Machine intelligence, adaptive business intelligence, and natural intelligence [Research Frontier]

One of the key observations of the author was that machine intelligence might be defined as the capability of a system to adapt its behavior to meet desired goals in a range of environments. Interestingly, the three components of prediction, adaptation, and optimization constitute the core modules of adaptive business intelligence systems. Clearly, the future of the business intelligence industry lies in systems that can make decisions, rather than tools that produce detailed reports.     

Machine learning in artificial intelligence

Among several forms of learning, learning concepts from examples is the most common and best understood. In this paper some approaches to learning concepts from examples are reviewed. In particular those approaches that are currently most important with respect to practical applications (learning decision trees and if-then rules), or likely to become very important in the near future (Inductive Logic Programming as a form of relational learning) are discussed.     

Machine intelligence and the long-term future of the human species

Intelligence is not a property unique to the human brain; rather it represents a spectrum of phenomena. An understanding of the evolution of intelligence makes it clear that the evolution of machine intelligence has no theoretical limits — unlike the evolution of the human brain. Machine intelligence will outpace human intelligence and very likely will do so during the lifetime of our children. The mix of advanced machine intelligence with human individual and communal intelligence will create an evolutionary discontinuity as profound as the origin of life. It will presage the end of the human species as we know it. The question, in the author's view, is not whether this will happen, but when, and what should be our response.     

Copyright and creativity

In his new book, Free Culture (Penguin Press, 2004), Larry Lessig of Stanford Law School presents an excellent explanation of copyright law's effect on creativity - and of large corporations' effect on copyright law. Free Culture covers the history of copyright and its expansion from books to music, pictures, and videos, as well as its extension from 28 to 95 years. The book is remarkable because, unlike the vast majority of flaming on both sides of the downloading controversy, it presents both a factual argument and proposed solutions.     

Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization,measurement calibration,and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been heralded by many as the next source of business value. Grounded on the resource-based theory of the firm and on recent work on AI at the organizational context, this study (1) identifies the AI-specific resources that jointly create an AI capability and provides a definition, (2) develops an instrument to capture the AI capability of the firms, and (3) examines the relationship between an AI capability and organizational creativity and performance. Findings empirically support the suggested theoretical framework and corresponding instrument and provide evidence that an AI capability results in increased organizational creativity and performance.     

Toolkits and interface creativity

Interface toolkits in ordinary application areas let average programmers rapidly develop software resembling other standard applications. In contrast, toolkits for novel and perhaps unfamiliar application areas enhance the creativity of these programmers. By removing low-level implementation burdens and supplying appropriate building blocks, toolkits give people a ‘language’ to think about these new interfaces, which in turn allows them to concentrate on creative designs. This is important, for it means that programmers can rapidly generate and test new ideas, replicate and refine ideas, and create demonstrations for others to try. To illustrate this important link between toolkits and creativity, I describe example groupware toolkits we have built and how people have leveraged them to create innovative interfaces.

非晶磁性材料的磁阻抗(MI)效应

介绍了非晶磁性线的MI效应、基本特点,以及非晶磁性线、非晶磁性薄膜的制备。这种MI效应在传感器技术中有广泛的应用。     

Brain-machine interface （BMI） and cyborg intelligence

Brain-machine interfaces （BMIs） aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device, and represent an area of re- search where significant progress has been made during the past decade. Based on BMIs, mind infor- mation can be read out by neural signals to control machine actuators, and machine-coded sensory in- formation can be delivered to specific areas in the brain. BMI techniques provide the opportunity to integrate machine intelligence with biological intel- ligence at multiple levels to develop a more powerful intelligent system, thereby creating a new field called ＇cyborg intelligence＇.     

Irreversibility and creativity in neurodynamics

This paper presents an approach to formalization of the concept of creativity in connection with the new architecture of neural networks based upon non-Lipschitzian dynamics. A new nonlinear phenomenon—terminal chaos caused by failure of the Lipschitz condition at equilibrium points of dynamical systems is introduced. It is shown that terminal chaos has a well-organized probabilistic structure which can be predicted and controlled. This gives an opportunity to exploit this phenomenon for information processing. It appears that chaotic states of neurons activity are associated with a higher level of cognitive processes such as generalization and abstraction. The relationship between creativity, irreversibility and unpredictability in neurodynamics are discussed. The theory is illustrated by examples.     

Enhancing creativity,innovation and cooperation

The paper explores the creative thinking process and throws light on creativity enhancement. From the perspective of possible creativity enhancement both the characteristics of creativity and the creative thinking process are discussed, together with an analysis of the process and its common factors. Constraints on innovation (as a special type of creativity), innovation management and the acceptance of change are discussed; creativity between cooperating individuals is also examined. Some possible computer-based tools to enhance creativity, including innovation, are discussed. A framework of facilities to help promote and support the use of creativity enhancement techniques and tools (SOLI) is proposed. The paper is the result of a study undertaken by the author into creativity, innovation and cooperation.Where my heart lies, let my brain lie also.Robert Browning     

Can control and creativity coexist?

By necessity, corporate computing environments heavily restrict users in an attempt to limit corporate legal liability and to control cost and maintenance efforts. Academia, on the other hand, has long tolerated wide-ranging capabilities for users, all in the name of academic freedom. If corporations want employees to use technology creatively, it seems as if they should take a lesson or two from academia.