Effect of α-Al/Al3Ni microstructure on the corrosion behaviour of Al-5.4 wt% Ni alloy fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing

The effect of microstructure on corrosion behaviour of an Al-5.4 wt% Ni alloy fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization test. The Al-5.4 wt% Ni alloy samples were severely deformed by ECAP with two strain introduction methods of route A and route B_C and the ECAP process was repetitively carried out up to 6 passes (strain 6). The anodic polarization measurements indicated that pitting potential of the ECAPed Al-Ni alloy samples in chloride containing neutral buffer solution increased with ECAP passes. The pitting corrosion resistance of Al-Ni alloy after ECAP by route B_C was better than that by route A. It is attributable to that the size of α-Al crystal region was reduced with ECAP passes and route B_C was able to obtain more homogeneous α-Al/Al₃Ni structure than route A. On the other hand, pitting corrosion resistance of pure Al samples showed an obvious declining with increasing ECAP passes. It was indicated that more homogeneous and finer α-Al/Al₃Ni structure obtained by ECAP played a vital role on improving the corrosion resistance of Al-5.4 wt% Ni alloy.     

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of Mg–2Gd–1Y–1Zn–0·2Zr (at-%) alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing

Significant grain refinement was achieved in a new Mg–2Gd–1Y–1Zn–0·2Zr (at-%) alloy through multipass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 623 K. Corrosion behaviours of the ECAPed alloy were investigated by hydrogen evolution and electrochemical measurement in NaCl solution at room temperature. The results showed that a large number of intergranular phases were stretched and gradually broken above four ECAP passes, but the fine grained α-Mg phase was much easier to grow after 12 ECAP passes for dynamic recrystallisation. The corrosion resistance of the ECAPed Mg alloy in a fine grained state considerably increases, compared with that in the as cast state. After four ECAP passes, the corrosion potential, the pitting potential and the resistance value achieved ?1·55 V, ?1·39 V and 2·08 KΩ respectively. However, excessive ECAP passes reduced the corrosion resistance of the fine grained Mg alloy, due to grain coarsening and the gradual loss of barrier effect of intergranular phases.     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶Mg15Al双相合金组织与性能

对高铝双相合金Mg15Al在553K以Bc路线进行了不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP),获得了超细晶高铝镁合金。通过OM,SEM,TEM分析了ECAP前后合金的微观组织结构及断口形貌,并测试了不同挤压道次后合金的硬度和室温拉伸性能,分析了ECAP细化晶粒机理及其性能改善原因。结果表明,随挤压道次增加,累计形变增强,网状硬脆相β-Mg17Al12破碎,合金晶粒显著细化,但对单相区和两相混合区细化效果不同。在α、β两相共存区内,4道次ECAP后形成100nm～200nm的细晶粒;在α单相区,4道次ECAP后晶粒为1μm以下,且在初晶α-Mg内析出弥散细小的β相,起到细晶强化和弥散强化作用。8道次ECAP后,晶粒略有长大。ECAP使合金的硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率同时得到提高,尤其是4道次ECAP后,硬度提高了32.04%,抗拉强度σb从150MPa提高到269.3MPa,延伸率δ由0.05%提高到7.4%;8道次ECAP后,硬度、抗拉强度略有下降,延伸率略有上升。SEM断口观察显示ECAP使合金拉伸断口形貌由铸态的解理断裂特征转变为延性韧窝断裂特征。     

等通道转角挤压ZK31+4Si镁合金的显微组织及高温蠕变行为

研究ZK31+4Si镁合金经等通道转角挤压 (ECAP) 后的微观组织和高温蠕变行为。结果表明,ECAP挤压可显著细化原铸态组织中粗大的汉字状Mg2Si相,并使其趋于均匀弥散分布。ECAP挤压后试样的抗蠕变性能明显优于铸态试样,在温度为473 K,应力为70 MPa的条件下,8道次挤压试样的稳态蠕变速率约为铸态试样的1/15,蠕变寿命提高近8倍。由稳态蠕变速率与应力的对数曲线关系求得473 K下4道次挤压和8道次挤压试样的应力指数n均约为4,同时按位错蠕变机制,当应力指数n=4时,理论计算所得稳态蠕变速率与实验值非常吻合,说明在本实验条件下发生的是位错蠕变。     

