Assessing Impact of Flood on River Dynamics and Susceptible Regions: Geomorphometric Analysis

Natural climatic hazards like flood, an important hydro-geomorphic process of earth’s surface, have different regional and local impacts with significant socio-economic consequences. Similar was the case in Gujarat State, India during last week of June 2005. This study is about assessing the impact of Gujarat flood on river dynamics. It deals with extraction of water bodies information using radiance image and standard water indices i.e., Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for pre- and post-flooding periods. Geomorphometric analysis along with drainage network extraction was done using two different Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) i.e., Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and compared. Finally, depressions mapping and comparative analysis of magnitude and directional change of drainage networks was carried out. Results confirmed better accuracy of MNDWI in separating water bodies. The water bodies area increased by 10.4 % in post-flood monsoon compared to pre-flood monsoon and by 3.8 % in post-flood dry season compared to pre-flood dry season. Geomorphometric analysis indicated that ASTER DEM gave more values of maximum slope, average slope, and standard deviation as compared to SRTM. Aspects distribution algorithm did not work well in low relief regions. The drainage network generated using SRTM DEM was more accurate. The depressions identified were more susceptible to flood events. Change analysis of drainage network (deviating 100–300 m) indicated that 5.22 % points deviated between October, 2004 and 2005 and 3.18 % between February, 2005 and 2006.     

Emergent vegetation in Netley-Libau Marsh: Temporal changes (1990–2013) in cover in relation to Lake Winnipeg level and Red River flow

A time-series (1990–2013) of classified vegetation cover maps was produced for Netley-Libau Marsh, a 26,000 ha coastal wetland on Lake Winnipeg, to assess its current status and verify earlier trends of emergent vegetation loss. Open water area in the marsh was measured from late-summer Landsat images for 20 years; three classes of vegetation types (emergents, wet meadows, upland) could also be identified for 12 images covering the same period. Temporal changes in area and distribution of marsh vegetation were related to adjoining Lake Winnipeg water-level and Red River discharge, as well as marsh connectivity and bathymetry. From 1990 to 2002, an increase in open-water areas and decrease in emergent vegetation coincided with rising levels and flows. The year 2003 marked major wetland regeneration and a decrease of open-water area under extremely low water-levels and flows. From 2005 to 2013, open-water area remained consistent, under high but variable levels and flows. A strong negative correlation was found between area of emergent vegetation and mean Red River discharge in the previous June-July. Superimposition of the limit of new emergent vegetation observed in 2003 with depth contours surveyed in 2010 revealed the dynamic nature of marsh bathymetry. Periods of extremely low water as short as one year (2003) induced a marked expansion in emergent vegetation cover that persisted over the next ten years despite higher water-levels. Rather than being gradual, changes in the spatial extent of Netley-Libau Marsh vegetation appeared to proceed by fits and starts, wherein periods of relative stasis were disrupted by major changes in abundance.     

边坡植被对河道行洪影响研究

为研究边坡植被对河道行洪的影响,开展室内物理模型试验,测试典型流量下边坡无植被、稀疏植被、稀疏 植被+乔灌木和密集植被 4 种情形对应的水面线,并根据原模型相似率反演试验工况对应的原型参数和水位差。 结合经典的综合糙率计算公式进行数理分析,构建边坡由无植被改为栽种植被引起综合糙率增加的计算公式,提 出分析边坡植被影响河道行洪的实用方法。结果表明：综合糙率增加值与栽种植被区域湿周占总湿周的比值、栽 种植被区域糙率值 2 个因素有关,随栽种植被糙率值的增加而增加,随河道宽深比的增加而减小;当河道宽深比 大于 60 时,边坡栽种植被引起的综合糙率增加不超过 10%;当河道宽深比大于 100 时,边坡裁种植被引起的综合 糙率增加不超过 7%。上述研究成果为边坡栽种植被河道的行洪设计与运行管理提供一定的参考。     

