Identifying Single-Phase-to-Ground Fault Feeder in Neutral Noneffectively Grounded Distribution System Using Wavelet Transform

A scheme of single-phase-to-ground fault feeder identification in distribution networks with the application of a wavelet transform technique is presented in this paper. The scheme uses zero-sequence current traveling waves to identify the faulted feeder, and the busbar residual voltage to determine an event caused by fault or switch operation. The current traveling waves measured by zero-sequence current transducers are decomposed using wavelet multiresolution analysis. The local modulus maxima of the wavelet transform are extracted to determine the time of the initial traveling wave. The wavelet transforms on all feeders at the time are compared in magnitude and polarity with each other to identify the faulted feeder. The feeder identification is independent of the network neutral-point grounding mode. The proposed scheme was implemented and verified using Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)-generated signals. The scheme proved to be robust against transients generated during normal events, such as feeder energizing and de-energizing as well as capacitor bank switching.     

Hybrid Fault Diagnosis Scheme Implementation for Power Distribution Systems Automation

Power distribution automation and control are important tools in the current restructured electricity markets. Unfortunately, due to its stochastic nature, distribution systems faults are hardly avoidable. This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis scheme for power distribution systems, composed by three different processes: fault detection and classification, fault location, and fault section determination. The fault detection and classification technique is wavelet based. The fault-location technique is impedance based and uses local voltage and current fundamental phasors. The fault section determination method is artificial neural network based and uses the local current and voltage signals to estimate the faulted section. The proposed hybrid scheme was validated through Alternate Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations and was implemented as embedded software. It is currently used as a fault diagnosis tool in a Southern Brazilian power distribution company.     

Fault Location Using Local Mean Decomposition on Traveling Waves with Three Current Measurements in an Overhead Conductor

A fault-location scheme based on local mean decomposition on traveling waves with three current measurements in an overhead conductor is presented herein. In the fault-location scheme, local mean decomposition is used to detect the arrival time of the initial traveling wave at each measurement. To obtain more accurate wave velocity, a third Rogowski coil current transformer is used to measure the fault current in the midway of a transmission line besides a couple of measurements used by the two-ended traveling-wave method at both its ends. The faulted line section can be identified by comparing the phase angles of the measured current data at its two ends; wave velocity can then be calculated by the ratio of the length of the non-faulted line section to the time that the fault wave travels through this line section. The proposed scheme can reduce the errors of previous methods on wave velocity determination. After wave velocity is determined, the fault distance can be calculated according to the two-ended traveling-wave method. The proposed fault-location scheme is tested by many simulations, and the results demonstrate it has higher accuracy than those using wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform.     

An accurate fault location scheme for connected aged cable lines in double-fed systems

This paper presents an adaptive fault location scheme for aged power cables using synchronized phasor measurements from both ends of the cable. The proposed fault location scheme is derived using the two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The proposed scheme has the ability to solve the problem of cable changing parameters, especially the change of the relative permittivity over its age and thus for the operating positive, negative, and zero-sequence capacitance changes. Extensive simulation studies are carried out using Alternative Transients Program ATP/EMTP. The simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location calculations under various system and fault conditions. The results show that the proposed scheme responds very well to any fault insensitive to fault type, fault resistance, fault inception angle and system configuration. The proposed scheme solves the problem of aged cables with the change of the electric parameters. In addition to, it gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance.     

A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines

This paper presents a new method for locating faults on three-terminal power lines. Estimation of a distance to fault and indication of a faulted section is performed using three-phase current from all three terminals and additionally three-phase voltage from the terminal at which a fault locator is installed. Such a set of synchronized measurements has been taken into consideration with the aim of developing a fault-location algorithm for applications with current differential relays of three-terminal lines. The delivered fault-location algorithm consists of three subroutines designated for locating faults within particular line sections and a procedure for indicating the faulted line section. Testing and evaluation of the algorithm has been performed with fault data obtained from versatile Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.     