等通道转角挤压ZK31+4Si镁合金的显微组织及高温蠕变行为

研究ZK31+4Si镁合金经等通道转角挤压(ECAP)后的微观组织和高温蠕变行为。结果表明,ECAP挤压可显著细化原铸态组织中粗大的汉字状Mg2Si相,并使其趋于均匀弥散分布。ECAP挤压后试样的抗蠕变性能明显优于铸态试样,在温度为473K,应力为70MPa的条件下,8道次挤压试样的稳态蠕变速率约为铸态试样的1/15,蠕变寿命提高近8倍。由稳态蠕变速率与应力的对数曲线关系求得473K下4道次挤压和8道次挤压试样的应力指数n均约为4,同时按位错蠕变机制,当应力指数n=4时,理论计算所得稳态蠕变速率与实验值非常吻合,说明在本实验条件下发生的是位错蠕变。     

等通道转角挤压对生物Mg-Zn-Ca合金显微组织与腐蚀行为的影响

旨在探讨等通道转角挤压(equal-channel-angular-pressed,ECAP)对生物医用Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金的显微组织以及腐蚀行为的影响。对铸态Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金进行了1,2,4道次的剪切挤压变形。采用光学显微组织观察、X射线反射法、电化学等手段研究了挤压道次对镁合金显微组织、织构以及腐蚀行为的影响,也特别关注了ECAP对试样的不同截面方向的显微组织演变以及模拟体液(simulatedbodyfluid,SBF)电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:ECAP变形后铸态Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca镁合金晶粒逐渐细化,变形后镁合金呈现出与挤压方向呈一定角度的002面剪切织构;随着挤压道次增加,合金的耐蚀性先增加后降低。等通道转角挤压对合金耐蚀性的影响是晶粒尺寸、晶体缺陷和织构变化的综合效果;ECAP变形后合金不同截面方向呈现不同的耐蚀性,垂直于挤压方向截面的耐蚀性优于另2个方向截面的耐蚀性。     

体外浸泡纯钛的表面腐蚀和ECAP的影响

采用在Ringer模拟体液静态体外浸泡的方法,研究工业纯钛试片经过一定时间的浸泡后的失重和表面形貌的变化。采用等通道径角挤压(ECAP)方法处理工业纯钛并与粗晶纯钛进行对比,对ECAP处理的TA9和粗晶TA9也做了对比。结果表明:纯钛在400℃ECAP处理后的微观组织形成具有明显方向性的板条状组织,ECAP纯钛表面沉积的Na Cl晶体数量大于粗晶Ti,TA9也表现出相似结果。纯钛的腐蚀机制是一种受到电偶腐蚀控制的均匀腐蚀,细晶组织导致电偶的数量增加。     

等通道转角挤压变形Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金的组织、织构与力学性能

采用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺以Bc路径在623K温度下对Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金进行变形,观察显微组织与织构,测试了力学性能。显微组织分析表明,镁合金经ECAP变形晶粒尺寸明显得到细化,经6道次ECAP变形后晶粒尺寸由原轧制态的约26.1μm细化至约1.2μm,且细小的第二相粒子Mg12Ce弥散分布于晶内及晶界处;同时经ECAP变形后,原始轧制织构随变形道次的增加不断减小,并开始转变为ECAP织构,织构强度不断增强;力学性能结果表明,由于晶粒细化作用大于织构软化作用,前3道次ECAP变形镁合金强度随道次的增加不断提高,与Hall?Petch关系相符,在第3道次时其抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大值,分别为272.2和263.7MPa;在4道次之后形成较强的非基面织构,镁合金强度下降,与Hall?Petch呈相悖关系。断口分析表明,轧制态与ECAP变形镁合金的断裂方式都是沿晶断裂,由于6道次变形镁合金晶粒细化,存在更多的韧窝并获得16.8%最大室温伸长率。     

Corrosion behavior of equal-channel-angular-pressed pure magnesium in NaCl aqueous solution

Effect of microstructure change on corrosion behavior of equal-channel-angular-pressed (ECAPed) pure Mg was investigated. The ECAPed sample after 6 passes obtained finer grains (50-100 μm) compared with as-cast one (800-1500 μm). The strain-induced grain refinement with more crystalline defects weakened corrosion resistance of pure Mg, resulting in more and deeper pits after in-situ corrosion, higher mass-loss rate immersed in NaCl solution, larger I_corr values in polarization curves and lower fitted R_t values in EIS plots. However, the enhanced initial OCP values indicate better weather resistance. Furthermore, corrosion improvement can be expected by reducing defects via subsequent annealing.     