Habitat Associations of Larval Fish in a Lake Superior Coastal Wetland

Information on the habitat associations of larval fishes in Great Lakes coastal wetlands (GLCW) is necessary to assist fisheries managers in the protection and management of critical habitats. Coastal wetlands serve as spawning grounds, nurseries, and forage areas for many important Great Lakes fish species. To determine the distribution of larval fish in coastal wetlands with regard to location and vegetation characteristics, we used a larval tow-sled to sample four macrohabitat types (sand-spit, inner and outer marsh, and river) across sparse, moderate, and dense vegetation densities (microhabitat) in Allouez Bay wetland near Lake Superior's western end. We captured 4,806 larval fish representing 16 species between May and August 1996. Allouez Bay is typical of other GLCW in species number and composition. The three most abundant species were spottail shiner (59% of the total catch), yellow perch (20% of total catch), and white sucker (10% of total catch). Significantly more fish and fish species (repeated-measures ANOVA) (p < 0.05) were caught at the sand-spit relative to the outer or inner marsh macrohabitats. Nearly all of the cyprinids and centrarchids were caught at the sand-spit habitat primarily in dense vegetation, while the majority of white suckers and trout-perch were caught in the river in sparse or moderate vegetation. Our study provides evidence for species-specific macrohabitat and microhabitat associations of larval fish in coastal wetlands. We suggest these associations are largely determined by adult spawning requirements and life-history strategies.     

Revealing 35 years of landcover dynamics in floodplains of trained lowland rivers using satellite data

Lacking substantial erosive and sedimentation forces, regulated rivers allow their floodplains to become overgrown with forest, increasing the flood risk of the hinterland. In the Netherlands, floodplains have therefore been subjected to interventions, like clear cutting, lowering and creation of side channels, and management, consisting of grazing and mowing. However, the comprehension of how those activities influence landcover dynamics is lacking. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate long‐term landcover dynamics of a regulated river system through the lens of remote sensing. What transitions between landcover classes can be observed? And how (if) do management and interventions impact succession and retrogression of landcover classes? The study area comprised the upstream part of the Dutch Rhine River, its three branches and five adjacent floodplains. Satellite data (LandSat 5 and 8), encompassing a 35‐year period (1984–2018), were used for studying landcover dynamics. Landcover classification was based on seven classes: water, built‐up area, bare substrate, grass, herbaceous vegetation, shrubs and forest. Retrogression was highest for the landcover classes obstructing water flow (shrubs, forest and herbaceous vegetation), succession was most frequent on bare substrate, and water and grass were the most stable landcover classes. The regulated nature of the system became apparent from the spatial and temporal cacophony of landcover dynamics which differ from those of natural meandering rivers. This study showed that satellite data are useful for analyzing the impact of human activities within floodplains of regulated rivers and may assist in floodplain management aimed at combining water safety and nature policies.     

二滩库区蓄水前后水土流失变化遥感监测与分析

以二滩库区为研究区,运用通用水土流失方程(USLE),监测库区蓄水前后3个时间点(1995、2000年和2005年)汛期水土流失面积、水土流失量、水土流失强度结构等级转化、空间分布变化、防治强度预报等级的变化情况。研究发现:1995—2005年,二滩库区水土流失强度等级以微度、轻度和中度水土流失为主,三者面积之和占库区的97%左右;水土流失量以轻度流失区和中度流失区的为最大,二者之和占总流失量的76%左右;高水土流失强度等级一般都分布在水系沟谷比较发育的地区。10年来库区水土流失强度较高等级不断向较低等级转化,需要治理区和急需治理区的面积一直呈减少趋势,表明水土流失情况得到明显改善。     

汉江下游防洪对策初探

2003年9月,2005年10月和2010年7月,汉江中下游均发生了近20 a一遇的较大洪水,千里汉江干堤险象环生,汉江下游地区如今正成为长江防汛的一块“短板”。从汉江洪水特性、汉江下游防洪能力和汉江中下游防洪工程体系等方面进行了分析,初步认为,汉江丹江口水库调度复杂、汉江干堤防洪标准偏低、杜家台分洪工程尚未完建、汉江蓄洪民垸建设严重滞后,仍是汉江中下游防洪工程体系存在的主要问题,直接影响到汉江中下游的防洪调度。只有在丹江口水库按最终规模建成、汉江干堤按设计标准加高加固、杜家台分洪工程按设计标准完建、汉江蓄洪民垸按要求进行建设的情况下,才能基本上解除汉江下游的洪水灾害。     

ASSESSMENT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION SENSITIVITY TO RIVER HYDROLOGY DOWNSTREAM OF A MAJOR TEXAS DAM

