Fuel properties of tallow and soybean oil esters

Fuel properties of beef tallow, soybean oil, their esters, and blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were determined. Fuel properties tested were viscosity, specific gravity, API gravity, distillation ranges, calculated cetane index, energy content, flash point, water content, sulfur content, carbon residue, particulate matter, acid value, copper-strip corrosion test, ash content, melting point, cloud point, and pour point. Gas-chromatographic analyses of tallow, soybean oil, and their esters were performed to determine their major constituents. Viscosities of soybean oil and tallow were significantly reduced by esterification. Other fuel properties of the esters and their blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were similar to the properties of No. 2 diesel fuel.     

Physical characteristics of mustard oil solvent miscella

During commercial solvent extraction of oil from an oil-seed, it is necessary to determine oil content in the miscella, drawn intermittently from the extractor, to obtain an overall extraction rate. We measured optical density, specific gravity, refractive index and viscosity of miscella of different known oil concentrations. These four characteristics were measured by calculating deviations from the actual values. The deviations were maximum for optical density, intermediate for specific gravity and viscosity, and small for refractive index, suggesting the latter to be an appropriate rapid method of determining miscella oil content.     

Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil

Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. The reaction variables used were methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1-21:1), catalyst concentration (0.25-1.50%), temperature (35-65 °C), mixing intensity (180-600 rpm) and catalyst type. The evaluation of the transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) at different reaction times. The biodiesel with best yield and quality was produced at methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:1; potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, 1.0%; mixing intensity, 600 rpm and reaction temperature 65 °C. The yield of the biodiesel produced under optimal condition was 95-96%. It was noted that greater or lower the concentration of KOH or methanol than the optimal values, the reaction either did not fully occur or lead to soap formation.The quality of the biodiesel produced was evaluated by the determinations of important properties such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, acid value, flash point, pour point, cloud point, combustion point, cold filter plugging point, cetane index, ash content, sulphur content, water content, copper strip corrosion value, distillation temperature and fatty acid composition. The produced biodiesel was found to exhibit fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) and European EN standards.     

Some physical properties of castor oil esters and hydrogenated castor oil esters

Esters of castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil were prepared with C₆, C₁₂, C₁₆, C₁₈ fatty acids, using tetra‐n‐butyl titanate as a catalyst and n‐butyl benzene as a water entrainer. Physical properties such as melting point, refractive index, viscosity, and specific gravity of these esters were measured. Slip melting points of the esters were very low in both cases. These esters did not crystallize even at low temperature. The highest slip melting point obtained was 21 °C with stearoyl hydrogenated castor oil ester and lowest slip melting point obtained was —6 °C with hexanoyl castor oil ester.     

Rheological and thermal properties of soybean oils with modified FA compositions

Rheological and thermal properties of five soybean oils with modified FA compositions were studied. Viscosity decreased with increasing temperature at different rates for the different oils. Oil with a high-oleic acid content had higher viscosity and a greater rate of change than did oils with typical FA compositions, oil with low-saturated FA or low-linolenic acid content, or oil from lipoxygenase-free soybeans. The melting and crystallization behaviors of the oils were examined using DSC. The high-oleic acid oil and the oil with low-saturated FA content had different DSC profiles compared with the other oils. Specific heat capacities of oils were estimated using a mathematical model; the high-oleic acid oil had a higher specific heat value, and the low-saturated FA oil had a lower value than did the other oils.     

LED封装用甲基苯基含氢硅油的制备

以甲基苯基环四硅氧烷（D4^ph）为单体,含氢双封头（MMH）为封端剂,酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,通过开环聚合的方法制备了LED封装用甲基苯基含氢硅油。研究了反应温度、反应时间对含氢硅油黏度的影响,及甲基苯基环四硅氧烷含量对含氢硅油折射率和黏度的影响。进行了^1H—NMR、红外光谱性能表征。结果表明,反应温度、反应时间能显著影响硅油的黏度;苯基摩尔分数越高,折射率也越大。最佳反应温度110℃,反应时间10h。以此方法合成的含氢硅油为主要原料,制备了折射率1．54,透光率95％的LED灌封胶,适合用于LED封装。     