等通道转角挤压Al-10Mg-4Si合金的组织与性能研究

在250℃下以Bc路径对Al-10Mg-4Si合金进行4道次和8道次的等通道转角挤压,以求达到改善合金组织和提高合金力学性能的目的.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对挤压前后的微观组织分析表明:铸态合金基体晶粒比较粗大,第二相Mg_2Si以粗大的汉字状或骨骼状分布于基体晶界处;经ECAP挤压后,基体晶粒得到细化,原粗大的汉字状Mg_2Si被碎化为短棒状或多边形状颗粒,并呈一定的弥散分布.室温拉伸测试结果表明:ECAP4道次挤压后,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率由铸态的166MPa、1.64%提高为322MPa、21.7%;ECAP8道次挤压后,合金的伸长率继续提高为24.7%.但抗拉强度下降到293MPa.     

Enhancement of resistance to galvanic corrosion of ZE41 Mg alloy by equal channel angular pressing

The galvanic corrosion behavior of as-received and ECAPed ZE41 Mg alloy coupled with Al7075 alloy is investigated using zero resistance ammeter in three different corrosive environments, 0, 0.1, and 1 M NaCl, to mimic the conditions experienced in engineering applications. The mechanism of galvanic corrosion for the ZE41 Mg–Al7075 aluminum alloy is explained. It is observed that a robust surface film containing a composite layer of oxide/hydroxide of magnesium and aluminum is established in deionized water (0 M). However, only a single layer of magnesium oxide/hydroxide is detected in chloride-containing environments. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) improved the resistance to galvanic corrosion by 58% and 54% when compared with the as-cast counterparts in 0 and 1 M NaCl solution, respectively. In contrast, galvanic corrosion resistance decreased by 26% in 0.1 M NaCl after ECAP while the as-received samples evinced pits unfavorable to be used in engineering applications. ECAP is a promising method to combat galvanic corrosion encountered by ZE41 magnesium alloy used in automobiles and components of military vehicles.     

等径角挤压制备CuCrZr合金的抗软化性能

研究了CuCrZr合金等径角挤压(ECAP)后的微观组织演变及软化温度.结果表明,固溶态CuCrZr合金经路线B_c(每挤一道次后试样沿同一方向旋转90°)等径角挤压10道次后组织细化至亚微米级,超细晶晶粒较为等轴、均匀.等径角挤压10道次后合金的软化温度约为530℃,但550℃时,合金的硬度仍高达161HV,这说明ECAP后合金的抗软化能力并没有降低.因为ECAP促进了时效时析出相的析出,使得析出相更为弥散、细小,从而提高了合金的力学性能.     

Significantly changed intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion behavior of the ultra‐fine grained Al–5 mass% Cu alloy fabricated by ECAP

Significantly changed intergranular corrosion (IGC) and exfoliation corrosion (EFC) behaviors of the equal‐channel‐angular‐pressed (ECAPed) Al–Cu alloy were discovered through immersion test, electrochemical measurements, and microstructure observation. The ECAPed alloys with ultra‐fine grained (UFG) α(Al) matrix and extremely refined θ‐phase particles displayed obvious decreased IGC sensitivity, but deteriorated susceptibility to EFC. The decreased IGC sensitivity of ECAPed alloys presented decreased IGC propagation depths in immersion test in NaCl + H₂O₂ solutions and increased polarization resistance in electrochemical impedance spectrum test in MIL‐H‐600 solution. The reason for the decreased IGC sensitivity was the breakage of the net structure of θ phase during ECAP process, which destroys the continuity of IGC propagation channel. The deteriorated susceptibility to EFC of ECAPed alloys in EXCO solution presented gradual evolution from serious IGC attack into obvious lamellar EFC, and finally complete dissolution of surface grains. Meanwhile, the EFC propagation depths were sharply decreased with the increasing ECAP passes. This phenomenon was caused by the aspects ratio evolution of deformed grains and the gradually decreased IGC sensitivity of the ECAPed alloys.     

Corrosion behaviour of bulk ultra-fine grained AZ91D magnesium alloy fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing

Effect of microstructure change on corrosion behaviour of equal-channel angular pressed (ECAPed) AZ91D Mg alloy was investigated. The ECAPed alloy with ultra-fine grained (UFG) α-phase matrix and refined β-phase particles displays a significantly lower corrosion resistance, resulting in more pits after in-situ corrosion, higher mass-loss rate immersed in NaCl solution, larger I_corr values in polarization curves and lower fitted R_t values in EIS plots. Two factors weaken the corrosion resistance: the first is the strains-induced crystalline defects providing the α-phase matrix more corrosion activation, the second is the refined β-phase particles losing barrier to the corrosion propagation in α-phase matrix.     