10kV配电网单相接地故障定位方法的研究

介绍了一种行波定位方法,将行波反射信号进行小波包分解与重构处理,构造特征矩阵,利用大矩阵来确定故障区段。比较故障线路和正常线路波形,使两波形相减,利用波形差第一个畸变点来确定故障距离。     

基于奇异点检测的单端行波测距方法改进

单端测距不受通信条件的限制成为研究的热点问题,通过小波变换可精确定位第1个波头。但在复杂线路中,由于波形叠加、交叉透射波等因素的影响,第2个反射波会迅速衰减,降低了测量精度。在分析不同阻抗线路行波折反射规律、行波提取及小波变换基础上,针对第2个波头的衰减,提出对变换后的第2个反射波进行平均化处理,提高测量精度;建立了改进的基于单端电气量行波测距的流程,并通过Matlab仿真分析了此方法的效果,结果表明,与模极大值法相比,改进的均值处理方法能提高测距精度。     

Fault Location in Neutral Non-effectively Grounded Distribution Systems Using Phase Current and Line-to-line Voltage

Abstract—A scheme of single-line-to-ground fault location in neutral non-effectively grounded distribution systems is proposed in this article. The characteristics of phase current traveling waves and line-to-line voltage traveling waves are analyzed. The wavelet transform technique is used to extract the information of the arrival times, polarities, and amplitudes of the recorded traveling waves. The fault location scheme can simultaneously realize faulty feeder identification, fault section location, and fault position location even if only two-phase current transformers are installed in the Phases A and C and feeder terminal units only to provide line-to-line voltage information. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed scheme have been verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results.     

一种基于方向行波的多端VSC-HVDC系统保护策略

针对星型连接的多端柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统,提出一种基于方向行波小波能量比值的保护策略。首先分析了星型连接VSC-HVDC系统故障行波的传播特性,找出故障线路和非故障线路方向行波的不同传播规律;然后对电压和电流线模分量进行离散小波变换,计算相应线路方向行波的小波能量;最后通过各个线路正反向行波小波能量的比值确定故障线路。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明:提出的方法能够快速准确地判断星型拓扑VSC-HVDC系统的故障线路,并且不受故障线路、故障距离、故障类型和故障电阻的影响,具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于小波包和包络线的行波相关法单端故障测距研究

针对行波相关法时间窗不固定导致单端行波故障测距可靠性低的问题,提出将小波包和包络线结合的新方法。首先利用db1小波基对故障行波信号进行小波包多尺度的分解重构,验证了在不同尺度下正反向行波初始波头的宽度都是相同的;以正反向行波初始波头的宽度作为行波相关法中时间窗宽度,使时间窗宽度成为一个定值。其次,利用包络线把正反向行波中前两个不同极性的波头变为单极性波头,最后通过相关算法处理实现单端行波故障测距。所提方法使行波相关法中的时间窗宽度不再受故障距离、过渡电阻等因素的影响,且经包络线处理后的正反向波避开了相关函数出现多余极值。经PSCAD和MATLAB仿真分析,与传统行波相关法相比,所提方法明显提高了单端故障测距的可靠性。     

Fault-Location Algorithms Without Utilizing Line Parameters Based on the Distributed Parameter Line Model

This paper presents novel power system transmission-line fault-location algorithms without requiring transmission-line parameters. The voltages and currents from both ends of a line are taken as inputs and no synchronization is required. Both prefault and fault data may be utilized. The proposed methods are based on a distributed parameter line model and, hence, fully consider the impacts of shunt capacitance of the line. Positive-sequence line parameters may also be estimated as a byproduct. No assumption on the source impedance and fault resistance is made. Evaluation studies based on Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) simulation data demonstrate that the new methods are able to achieve quite accurate estimates.      

High-impedance fault detection in distribution networks with use of wavelet-based algorithm

A new simple and effective algorithm of arcing fault detection in distribution networks with the application of a wavelet transform technique is presented in this paper. The protection algorithm developed observes the phase displacement between wavelet coefficients calculated for zero-sequence voltage and current signals at a chosen high-level frequency. The final decision in regards to feeder switching off (or alarm issuing) is met either with a deterministic logic scheme or with the use of a neural net trained especially for that purpose. The developed wavelet-based high-impedance fault (HIF) detector has been tested with Electromagnetic Transients Program-Alternative Transients Program (ATP)-generated signals, exhibiting better performance than traditionally used algorithms and methods. The protection method proposed may be used for HIF detection independent of the network neutral-point grounding mode. The scheme proved to be robust against transients generated during normal events such as feeder energizing and de-energizing as well as capacitor bank switching.     

A new single ended fault location algorithm for combined transmission line considering fault clearing transients without using line parameters

In this paper a new single ended fault location method is proposed for underground cable combined with overhead lines. In this algorithm fault clearing high frequency transients are used instead of fault-generated transients and the line parameters are not needed. In the proposed algorithm, samples just from voltage transients generated by fault clearing action of circuit breaker are taken from the sending end of the cable line. Applying wavelet transform, the first three inceptions of traveling waves to the fault locator are detected. Using these, the proposed algorithm at first identifies fault section, overhead or cable, and then wave speed is calculated and at last location of fault is determined accurately. Because of using only voltage samples taken from one terminal, it is simple and economic and does not need to GPS and data communication and synchronization. Extensive simulations carried out using SimPowerSystem toolbox of MATLAB, confirm the capabilities and high accuracy of the proposed method under different system and fault conditions.     

