Integrated solar water heaters

The solar water heating installations widely used around the world are briefly reviewed. Special attention is paid to individual storage solar installations.     

Results of the development of a solar accumulation-type water heater made of polymer and composite materials

Results of the development and preliminary tests of a solar water heater completely made of polymer and composite materials are presented. The combination of a solar collector and storage tank into a united construction in combination with the application of modern fabrication technologies of bulk units made of polymer materials makes it possible to considerably decrease the expenses per area unit of the receiving surface of the heater with maintaining high-energy conversion characteristics of the solar energy into low-potential heat. This increases the competitiveness of such installations in comparison with conventional solar water heaters with separate solar collectors and a storage tank.     

A solar rate option for the development of behind-the-meter photovoltaic systems

A solar rate option for the future development of behind-the-meter photovoltaic creates a win–win alternative to net energy metering, the Hopkinson tariff with energy and demand charges, and the value of solar tariff as ways of promoting new PV installations for a clean electricity future.     

Deploying solar energy with community choice aggregation: A carbon fee model

This article investigates solar photovoltaic deployment through community choice aggregation programs. A case study of a solar energy program facilitated through a public energy council in Southeastern Ohio is highlighted, which used a ‘carbon fee’ model to collect a 0.2 cents per kilowatt hour incremental fee above the standard aggregation rate. This premium funds the development of behind-the-meter solar installations, and may serve as an exemplary approach for other aggregation programs to deploy solar.     

Meeting the Texas electricity peak demand conundrum: A case for wind and solar

Texas electricity production and consumption profiles were reviewed to gain an understanding of the renewable energy role in a high-demand jurisdiction. According to NERC, peak demand on the ERCOT electricity grid is rising at exponential rates, yet the operating reserve margin is still set at 13.75%. The study shows that only recently has Texas been replacing generating units with adequate capacity, primarily wind and solar installations due to an increased offer cap in its competitive electricity market.     

高频电子式水处理技术在电厂灰水管道除垢的应用

高频电子水处理装置是利用高频电磁场能和高压静电能对电厂的灰水管道进行除垢、杀菌、灭藻、防锈、抑制腐蚀等。介绍了高频电子式水处理设备除垢原理及在电厂的应用实践。     

莲花水电站水轮发电机安装及研究

介绍了莲花水电站137．5MW水轮发电机的主要结构及主要部件的安装工艺和安装特点，重点阐述了该水电站水轮发电机定子安装、转子安装、下机架及推力轴承安装、机组轴线检查及机组中心的调整。该水轮发电机投运后，运行平稳，满足设计要求。     

Field Performance of Steam and Hot Water Electric Boilers

This paper discusses observations on electric steam and hot-water boilers. The increased popularity of both steam and hot water generation by electricity is readily apparent. The advantages of this type of heat generation lend themselves to many current applications in the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning field. Sizes of boilers have been increasing through the years, with no apparent end in sight due to the accelerated development of the electrode boiler, which will be covered in detail in the second part of the paper. As compared to the resistance type of boiler, this latter design permits economical projection into much larger boiler sizes. Electric boiler installation is relatively simple since there is no concern with chimneys or fuel storage. Often the boiler room can be eliminated and the mechanical equipment room serve as the required space. Electric boiler operation can be automated to the point where an operator is virtually unnecessary with the many control options available today. Integration of the boiler into heat recovery and solar energy systems has also accelerated the growth of this product. As might be expected, due to the simplicity of boiler construction and accessories, electric boiler maintenance is at a minimum. However, certain areas of additional control must be exercised since unique problems can develop with electric steam and hot water generation. The paper is illustrated with pictures of actual installations and case histories covering the gamut of specification, installation, and successful operation.     

Thermal tests of large recirculation cooling installations for nuclear power plants

The article presents the results from thermal tests of some recirculation installations for cooling air in nuclear power plant premises, including the volume under the containment. The cooling effect in such installations is produced by pumping water through their heat-transfer tubes. Air from the cooled room is blown by a fan through a bundle of transversely finned tubes and is removed to the same room after having been cooled. The finning of tubes used in the tested installations was made of Grade 08Kh18N10T and Grade 08Kh18N10 stainless steels or Grade AD1 aluminum. Steel fins were attached to the tube over their entire length by means of high-frequency welding. Aluminum fins were extruded on a lathe from the external tube sheath into which a steel tube had preliminarily been placed. Although the fin extrusion operation was accompanied by pressing the sheath inner part to the steel tube, tight contact between them over the entire surface was not fully achieved. In view of this, the air gap’s thermal resistance coefficient was introduced in calculating the heat transfer between the heat-transferring media. The air gap average thickness was determined from the test results taking into account the gap variation with temperature due to different linear expansion coefficients of steel and aluminum. These tests, which are part of the acceptance tests of the considered installations, were carried out at the NPO TsKTI test facility and were mainly aimed at checking if the obtained thermal characteristics were consistent with the values calculated according to the standard recommendations with introduction, if necessary, of modifications to those recommendations.     