ECAP对连铸Cu-Ag合金断口形态及力学性能的影响

采用连续铸造和等径角挤压变形(ECAP)加工集成技术制备Cu-Ag合金,研究其力学性能和相应的拉伸断口形态。研究发现,Cu-Ag合金的强度随着ECAP加工道次和Ag含量的增加而增加,而延伸率却下降。连续铸造和ECAP加工的合金与传统浇铸和ECAP加工的合金相比,缩颈前静态韧性有所提高。同时发现,只有连铸的Cu-Ag合金在断裂前表现出缩颈现象,而经ECAP挤压后试样的断裂变为剪切模式,随着ECAP道次的增加出现不同的剪切断裂角。基于实验结果,讨论了经ECAP挤压后连铸Cu-Ag合金的拉伸断裂机制。     

复合变质对Al-20%Si合金耐磨性能的影响

在不同P、RE添加量下对P-RE复合变质和未变质的过共晶铝硅合金的耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明:P-RE复合变质明显提高了合金的耐磨性,当加入0.08%P和0.6%RE时,合金的耐磨性达到最佳,磨损失重量从未变质的5.2mg降低到4.225mg,减少了19%。磨损主要为磨粒磨损,磨粒来源是硅相的破碎剥落。合金耐磨性能的改善与复合变质引起的共晶硅和初晶硅颗粒的细化和合金强度、塑性的提高有关。     

Principles of ECAP–Conform as a continuous process for achieving grain refinement: Application to an aluminum alloy

Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) combined with the Conform process provides a solution for the continuous production of ultrafine-grained materials. Rods of a commercial Al-6061 alloy were processed by ECAP–Conform at room temperature for up to a total of four passes. Microstructural observations showed significant grain refinement but with elongated grains after four passes with average widths of ～150 nm and lengths of ～1.2 μm when viewed on the longitudinal planes. Microhardness measurements after a single pass revealed inhomogeneities both on the cross-sectional planes and along the rod. After processing through four passes there was reasonable homogeneity throughout the rod. Measurements of the shear strengths in two orthogonal directions perpendicular to the extrusion axis showed significant strengthening after ECAP–Conform and there was no evidence for any plastic anisotropy after processing through four passes.     

等通道转角挤压Zn-22Al合金在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀行为

研究了等通道转角挤压 (ECAP) 工艺处理对Zn-22Al合金耐腐蚀性能的影响,考察了显微组织演变对Zn-22Al合金在3.5% (质量分数) NaCl溶液中的失重及电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明：相比铸态Zn-22Al合金,经过ECAP处理后的试样组织明显细化,晶粒尺寸均匀。晶粒细化导致晶界大量增加及应力增大,试样表面缺陷增多,富铝相被优先腐蚀后,导致被富铝相包围的富锌相脱落,腐蚀速率加快,腐蚀失重随着挤压道次的增加而增加。电化学测试结果表明,随着挤压道次的增加,Zn-22Al合金腐蚀电流密度逐渐增加,腐蚀电位逐渐下降,合金的耐腐蚀性能随挤压道次的增加而逐渐降低。     

电磁搅拌下铝合金的力学性能研究

研究了无搅拌铸造和电磁搅拌铸造下的Al-24%Si过共晶合金和Al-6.6%Si亚共晶合金常温下的力学性能,并运用扫描电镜对其拉伸断口进行了分析。结果表明:在搅拌作用下凝固的合金相比同成分非搅拌时凝固的合金,Al-24%Si过共晶合金强度提高了约11%,伸长率提高了约12%;Al-6.6%Si亚共晶合金强度提高了约5%,伸长率提高了约46%。过共晶合金在相同搅拌强度下,其硬度是随着降温速率的增大而增大的。亚共晶合金在搅拌强度相同时,降温速率越小,硬度就越高;合金降温速率相同时,搅拌强度越高,硬度就越高。     

往复挤压对Mg-6%Si合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了往复挤压对铸造Mg-6%Si (质量分数,下同)合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：往复挤压4道次后,Mg-6%Si合金的显微组织得到显著细化,粗大树枝状的初生Mg2Si相变为细小颗粒状,而汉字状的共晶Mg2Si相也变为弥散分布的点状相,且这些颗粒状的Mg2Si相均匀分布在基体中。往复挤压4道次后,Mg-6%Si合金的抗拉强度和延伸率分别提高了82.3%和810.9%。断口分析表明,往复挤压合金的断裂模式由脆性断裂转变为韧-脆性断裂。