A comparative study of continuous steel-concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons: Experimental investigation

A comparative study of prestressed continuous steel-concrete composite beams is carried out based on an experimental investigation. Four full-scale continuous composite beams were tested, among which two were two-span beams and two were three-span beams. One of the two-span beams was a conventional non-prestressed composite beam, and the other was a composite beam prestressed with external tendons in both the positive and negative moment regions. One of the three-span composite beams was non-prestressed, and the other was prestressed only in the negative moment regions with external high-strength tendons. The cracking behaviors, distortional lateral and local buckling as well as the load carrying capacity of the beams were investigated experimentally. Full plasticity was developed at the mid-span section of each beam; however, the maximum moments attained at the internal supports were governed by local buckling, which is related to the slenderness of the composite section. It is found that in hogging moment regions, the ultimate moment resistance of a composite beam prestressed with external tendons is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode composed of distortional lateral and local buckling. The results show that exerting prestressing on a continuous composite beam with external tendons increases the degree of the internal force and moment redistribution in the beam. A design proposal based on moment redistribution to evaluate the load carrying capacity of continuous composite beams with external tendons is proposed.     

Behavior of composite beams prestressed with external tendons: Experimental study

The paper deals with the failure mechanisms and behavior of composite steel-concrete beams prestressed with external tendons and subjected to positive bending. Experimental tests were carried out on beams with straight and draped tendons as well as on a non-prestressed beam. Six simply supported beams subjected to a positive static bending moment were tested up to failure. The influence of shear connection flexibility was taken into account and slip was measured along the beam axis. Concurrently, push-out specimens were made and tested to determine shear force vs. slip curves. It was found that at the same eccentricity of tendons (draped or straight without saddle points) the tendon shape has no significant effect on the behavior and ultimate resistance of composite steel-concrete beams. It is also shown that steel-concrete bond cohesion can significantly influence the behavior of the shear connection in composite beams. This influence is comparable with the design shear resistance of a single stud connector.     

Effective width of a concrete slab in steel-concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons

The finite element method is applied to evaluate the effective width of a concrete slab in composite beams prestressed with external tendons. The beams studied are simply supported, with external prestressed strands straightly and draped arranged. The effective width for the prestressed composite beams evaluated based on the finite element parametric study is compared with that of plain composite beams without prestressing, and code provisions. The influence of the shear connections on the effective width and the shear slips along the beam span, as well as the incremental stresses developed in the prestressed strands, are analyzed. The behaviors of the external prestressed composite beams subject to the shrinkage and creep in the concrete slab are also discussed.     

Experimental study of prestressed steel-concrete composite beams with external tendons for negative moments

Four groups of prestressed steel-concrete composite beams with external tendons in negative moment regions were tested, and the cracking behaviours and the ultimate negative moment resistances of the composite beams were investigated experimentally. It is found that in hogging moment regions, on adding prestressing to the composite beams with external tendons, the cracking resistance of the beams can be effectively increased; however, the incremental internal tendon forces of the prestressed composite beams are rather small, and therefore can be neglected in the evaluation of the negative moment resistance of the beams. In hogging moment regions, the ultimate resistance of a composite beam prestressed with external tendons is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode composed of the two bucklings. For a beam with a compact section, the negative bending moment can reach the plastic moment when the steel section is fully plastic, and for a non-compact section, the negative bending moment is limited to the yield moment at which the compression steel flange initiates yield. The method for evaluating the buckling resistance of the composite beams is discussed, and a tentative design method based on BS5400: Part 3 is proposed to assess the buckling resistances of the prestressed composite beams.     