太阳能在民用建筑领域的应用与设计

介绍了太阳能热水系统的构成和系统实施方案,给出了防雷保护的具体措施。最后对太阳能热水系统的控制及运行方式进行了阐述。     

特高压直流换流站滤波电容器噪声特性试验研究

在特高压直流换流站中,滤波电容器装置和无功补偿电容器装置是占地面积最大的设备,所以其发出的噪声对换流站总体噪声水平影响很大。电容器装置尺寸高、电容器数量巨大、电容塔处于高电位的这些特点决定了在外部进行噪声治理十分困难,而内部降噪需要对电容器的噪声特性进行研究。为解决此问题,对特高压直流换流站中电容器在不同电源波形作用下的噪声及其特点进行了试验研究,得到了电容器噪声特性规律和影响噪声水平的主要因素,为电容器内部降噪打下了基础。     

处理低温低浊城市污水做为循环补充水的探讨

唐山热电公司通过对混凝、过滤处理装置的研究改造,充分利用城市排放中水,达到了节约水资源的目的,同时又满足了电厂热力设备对水质水量的要求.     

Evaluation of Concrete-Encased Electrodes

Following the widespread introduction of nonmetallic water mains to the technology of water supply systems, concrete-encased grounding electrodes are now in use in low-voltage installations. The American and German approaches are discussed in terms of the influence of the concrete casing, the electrode dimensions, and the depth of placement on the resistance-to-earth. Conclusions are drawn as to how an effective equivalent to that of the metallic water mains system is obtainable. The potential-equalization aspect is also discussed.     

建筑光环境评价方法

从最佳利用太阳能和提高视觉工作效率出发，建议了一种新建筑光环境的评价方法，它不但考虑了 光环境和光气候状况，而且还在采光系统的年效应基础上，考虑了照明、供热、降温和心理生理等方面，提 出了十二个评价指标。根据不同光气候区和建筑设施的主要用途，对满足基本功能方面的因素赋予较大 的权值，然后采用模糊综合评判方法，求出建筑光环境的清晰评价结果。     

太阳能绿色制氢研究进展

综述近年来太阳能制氢技术的现状,介绍了太阳能聚光和非聚光两种采集方式及其与制氢技术相结合的特性,分析了光解水制氢、光热制氢及太阳能耦合电解水制氢的技术优势和不足.最后结合电力成本从制氢经济性角度对多种太阳能耦合制氢方式的成本进行了比较总结,为我国太阳能制氢产业的未来发展提供了方向.     

我国电力电容器及无功补偿装置制造技术的发展

综合介绍了我国电力电容器和无功补偿装置制造技术发展的现状,主要产品品种和特点,论述了电力电容器及无功补偿装置今后的发展趋势。文章指出:发展可靠性高、技术先进、自动化水平高并且节能、环保的无功补偿装置是我国设备制造和运行部门广大科技工作者的共同努力的目标。     

Evaluating the prospects for utilizing wind energy for supplying heat to consumers in Northern Regions of Russia

he question of using wind power installations for supplying heat to small distributed consumers in the European north of Russia is considered. The wind energy potential in the region and prerequisites for utilizing it are analyzed. Results from a feasibility study of participation of wind power installations in covering the heating load curve are presented.     

Development of Equipment and Perfection of Technology to Prepare Fuel for the Firing and Gasification in Circulating and Stationary Fluidized Beds

Equipment and systems used to prepare fuel for firing and gasification in power installations with circulating and stationary fluidized beds are described. Results are presented from the development, investigation, and industrial tests of centrifugal cutting crushers using which it is possible to obtain fuel with the fractional composition required for reliable and efficient operation of power installations with circulating and stationary fluidized beds.     

我国电力电容器及无功补偿装置制造技术的发展

综合介绍了我国电力电容器和无功补偿装置制造技术发展的现状,主要产品品种和特点,论述了电力电容器及无功补偿装置今后的发展趋势。文章指出:发展可靠性高、技术先进、自动化水平高并且节能、环保的无功补偿装置是我国设备制造和运行部门广大科技工作者的共同努力的目标。