Dams may impact the health of downstream riparian vegetation communities through flow modifications such as decreased flood frequency and duration. Without historical vegetation data, however, it is difficult to relate changes in vegetation composition to hydrology patterns downstream of dams. We studied bottomland hardwood forests downstream of Toledo Bend Dam on the Sabine River in Texas and Louisiana to determine their sensitivity to minor changes in river hydrology with a particular focus on floods. Current riparian vegetation was characterized within three topographic zones at three selected sites below the dam. Using 80 years of hydrologic records from two gauging stations downstream of the dam, we evaluated trends in flood frequency, flood duration, peak discharge and total flood discharge in those periods before (1926?1965) and after (1971?2005) dam construction, as well as related flood stage to floodplain elevations to link topography to flood frequency. Plant species diversity in this system is highly dependent on minor changes in elevation, and the proportion of wetland‐dependent species changes rapidly with only a few centimeters difference in elevation. Although 50% of trees, shrubs and herbs in the sloughs were wetland adapted, their numbers were only 21% in the levees (74–284 cm higher in elevation) and 14% in the mid‐floodplains. Since dam construction, total flood discharge and duration at the most upstream gauge on the Sabine River decreased by 49%. At both gauges, mean discharge was also altered with higher summer flows. Patterns of tree regeneration point to less recruitment by wetland‐dependent species in the years following dam construction. These results suggest that minor changes in flood magnitude might limit occurrence of wetland species to the lowest topographic zones and illustrate the need to analyse sensitivity of plants to minor changes in flood characteristics when historical data for the vegetation community are lacking. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河道糙率和桥墩壅水对宽浅河道行洪能力影响的研究

为研究宽浅型河道糙率和桥墩壅水对行洪能力的影响,本研究采用了物理模型试验、数值模拟和经验公式方法分别模拟其水力特性并进行比较分析。通过物理模型试验给出了河道糙率的模拟方法,分别采用4种材料模拟河道护坡:无植被、稀疏植被、稀疏植被中间种植灌木和密集植被。其中,糙率最大的密集植被和糙率最小的无植被护坡条件下各断面水位差均值为0.03 m。结果表明:对于宽浅河道,护坡糙率较大范围的变化对河道行洪能力影响不显著。复杂边界条件和水力条件下桥墩壅水模拟结果表明:二维数学模型比经验公式和一维数学模型能较真实地反映河道边界条件、桥梁长度、桥墩形状对桥墩壅水高度的影响,模拟结果同物理模型试验值较为接近。本研究为宽浅河道安全行洪中糙率评估和桥墩壅水计算提供可靠的参数和依据。     

修建防渗渠道对柴达木盆地戈壁区河流生态系统的影响

为摸清修建防渗渠道对戈壁区河流生态系统的影响,以期能为柴达木盆地农业绿洲制定可持续发展的政策提供依据,在社会经济调查的基础上,以大格勒流域为研究对象,通过野外取样和室内化验,对比分析了修建防渗渠道前后的地表河流水质、河岸植被及土壤理化性状。研究结果表明①修建防渗渠道对河流水质具有净化作用,但效果不显著(P>0.05);②修建防渗渠道不利于戈壁区沿河植被繁殖生长,流域内植被平均盖度降低4.5%,生物量减少330.2 kg/hm²,死亡率增加6.5%;河岸土壤质地呈现退化趋势(P<0.05),其中砂粒含量增加8.68%,有机质减少0.53 g/kg。基于以上研究成果,建议在河流出山口处修建生态闸,洪水期引洪灌溉河岸植被;布设生态水利工程,以实现流域生态环境与绿洲社会经济的可持续发展。     

区域洪灾风险评价方法初探 -以浙江省为例

本文选取我国浙江省作为研究区,以其县域作为基础的计算单元,从洪水灾害系统理论出发,构建洪灾风险评估模型和风险因子指标体系对宏观区域上的洪灾风险评价方法进行了探讨。根据洪水灾害风险的原理,结合致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性和易损性、区域防灾力等要素选取了巧个风险评价指标,并为各风险因子及其基础指标分配了权重。根据所建立的计算模型和风险分级方法,对研究区的洪灾风险等级及风险类型做了定量化分析。经计算,浙江省高等级的洪灾风险集中分布于浙北的冲积平原区和浙东的沿海丘陵平原区,在浙西的金华衡州盆地也有高等级洪灾风险呈点状分布。评价结果可用于指导浙江省的洪水风险管理和防灾减灾措施建设。     

基于投影寻踪原理的四川省洪灾评估

以四川省1976—2006年洪灾资料为基础,选择体现洪灾损失特性的相对受灾人口、死亡人口、洪灾经济损失和农作物受灾面积4个指标数据,采用投影寻踪法建立了四川省洪灾程度评估模型,并利用该模型计算了四川省洪灾程度综合指标,对其进行分级评估。计算结果表明:四川省是洪灾较为严重的省份,近30年来每10年期受灾程度分布类似,在各期内均发生特大灾害1次,大灾害3～4次,且灾害程度随时间并未出现减弱、减小的趋势;同时,洪水量级排序和灾害级别大小并不一致。     

