预应力混凝土两跨连续梁受力全过程试验。试验表明,自加载至受拉区混凝土开裂前,连续梁处于弹性阶段,边支座、中支座反力、跨中截面和中支座截面弯矩的实测值与采用弹性理论计算值接近。受拉区混凝土开裂后至非预应力受拉钢筋屈服,边支座反力及跨中截面弯矩实测值开始向大于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离;而中支座反力及中支座截面弯矩实测值则向小于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离。当梁内受拉非预应力筋屈服后,边支座、中支座反力的实测值以及跨中截面弯矩和中支座截面弯矩实测值与弹性理论计算值的偏差进一步增大,这种偏差在试验梁破坏时达到最大。3根试验梁中支座截面弯矩重分布值分别为12.8%、16.9%及14.6%。试验实测值还与4个不同设计规范的弯矩重分布计算值进行了比较。结果表明:采用美国ACI 318-95规范及中国GB 50010-2010规范计算的中支座截面弯矩重分布值均小于试验实测值;除一根编号为B5的梁外,加拿大A23.3-M84规范的预测值与试验值最为接近;而英国BS8110规范则偏于不安全。实际设计中,可按中国规范公式来计算体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布,但必须合理确定体外预应力筋的极限应力。     

钢-混凝土组合梁体外预应力筋极限应力研究

对国内外有关钢 混凝土组合梁体外预应力筋极限应力的研究成果进行了较为系统的综述。根据近期完成的 4根体外预应力钢 混凝土组合梁单调全过程试验 ,提出了体外预应力筋预应力损失的设计建议。基于虚功原理和变形协调条件分别推导了体外预应力筋弹性增量和极限应力的计算公式 ,在此基础上建立了体外预应力钢 混凝土组合梁抗弯承载力的计算公式 ,并编制了计算程序 ,程序计算值与试验结果吻合良好     

UHPC-T梁抗弯性能试验研究与理论计算

为研究配筋率和预应力对超高性能混凝土T梁(UHPC-T梁)抗弯性能的影响,设计并制作了4根UHPC-T梁与1根普通混凝土T梁,采用三等分点抗弯试验研究了T梁加载破坏的全过程特征,并采用理论公式计算了T梁的开裂弯矩和极限弯矩等关键性能参数。结果表明:配筋率对UHPC-T梁开裂荷载的影响不大; 相同配筋率下,预应力UHPC-T梁的极限承载力约为UHPC-T梁的1.4倍,UHPC-T梁的极限承载力约为普通混凝土T梁的2倍,表明预应力和UHPC均可明显提升T梁的极限承载能力; 与普通混凝土T梁相比,UHPC-T梁裂缝细而密,加载初期最大裂缝宽度发展较慢,裂缝宽度及其数量明显减少; 与UHPC-T梁相比,预应力UHPC-T梁能有效抑制裂缝的生成与发展,表明预应力和UHPC能改善T梁的抗裂性能; 各试验梁跨中正截面混凝土应变与荷载基本呈正比例关系,表明平截面假定同样适用于预应力UHPC-T梁与UHPC-T梁; T梁的理论开裂弯矩和极限弯矩均与相应的试验结果吻合较好,且两者之间的相对误差小于20%,满足工程设计要求。     

预应力钢-混凝土组合梁的抗弯承载力研究

建立了预应力钢 -混凝土组合梁考虑滑移效应和预应力筋内力增量的弹性抗弯承载力计算公式 ,提出了预应力钢 -混凝土组合梁考虑预应力筋内力增量的极限抗弯承载力的两步计算法。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。建议的计算公式对预应力钢 -混凝土组合梁的设计具有实用参考价值     

体外FRP筋的极限应力分析

为获得体外预应力混凝土梁的正截面抗弯强度、必须首先确定体外预应力筋的极限应力。在过去的半个多世纪中,许多学者对体外或体内无粘结预应力筋的极限应力进行了试验及分析研究,但这些研究主要以钢材、很少以纤维复合材料(FRP)作为研究对象。本文根据相关的试验研究数据,分析了以FRP为体外筋和以钢材为体外筋的情况下,等效塑性区长度与破坏截面中性轴比值的差异及变化。分析表明,对FRP体外预应力混凝土梁,这一比值比较稳定,并可取为常数。但该常数与以钢材为体外预应力筋的构件的有所不同。本文建立了分别以FRP和钢材为体外预应力时,构件的等效塑性区长度与破坏截面中性轴比值的转换关系式。在此基础上,建议了既适用于简支梁,亦适用于连续梁;既适用于常规的体外预应力钢筋,亦适用于非常规的体外预应力FRP筋的体外预应力筋极限应力计算方法。     