带体外力筋的预应力混凝土梁的极限强度和塑性

由于在减小梁腹厚度和维修可行性方面的优势,在当代的建筑趋势中带体外预应力的预浇拼接式桥梁已很普遍了。连续梁可以减少伸缩缝数量,改善行车路况,但这种梁的内在结构特性很难分析(尤其在极限状态下)。本丈通过实验来检验比较带体外应力和带复合应力的两种跨连续梁在非对称载荷下的伸缩特性     

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力计算公式

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁中,CFRP筋在梁的两端为有黏结形式,而中间部分为无黏结形式。国内外已有研究表明:与有黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁具有较好的延性;与无黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁对锚具的依赖性大为减小。基于构件整体变形协调与截面内力平衡条件,建立部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量的简化分析模型,提出可考虑不同无黏结段长度比例影响的、部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量计算公式,并在此基础上推导不同破坏模式下部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的计算公式,公式计算值与试验结果吻合良好。     

体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁力学性能研究

对一种新型的体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁与普通的钢箱-混凝土组合梁进行对比试验,研究这两种钢箱-混凝土组合梁受力过程中的应变分布、界面滑移、刚度、极限强度等力学性能的差异。试验证实,体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁比普通的钢箱-混凝土组合梁的刚度提高54.15%,极限强度提高27.72%。由于体外索的作用,减少了钢箱-混凝土组合梁的脆性破坏程度,提高了结构的强度与刚度,使钢箱-混凝土组合梁的应变分布和增长更为合理。因此,体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁具有更好的力学性能。试验表明,截面应变沿宽度方向呈非线性分布,剪力滞效应随荷载的增加而变化,并不是常量。研究还发现,体外索应力与混凝土翼板最大压应变有密切的关系。在试验研究基础上,建立了截面非线性分析模型和体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁极限强度计算公式,计算的极限强度与试验结果符合很好,这为体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁极限强度的理论分析和工程实际应用提供了有意义的参考和研究途径。     

负弯矩区腹板开洞钢-混凝土组合梁承载力试验研究与理论分析

通过外挑钢-混凝土组合梁的单调加载试验和有限元分析,研究负弯矩区腹板开洞对其受力性能的影响,并基于弯剪承载力相互作用的准则,提出承载力理论计算方法。结果表明：截面开洞显著降低了组合梁的承载能力和刚度;最终破坏形式为洞口上方混凝土板的剪切破坏;组合梁承载能力随着截面削弱的加大而降低;洞口补强板可减轻洞口区域应力集中,进而提高组合梁的承载力;承载力随着洞口中心线与支座距离减小（即弯剪比的增大）而减小。应用建议的负弯矩区腹板开洞组合梁承载力计算方法得到的承载力计算结果与试验及有限元分析结果吻合较好。     

预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

FRP筋是一种新型预应力筋材,具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等优点,但是其横向剪切强度相对较低,这会影响预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力。通过27根混凝土梁的受剪试验,研究了预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态,以及各种参数对其受剪承载力的影响,并与钢绞线预应力混凝土梁的受剪试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明：预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态有两种：斜压破坏和剪压破坏;剪跨比和配箍率是影响预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力的主要因素;有粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力比无粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁要大15%左右;通过引入反映预应力筋种类和粘结条件的2个参数,提出了预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的简化受剪承载力计算式,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布试验研究

进行了3根体外预应力混凝土两跨连续梁受力全过程试验。试验表明,自加载至受拉区混凝土开裂前,连续梁处于弹性阶段,边支座、中支座反力、跨中截面和中支座截面弯矩的实测值与采用弹性理论计算值接近。受拉区混凝土开裂后至非预应力受拉钢筋屈服,边支座反力及跨中截面弯矩实测值开始向大于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离;而中支座反力及中支座截面弯矩实测值则向小于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离。当梁内受拉非预应力筋屈服后,边支座、中支座反力的实测值以及跨中截面弯矩和中支座截面弯矩实测值与弹性理论计算值的偏差进一步增大,这种偏差在试验梁破坏时达到最大。3根试验梁中支座截面弯矩重分布值分别为12.8%、16.9%及14.6%。试验实测值还与4个不同设计规范的弯矩重分布计算值进行了比较。结果表明:采用美国ACI 318-95规范及中国GB 50010-2010规范计算的中支座截面弯矩重分布值均小于试验实测值;除一根编号为B5的梁外,加拿大A23.3-M84规范的预测值与试验值最为接近;而英国BS8110规范则偏于不安全。实际设计中,可按中国规范公式来计算体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布,但必须合理确定体外预应力筋的极限应力。     