A discrete wavelet transform approach to discriminating among inrush current,external fault,and internal fault in power transformer using low‐frequency components differential current only

This paper proposes an algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for discriminating among inrush current, internal fault, and external fault in power transformers. Fault conditions are simulated using the Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP). Daubechies4 (db4) is employed as the mother wavelet to decompose low‐frequency components from fault signals. The ratio between per unit (p.u.) differential current and p.u. time is suggested as an index. The numerator of the ratio is the difference between the maximum differential current and the minimum differential current in terms of p.u. with a base value selected at the transformer‐rated current. The ratio is calculated for all three phases, and from a trial and error process the indices for the separation among the internal fault condition, the external fault condition, and inrush condition are defined. The results obtained from the proposed technique show good accuracy for discriminating faults in the considered system. In addition, the proposed algorithm uses data of the differential current with a time of quarter cycle under the analysis. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于希尔伯特–黄变换的超高速方向保护研究

希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilber-Huang transform，HHT)是一种分析非平稳信号的有效方法。作者提出一种新的以HHT为基础的超高速方向保护方案，利用HHT来提取线路故障后的正、反向行波信息，通过对行波信号进行经验模态分解求出其高频部分(即第一个固有模态函数)，然后对固有模态函数进行Hilbert变换求取幅值，并利用幅值比较的方式来判断故障的时刻和方向。该方案克服了应用小波提取暂态故障信息时受到母函数选择限制的缺点。仿真结果证明了该方案的可行性和有效性，同时表明故障距离、接地电阻和故障初始角等因素对该方案影响很小     

基于小波变换模极大值的输电线路单端故障定位

基于故障行波的输电线路单端故障定位利用故障点的反射行波与入射行波到达母线的时间差计算故障距离,但如何区分来自故障点和对端母线的反射行波仍是一个难题。在分析故障点和母线的反射特性的基础上,利用电流行波线模分量小波变换的最初2个模极大值之问的相对极性区分来自故障点和对端母线的反射行波．并提出了一种改进的基于小波变换模极大值的输电线路单端故障快速定位方法,能够不受故障类型、故障电阻及耦合线路的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法切实可行。     

基于行波相位特征的海上风电柔直电缆故障保护方法的研究

电缆线路对行波的色散和衰弱性质会导致常规的行波法在电缆线路上的应用受到限制。-本文提出一种适用于电缆线路的保护方案,该方案通过提取线路极线量进行相模变换,进而得到线模和地模行波分量构建整体保护方案。利用复小波Morlet获取故障模量中的相位信息,之后通过区内外故障的相位差异可以有效识别故障。基于PSCAD和Matlab仿真验证了该方法的有效性。与传统行波保护方案比较,该保护方案具有更强的耐受过阻能力。     

小波分析检测线缆故障的应用研究

小波分析克服了傅立叶变换不能对信号同时时频局部化分析的缺点,具有很强的信号特征提取能力,尤其对暂态突变信号或微弱变化信号的处理表现出明显优势,为快速准确检测电缆故障研究了应用小波分析处理故障线路行波信号的技术。通过计算模量初始电流行波在小波变换下的模极大值,根据3个模量的故障特征选择故障相。EMPT仿真数据的分析,证明该方法具有很高的精度。     

基于小波分析频差性的电力电缆故障测距

为了提高电力电缆在线单端故障测距方法运用到放射状中压配电系统的准确性,研究了电压行波在配电系统不同地点的反射和透射频差特性,运用小波变换结果模极大值确定电压行波到来时刻的同时,利用所选小波滤波器相频特性提炼电压行渡信号携带的原有频差特性信息.有效地判断出到达母线的第2个行波是故障点反射波还是对端母线反射波.基于某变电站出线构建EMTP仿真模型,仿真结果表明这种利用小波分析频差性的电力电缆在线单端故障测距方法能够较精确地寻找到故障点.     

Transmission network fault location observability with minimal PMU placement

This paper presents a concept of fault-location observability and a new fault-location scheme for transmission networks based on synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs). Using the proposed scheme, minimal PMUs are installed in existing power transmission networks so that the fault, if it occurs, can be located correctly in the network. The scheme combines the fault-location algorithm and the fault-side selector. Extensive simulation results verify the proposed scheme.