Numerical study on horizontally curved steel-concrete composite beams subjected to hogging moment

The horizontally curved continuous composite steel-concrete beams, for instance, curved continuous composite bridges, have excellent qualities, such as quick construction, good seismic performance, saving construction formwork and convenience in spatial arrangement etc. At present, the application research of this kind of structures is becoming more of a concern, but very few studies have been conducted to study the mechanical performance of composite beams subjected to combined hogging (negative) bending and torsion. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of curvatures on both elastic and inelastic behaviours of curved continuous steel-concrete composite beams in the interior support regions. Based on the experimental observations in a straight composite beam, a three-dimensional FE model capable of analysing the composite beams subjected to negative bending moment is built. Further numerical studies on curved composite beams with different curvatures are performed in this study. Strength and load carrying capacity, sectional strain distribution and movement of composite neutral axis before and after cracking, as well as the strain results of longitudinal reinforcing bars are investigated. Besides, the interaction equation for ultimate bending and torsional moments is proposed.     

体外预应力混凝土连续梁弯曲性能试验研究

为了研究体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯曲性能、极限受力状态及内力重分布规律,以施工方法和体内外预应力筋配比为参数,对1根整体式(体内外配筋)和2根节段式(体内外配筋和全体外配筋)体外预应力混凝土连续梁进行了模型试验。通过试验数据分析,得到了模型梁挠度、混凝土应变、体外预应力筋应力与有效高度随荷载变化规律,以及混凝土裂缝发展与分布情况。结果表明:整体式梁的混凝土极限压应变和挠度最大、延性较好但体外预应力筋有效高度减少最大,节段式体内外预应力梁的体外预应力筋极限应力最大,节段式全体外预应力梁的混凝土极限压应变和挠度最小、延性较差、体外预应力筋极限应力及有效高度减少也最小。节段式梁的裂缝主要集中在接缝位置、无斜裂缝,接缝位置的塑性变形使内力重分布更充分。整体式梁内力重分布的区域集中而节段式全体外预应力梁的范围较大,各梁控制截面弯矩增、减幅值不超过10%。     

负弯矩区部分充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁受力性能影响试验研究

为了研究充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区的荷载-挠度特征、截面应变分布、抗弯刚度、钢箱梁的约束机理以及承载能力的影响,对5根部分充填混凝土窄幅钢箱-混凝土简支组合梁试件和1根全充填混凝土试件进行了静力加载试验。试验结果表明：在负弯矩作用下,配筋率和剪力连接程度对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁的受力性能影响显著,配筋率从1%增加到2%,承载力提高22%;剪力连接度从0.75增加到1.25,承载力提高13%。半充填和全充填混凝土对窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁试件的承载力和刚度影响很小。充填混凝土对钢箱梁的屈曲约束作用明显,所有试件最终破坏时均未发生内凹屈曲。由于充填混凝土有效地限制钢箱变形,从而提高了组合梁的承载力和结构的稳定性。基于简化塑性理论提出了部分充填混凝土窄幅钢箱-混凝土组合梁的承载力计算方法,且计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

钢-混凝土组合梁抗裂性能的试验研究

为研究钢-混凝土连续组合梁的受力性能,特别是体外预应力对抗裂性能和刚度的影响,完成3根反向加载的简支组合梁和3根2跨连续组合梁的静力加载试验,其中包括2根在钢梁和混凝土板内折线布筋的体外预应力组合梁。试验表明:非预应力组合梁在负弯矩作用下的开裂荷载较低,连续梁在较低荷载下就会由于混凝土开裂而发生明显的内力重分布,且横向钢筋间距对裂缝间距具有一定影响;折线布筋的体外预应力组合梁开裂荷载增大,裂缝间距和裂缝宽度明显减小,且相同荷载下的挠度下降,说明体外预应力可有效改善组合梁的综合受力性能。此外,预应力作用对组合梁的滑移分布有较明显影响。