线型光束感烟滤光片的校准方法及合理性分析

线型光束感烟滤光片的校准主要包括减光值、正反面误差、均匀性和稳定性.以双光束紫外、可见、近红外分光光度计为测量设备,在800～1000 nm的范围内测定滤光片的光谱透射比并计算出相应的减光值.结合光源的光谱功率分布和探测器的光谱响应度,分析了滤光片光谱透射比非“中性”对测量结果的影响.提出了以积分法计算减光值,降低测量...     

一种便携式多波段光谱辐射计的研制

为满足空间光学遥感仪器地面定标设备校准的应用需求,基于标准探测器的辐亮度传递原理,研制光阑筒式结构的多波段辐射计。介绍多波段辐射计的工作原理和研制过程,该仪器具有10个测量通道,利用窄带干涉滤光片进行分光,工作波段分布于400~1 000 nm之间,辅以视场光阑、孔径光阑限制入射面积及立体角,以硅光电二极管探测器作为探测部件实现辐亮度高精度测量。该仪器具有自校准光源监测系统的稳定性,并利用CCD瞄准器实现观测目标的可视化,测量过程方便。对该仪器光谱辐亮度测量不确定度进行评估,其测量不确定度优于1.30%。     

面向定量化红外遥感的热电堆探测器定标技术

从红外遥感信息定量化的发展要求出发,分析了测辐射热计、热电堆探测器和热释电探测器的响应特性,选择薄膜热电堆探测器TS-76作为传递标准探测器.搭建高精度光谱响应率定标系统,使用宽波段可调谐激光器和绝对低温辐射计对TS-76探测器的线性、空间均匀性以及重复性进行了标定.按照国际通用不确定度评估规范,对光谱响应率测量结果进行不确定度分析和评估,联合不确定度小于1.5%,并根据实验结果提出实现高精度中远红外辐射定标的技术方案,证明基于热电堆探测器的红外辐射定标技术可以有效缩短标准传递的链路,提高定标的精度.     

通信用中、大光功率标准检定装置研究

本文介绍了利用双光束叠加法测量光探测器和光功率计的线性度,并根据线性度以及标准对传递标准的修正系数得出所测光探测器或光功率计的功率的标准值的方法。双光束叠加法是一种不需要任何标准仪器的基本测量方法。     

通信用中、大光功率标准检定装置研究

本文介绍了利用双光束叠加法测量光探测器和光功率计的线性度, 并根据线性度以及标准对传递标准的修正系数得出所测光探测器或光功率计的功率的标准值的方法.双光束叠加法是一种不需要任何标准仪器的基本测量方法.     

光学探测器非线性度测试仪的研制

本文介绍了一种高精度的硅光电探测器线性度测量系统,给出了该系统的原理、结构和测量方法,分析了测量不确定度及适用范围,该系统可应用于精度要求高的光学探测器线性度的测量.     

采用单片式探测器实现辐射通量定标

在基于双单色仪的辐射通量定标中,为了克服陷阱探测器视场小、孔径小的缺点,提出了采用单片式探测器替代陷阱探测器进行辐射通量定标的方法。采用只与光路垂直的一片硅探测器,使其光敏面与孔径光阑几乎重合,以增大探测器的孔径角。同时为了保证测量精度,采用偏置电流极低的运算放大器OPA128,并且增大了反馈电阻,以增强对弱信号的响应。采用单片式探测器对400—1000nm波长范围内进行辐射通量定标,系统不确定度包括：探测器响应拟合不确定度7‰,从陷阱探测器到单片探测器的传递不确定度3．14‰,光源波动小于1‰,系统重复性的不确定度3‰,最终合成不确定度为8．3‰,测量结果满足要求。     

紫外、可见分光光度计检定或校准结果的测量不确定度评定

正一、波长示值误差测量结果的不确定度评定1.概述(1)测量依据JJG178-2007《紫外、可见、远红外分光光度计检定规程》。(2)测量环境条件温度10℃～35℃,相对湿度不大于85%。(3)测量标准氧化钬滤光片不确定度U=0.3nm,包含因子k=2。(4)被测对象用TU-1810双光束紫外-可见分光光度计对标准氧化钬滤光片测试。(5)测量方法在规定的条件下,用双光束紫外-可见分光光     

基于低温辐射计的光探测器响应度基准

基于低温辐射计建立了一系列激光波长上光探测器响应度测量基准。进行了基准装置性能的研究,应用光辐射有效加热功率检验方法进行了不确定度评估。在氦氖、氩氪离子以及钛蓝宝石激光器的10个波长上测量了作为标准探测器的陷阱探测器的响应度。在氦氖、氩氪离子激光波长测量结果的不确定度达到0.8×10^-4,在钛蓝宝石激光器达到1.1×10^-4。对标准探测器的面响应均匀性、非线性、偏振响应、角度响应等特性对响应度测量结果的影响进行了研究。     

一种新型电校准光辐射探测器特性的研究

对一种新型电校准辐射计的面响应不均匀性、线性和绝对响应度等特性进行了研究。在０．７～７５０μＷ范围内测得其线性度优于０．５％。面响应不均匀性的测量是利用小的激光光斑在探测器的灵敏面进行二维扫描。在探测器的主要灵敏面内,相对响应度与到探测器中心的距离表现为二次曲面关系。本对不同光斑大小、光束横截面上不同功率分布以及光斑入射到探测器表面的不同位置引起的测量误差进行了分析和研究。给出了是否需要修正的判据和需要修正时所应采用的修正方法,这种方法也适用于其它类型的电校准辐射计,利用该修正方法可以显降低测量不确定度。实验考查了面响应不均匀性的影响,实验结果证明了修正方法的正确性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from