Finite element modeling of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons

In this study, a numerical model based on the finite element method incorporating an arc-length solution algorithm for materially and geometrically nonlinear analysis of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons is established. The second-order effects are taken into account. The effects of external tendons are expressed by equivalent nodal loads of the beam element and therefore analysis of externally prestressed concrete beams can be conducted with the ordinary bonded concrete beams. The section tangent stiffness matrix is derived by the layered approach, and then the nonlinear beam flexural theory is utilized to determine the element tangent stiffness matrix. An updated normal plane arc-length solution algorithm is used to trace the nonlinear response of the beams from zero loads up to ultimate loads. This algorithm can deal well with the changes of response during loading, so that the possible limit points on the load–deflection response prior to the ultimate limit state can be easily passed. Results predicted by the analysis are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

体外索钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁非线性结构性能试验研究

钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的开裂问题影响了这类组合结构向更大跨度的发展。针对这一问题,提出在钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁中施加体外索的新技术,研究施加体外索对增强钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的抗裂能力,提高钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁弹塑性结构性能的有利作用。经对比试验表明,施加体外索后,钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区混凝土的开裂荷载提高2.8倍,组合连续梁的弹塑性抗弯刚度提高29.35%,承载力提高34.67%,结构性能显著提高。在试验研究基础上,分析钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁负弯矩区局部力学性能与整体非线性结构性能的关系,揭示体外索提高钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁弹塑性结构性能的力学实质,给出承载力计算建议。研究结果可作为体外索钢箱-混凝土组合连续梁工程应用和理论分析的参考。     

预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的抗震性能试验研究

进行了8根混凝土梁在低周反复荷载下的拟静力试验,对其受力过程、破坏特征、滞回特性、骨架曲线、延性、刚度退化、耗能能力等抗震性能进行分析比较,研究不同预应力筋种类和预应力度(PPR)对预应力梁抗震性能的影响。考虑材料的非线性,对试验梁进行有限元计算分析。有限元计算和试验结果表明,预应力度是影响预应力梁抗震性能的主要因素,抗震性能随着预应力度的增加而逐渐降低;在同等预应力度的条件下,无粘结预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的耗能能力最好;采用有粘结和无粘结预应力相结合后,试验梁的延性指标有所提高,延性比有粘结和无粘结预应力梁分别提高12%和26%,滞回曲线变得更加丰满,对结构抗震性能有利;有限元计算结果与试验结果较为吻合。     

芳纶纤维筋有黏结部分预应力混凝土梁受弯性能研究

对以芳纶纤维筋为有黏结预应力筋、环氧涂层钢筋为非预应力筋的部分预应力混凝土梁的受弯性能进行研究,共进行了10根梁从混凝土开裂、裂缝开展直至梁受弯破坏的全过程试验。测定了梁的开裂弯矩,梁截面应变分布,变形的发展,裂缝出现、发展及分布情况,提出区分芳纶纤维筋破断及混凝土压坏的界限等效配筋率或界限中和轴高度,推导出芳纶纤维筋拉断和混凝土压坏同时发生,混凝土压坏、芳纶纤维筋未拉断及芳纶纤维筋拉断、混凝土未压坏等情况的受弯承载力计算方法,并提出芳纶纤维筋有黏结部分预应力混凝土梁短期刚度及裂缝宽度的计算方法。     