戊二酸饱和脂肪醇酯物理化学性质的测定

通过实验测量同温度下饱和戊二酸酯的密度、粘度、折光率、闪点。找出饱和戊二酸酯这些性能递变规律，分析并解释具备这种规律的原因。查阅相近的饱和戊二酸酯的密度、折光率，对同种醇不同酸组成的酯进行比较，对同种酸不同种醇组成的酯进行比较，找出它们的递变规律。     

长碳链二元酸酯的合成及其物化性能

以杂多酸为催化剂、不同链长的二元酸为原料,合成了系列长碳链二元酸二元酯,考察了影响合成反应的因素及碳链长度对合成酯物化性能的影响. 结果表明,在回流温度160℃、醇/酸摩尔比3:1、催化剂用量为总质量1%、反应时间120 min、带水剂用量为总质量10%的条件下,酯化率达98%以上. 合成的酯具有良好的物化性能,其倾点最低为-74℃,闪点最高为258℃,粘度指数最大为187,优于现有商业化酯类润滑油基础油,达到现有航空润滑油基础油的标准. 随着碳链增长,合成酯粘度增大,增加醇碳链长度对粘度的影响大于增加酸碳链长度的影响.     

生物柴油及其调和油理化性能的测定

测定了生物柴油及其与石化柴油的调和油的粘度、燃烧热、硫含量、残炭、灰分、闪点、水分和十六烷值的含量.研究了温度对粘度的影响,并比较了生物柴油及其调和油与石化柴油的理化性能,结果表明生物柴油及其调和油某些性能更优,应用前景良好.     

Physicochemical Property and Fatty Acid Profile of Cephalotaxus fortunei Nut Oils

This paper focused on the main composition of Cephalotaxus fortunei nuts, the physicochemical property of its oils, the fatty acid profiles and the content of alkaloids and tocopherol in the nuts oils. And these elements were compared among three kinds of C. fortunei nuts and their oil. The results showed the C. fortunei nuts contained about 65 % crude oil. Meanwhile, the content of crude protein, crude fiber, moisture, ash and reduced sugar were presented, respectively. The important physicochemical indicators of the crude C. fortunei nuts oils were presented, including specific gravity, refractive index, viscosity, acid value and saponification value, etc. The contents of alkaloids were 0.41 % in NUT1, 0.24 % in NUT2 and 0.31 % in NUT3. The contents of tocopherol were low. The analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the three kinds of oils were all rich in unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid, and the main triacylglycerols were dioleoyl-monolinoleoyl (OLO) and triolein (OOO). This work might help with the exploration of the applications of C. fortunei nuts and its oil.     

Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil

Currently, most of the biodiesel is produced from the refined/edible type oils using methanol and an alkaline catalyst. However, large amount of non-edible type oils and fats are available. The difficulty with alkaline-esterification of these oils is that they often contain large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA). These free fatty acids quickly react with the alkaline catalyst to produce soaps that inhibit the separation of the ester and glycerin. A two-step transesterification process is developed to convert the high FFA oils to its mono-esters. The first step, acid catalyzed esterification reduces the FFA content of the oil to less than 2%. The second step, alkaline catalyzed transesterification process converts the products of the first step to its mono-esters and glycerol. The major factors affect the conversion efficiency of the process such as molar ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction duration is analyzed. The two-step esterification procedure converts rubber seed oil to its methyl esters. The viscosity of biodiesel oil is nearer to that of diesel and the calorific value is about 14% less than that of diesel. The important properties of biodiesel such as specific gravity, flash point, cloud point and pour point are found out and compared with that of diesel. This study supports the production of biodiesel from unrefined rubber seed oil as a viable alternative to the diesel fuel.     

润滑油的指标检验要点解析

润滑油使用一段时间后会发生性能的降低或改变,必须适时更换,做到既不浪费,也保证设备的正常运行。就润滑油检验中的八大指标:水分、粘度、倾点、闪点、粘度指数、泡沫性、酸碱值、机械杂质进行详细论述,最后再简单阐述润滑油检验中的两点特殊指标:氧化安定性和热安定性。     

Manufacture of palm kernel oil using the traditional coconut oil processing system

The traditional processing system of coconut oil, comprising grating of coconut meats, extraction with boiling water, cooling, followed by skimming off the cream, and heating it to dryness to give coconut oil, has been adapted for the manufacture of palm kernel oil. Palm kernels were crushed in a laboratory hammer mill, extracted with several lots of boiling water, cooled, the resulting cream skimmed off, and heated to dryness to yield palm kernel oil. A comparison of existing traditional and new adapted processing systems showed that the yield palm kernel oil obtained in both cases was about the same. Furthermore, the specific gravity, melting point, refractive index, and saponification number were similar, but the moisture content, acid value, color, and odor were dissimilar.     