陆屋站“03·06”、“11·10”洪水对比分析

2003年6月和2011年10月钦江陆屋上游发生了改革开放以来两场最大暴雨并产生的洪水,本文通过对“03·06”、“11·10”这两场暴雨洪水进行对比,分析它们的天气系统和洪水特性、演变规律及变化特点,并寻找其规律,并对陆屋站所在的沿海钦江流域的防洪减灾对策进行探讨。对有效地监测暴雨洪水、正确地指挥防汛、提高对该地区暴雨洪水规律和形成机制的认识及防洪减灾具有一定的参考价值。     

2000—2014年辽宁省植被动态演变特征分析

基于MODIS － NDVI 数据,辅以线性回归法与分段线性回归法,并借助ArcGIS 软件,对辽宁 省2000—2014 年植被覆盖的动态演变过程进行分析。结果表明: ( 1) 时间上,辽宁省植被NDVI 在年 际尺度上呈现出明显的增大趋势,2005 年出现突变,多年平均NDVI 值为0. 496; 春季、夏季、秋季 以及植被生长季NDVI 突变年份分别为2006 年、2005 年、2009 年和2004 年,秋季波动变化的突变点 明显滞后; 植被生长最旺盛的季节为夏季,且集中于8 月。( 2) 空间上,辽宁省植被覆盖具有明显的 地域性差异,呈现出东部高、中西部低的分布特征; 辽宁省植被覆盖优良区与辽东山地的界限基本吻 合,植被覆盖贫乏区主要集中在朝阳市和阜新市的东北部地区。( 3) 辽宁省植被覆盖程度呈山地阴坡 高于阳坡的形态,并且植被覆盖程度最好的坡向为北偏西方向。( 4) 2000—2014 年辽宁省植被覆盖度 整体以维持现状和轻微改善为主,保持不变的区域集中于中东部地区,辽阳市与沈阳市一带有轻微退 化现象,辽西北地区改善情况较为明显。     

Evaluating Flood Hazard for Land-Use Planning in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Floods are a common feature in rapidly urbanizing Dhaka and its adjoining areas. Though Greater Dhaka experiences flood almost in every year, flood management policies are mostly based on structural options including flood walls, dykes, embankments etc. Many shortcomings of the existing flood management systems are reported in numerous literatures. The objective of this paper is to assess flood hazard in Greater Dhaka for the historical flood event of 1998 using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data with GIS data. Flood-affected frequency and flood depth calculated from the multi-date SAR imageries were used as hydrologic parameters. Elevation heights, land cover classification, geomorphic division and drainage network data generated from optical remote sensing and analogue maps were used through GIS approach. Using a ranking matrix in three dimensional multiplication mode, flood hazard was assessed. All possible combination of flood hazard maps was prepared using land-cover, geomorphology and elevation heights for flood-affected frequency and floodwater depth. Using two hazard maps which produced the highest congruence for flood frequency and flood depth, a new flood hazard map was developed by considering the interactive effect of flood-affected frequency and floodwater depth, simultaneously. This new hazard map can provide more safety for flood countermeasures because pixels belonging to higher hazard degrees were increased due to the consideration of higher degrees of ranks. The estimation of flood hazard areas revealed that a major portion of Greater Dhaka comprised moderate to very high hazard zone. Only a little portion (8.04%) was found to be the least vulnerable to potential flood hazard. Conversely, 28.70% of Greater Dhaka was found within very high hazard zone. Based on this study, comprehensive flood hazard management strategies for land use planning decision were proposed for the efficient management of future flood disasters.     

Land Use Land Cover Change in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin 1992 to 2001

The pace of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change in the Great Lakes, particularly in urban and suburban areas, far exceeds that predicted by population growth alone. Thus, quantification of LULC and change through time may be a key factor in understanding the near-shore ecology of this system. The work described in this paper is part of a larger effort called the Great Lakes Environmental Indicators Project (GLEI), whose goal was to develop and refine environmental state indicators for the U.S. near-shore zone of the Great Lakes. Here we describe methodologies for using existing Landsatbased LULC maps to assemble consistent LULC data for the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes basin for 1992 and 2001, as well as summarizing salient LULC results. Between 1992 and 2001, 2.5% (798,755 ha) of the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes watershed experienced change. Transitions due to new construction included a 33.5% (158,858 ha) increase in low-intensity development and a 7.5% (140,240 ha) increase in road area. Agricultural and forest land each experienced ∼2.3% (259,244 ha and 322,463 ha, respectively) decrease in area. Despite the large and enduring agricultural losses observed (2.23% of 1992 agricultural area), the rate of agricultural land decrease between 1992 and 2001 was less than that reported by the EPA (−9.8%) for the previous ∼10-year period. Areas of new development were largely concentrated near coastal areas of the Great Lakes. Over 38% (6,014 ha) of wetland losses to development between 1992 and 2001 occurred within 10 km of a coastal area, and most of that area was within the nearest 1 kilometer. Clearly, these land use change data will be especially useful as quantifiable indicators of landscape change over time and aid in future land use planning decisions for protection of the integrity of the Great Lakes ecosystem.     