体外预应力混凝土简支梁极限应力分析

从结构的整体变形入手，推导出计算体外预应力混凝土简支梁极限应力实用计算方法，指出体外预应力混凝土筒支梁的体外索的极限应力取决于整个构件的变形。     

预应力钢箱高强混凝土组合箱梁抗弯承载能力研究

预应力钢箱高强混凝土组合梁将组合梁技术、现代预应力技术与高强混凝土有机结合在一起,已在工程中广泛使用,其抗弯能力是工程上最为基本也是最重要的要求。为掌握预应力钢箱高强混凝土组合梁的受弯性能,得到其极限抗弯承载能力,设计足尺试验梁。试验在自行研制的试验装置上进行;得到试验梁的弯矩挠度曲线、滑移特征曲线、预应力筋应力力增量及截面高度应变分布等重要参数,描述其破坏形态。后根据内力平衡和弯矩平衡分析,得到预应力钢箱高强混凝土组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式。并选取众多文献的组合梁试验结果,进行计算值和实测值对比分析,结果吻合良好。提出的极限抗弯承载力计算方法适用于采用普通钢的组合梁和预应力组合梁。而对于高强钢预应力组合梁采用简化塑性理论计算结果稍大。总体而言,预应力筋的存在能提高组合梁的弹性工作范围和极限抗弯承载力,减少结构变形,使普通钢-高强混凝土组合梁具有更好的工作性能。     

Shear behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete beams prestressed with external carbon fiber-reinforced polymer tendons

The ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering. The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to improvement of structural performance and corrosion resistance. Unfortunately, only limited studies are available for shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with FRP bars, and few suggestions exist for prediction methods for shear capacity. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) and prestressed with external carbon FRP (CFRP) tendons. The failure mode of all specimens with various shear span to depth ratios from 1.7 to 4.5 was diagonal tension failure. The shear span to depth ratio had a significant influence on the shear capacity, and the effective prestressing stress affected the crack propagation. The experimental results were then applied to evaluate the equations given in different codes/recommendations for FRP-reinforced concrete structures or UHPC structures. The comparison results indicate that NF P 18-710 and JSCE CES82 could appropriately estimate shear capacity of the slender specimens with a shear span to depth ratio of 4.5. Further, a new shear design equation was proposed to take into account the effect of the shear span to depth ratio and the steel fiber content on shear capacity.     

Stiffness of reinforced concrete beams with external tendons

In recent years, external prestressing has become a primary method for strengthening existing concrete structures and has been increasingly used in the construction of newly erected ones, particularly segmental bridges. Analysis of externally prestressed members is more difficult than that of members with internal bonded tendons. This is because external tendons are unbonded to the concrete and the stress in such tendons depends on the deformations of the whole member and is assumed uniform at all sections. In this paper, a simple analytical model is outlined for predicting the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete members with external tendons under service loads. The analysis accounts for various factors that affect the flexural behavior including eccentricity variations of external tendons and span-to-depth ratios. Good agreement has been found between the predicted results and those in the literature.     

Adaptation factor for moment capacity calculation of steel beams subject to temperature gradient

Adaptation factors provide a simple means to estimate the moment capacity of a steel beam subject to temperature gradient. The use of adaptation factors is introduced in Eurocode for structural steel design under fire conditions. Temperature gradients arise in a steel/concrete composite beam usually as a result of the partial protection from fire by another structural or non-structural member. For a bare steel section subject to any temperature gradient, a value of 0.7 is stipulated for the adaptation factor in the Eurocode. A value of 0.85 is stipulated for protected beam under the same fire situation. These values are used to increase the steel beam’s calculated moment capacity which is based on an assumed uniform temperature of the cross-section. Literature on the use of the adaptation factors is scarce. In this paper, the value of the adaptation factor being adopted by the Eurocode for design of steel beam in fire with non-uniform temperature distribution is examined. The use of this value in the general cases of steel/concrete composite beam construction is studied by carrying out numerical computations for various temperature gradient cases. The suitability of the adaptation factor value adopted by the code is discussed and recommendations given.