The composition of seed and seed oils of taramira(Eruca sativa)

The seeds ofEruca sativa, commonly known as taramira, were found to contain 4.1% moisture, 27.8% oil, 27.4% protein and 6.6% ash. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis indicated calcium and potassium levels of 1186 and 1116 mg/100 g of whole seed, respectively. Other mineral contents also are reported. The seed oil had a specific gravity of 0.910, refractive index of 1.4680 (at 40 C), iodine value of 137.0, saponification value of 168.1 and a free fatty acid content of 2.3% (as oleic acid). Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed high levels of linolenic acid (36.2%) and relatively low levels of erucic acid (10.3%).     

稠油乳化催化降粘体系的研究

针对新嘏稠油粘度高难以开采的问题,文章俐：究r表面活性剂和催化荆复合用于稠油蒸汽开采的复合降粘体系。以新疆稠油为研究对象,首先对其含水牢进行了测定,在油水比为7：3的情况下,控温,探究加碱量与粘度的关系,确定了稠油的最适加碱量。利用HLB值法确定出了新疆稠油乳化的最佳HLB值为12．98,通过与多种未知HLB值的表面活性剂之间按不同比例的复配实验,分别确定出了表面活性剂OP-10、TX-10、FJC的HLB值分别为15．15、13．94、12．05。根据其形成乳状液的最佳HLB值,得到了该稠油的乳化降粘体系的两种配方,再进行耐高温实验,最终确定了乳化配方体系为30％OP-10＋70％FJC,降粘体系在水相中的最佳加量为0．8％。降粘率达到95．56％。     

铝箔轧制废油中基础油分离及性能的研究

采用减压蒸馏法对铝箔轧制废油中的基础油进行分离回收。截取馏程为150~160℃的减压馏分,得到酸值0.027 mg KOH/g、运动粘度2.35 mm2/s、退火性能Ⅱ级、闪点82℃和馏程宽度为220~253℃的再生油。使用GC/MS对废油和再生油的组成进行分析,对其的酸值、馏程、粘度、闪点和油膜强度等理化性能和使用性能进行测定,并结合工业上铝箔轧制油性能要求对测定结果进行综合评价。结果表明,窄馏分油的主要性能指标达到使用要求。     

微乳柴油的性能研究

对由柴油、水及乳化剂组成的微乳柴油进行了电导率、粘度、粒径、稳定性及腐蚀性、密度和凝点等性能研究。结果表明:微乳柴油体系为牛顿型流体;温度升高,体系粘度降低;表面活性剂质量分数增大,粘度也逐渐增大;粘度的变化同水量的变化规律基本一致;粒径均在100nm左右;腐蚀性、密度和凝点均符合国家标准;室温时稳定期在6个月以上。     

合成蒸汽汽缸油生产工艺的改进

通过改进合成蒸汽汽缸油的生产工艺,一方面通过提高主要原料皂蜡和氯气反应的成槽密度即氯化率,从而提高缩聚油粘度,另一方面通过调整蒸馏过程中的工艺参数,得到高粘度,高闪点的塔底重组分,使之与低粘度,高闪点的烯烃合成油混兑,获得合格的合成蒸汽汽缸油,通过以上工艺改进,降低主要原料皂蜡的消耗定额,从而降低合成蒸汽汽缸油的生产成本.     

Effect of Water Concentration on the Properties of Commercial Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses

The effect of water concentration on the properties of three commercial soda-lime-silica glasses has been measured. Water (H₂O) concentration varied from 50 to 550 ppm-wt. Properties measured include glass transformation temperature, transformation range viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and refractive index. The viscosity, T _g, and electrical conductivity decreased with increasing water content, while the thermal expansion coefficient and refractive index were unaffected by changes in water concentration.