全国区域洪水风险评价与区划图绘制研究

利用近300年水灾资料序列及当前自然和社会经济基础数据,采用统计学和模糊聚类的方法,在数据库和GIS技术支持下,完成了区域洪水风险分析及全国洪水风险区划图的绘制。本论文的主要进展是:提出区域洪水风险评价的指标体系,即自然特性(水文和地形)、社会经济(人口、GDP和土地面积)、洪水灾害(灾害场次和最大淹没面积)、减灾能力(防洪标准)4类特性指标;以县为区域洪水风险分析的基本单元,组成区域洪水灾害的10个影响因子和2400个县的分析样本,从而取得了宏观定量的区域洪水风险评价及洪水风险分区成果;采用历史水灾频率法界定了重点风险区边界,从而完成了以县为边界的全国洪水风险区划图的绘制。     

中国洪涝灾害农业致灾性时空分布规律

利用1950—2018年历史洪涝灾情数据,选取农业受灾、成灾面积2个指标结合九点二次平滑法、时间序列分析法及空间聚类技术分析了对中国洪涝灾害农业致灾性时空分布规律。结果表明:在时间尺度上,1950—2018年中国洪涝灾害对农业的影响整体有增加趋势,但是不同区域差异明显,洪涝灾害对农业发展影响较大且未来几年这种情况可能会持续下去;在空间尺度上,华南地区、东北部分地区和临海城市农业受灾情况较其他地区更为严重。     

Floodplain management strategies for flood attenuation in the river Po

This paper analyses the effects of different floodplain management policies on flood hazard using a 350 km reach of the river Po (Italy) as a case study. The river Po is the longest Italian river, and the largest in terms of streamflow. The middle‐lower Po flows East some 350 km in the Pianura Padana (Po Valley), a very important agricultural region and industrial heart of Northern Italy. This portion of the river consists of a main channel (200–500 m wide) and a floodplain (overall width from 200 m to 5 km) confined by two continuous artificial embankments. Floodplains are densely cultivated, and a significant portion of these areas is protected against frequent flooding by a system of minor dykes, which impacts significantly the hydraulic behaviour of the middle‐lower Po during major flood events. This study aims at investigating the effects of the adoption of different floodplain management strategies (e.g. raising, lowering or removing the minor dyke system) on the hydrodynamics of the middle‐lower Po and, in particular, on flood‐risk mitigation. This is a crucial task for institutions and public bodies in charge of formulating robust flood risk management strategies for the river Po. Furthermore, the results of this study are of interest for other European water‐related public bodies managing large river basins, in the light of the recent European Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks. The analysis is performed by means of a quasi‐2D hydraulic model, which has been developed on the basis of a laser‐scanning DTM and a large amount of calibration data recorded during the significant flood event of October 2000. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of a 100‐year flood on vegetation,benthic invertebrates,riparian fauna and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain

This paper investigates the impact of a 100‐year flood in May 1999 on community composition and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain (Isar, Germany). Detailed pre‐flood data sampled from 1993 to 1998 are compared with the situation directly after the flood. In those parts of the Isar floodplain mainly covered with pioneer vegetation prior to flooding, the coverage of unvegetated gravel bars increased by 22% following the flood. However, the flood did not remove larger amounts of older successional vegetation stages (willow thickets, floodplain forest). No significant changes in the benthic invertebrate fauna were recorded. The lowest densities of riparian ground beetles (Carabidae) within the study were recorded one month after the flood. Two months later, the ground beetle densities increased to the highest values ever recorded, indicating the ground beetle's high potential for recolonization. These results highlight the degree of resilience of both the aquatic and the riparian invertebrate fauna. The flood also caused a significant increase in large woody debris standing stock; in one section the number of logs increased tenfold and the volume increased by a factor of 20, leading to the assumption that most woody debris in alluvial flood‐plains is provided by catastrophic events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.