A STUDY OF RATE-DEPENDENCE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE FOR AN AI-Cu-Mg ALLOY

The hot deformation of an Al-Cu-Mg alloy was studied in the two temperature ranges (room temperature-300℃ and 400℃-480℃). The rate-independent flow curves are typical of elasto-plastic response with significant work hardening followed by strain softening below 300℃. Similar dislocation structures with high density tangled into grain interiors were observed by TEM, which suggests that the process of obstacles arresting mobile dislocations results in this macroscopically rate-independence. At 400-480℃, all rate dependent flow behaviors characterized by a continuous softening after an initial work hardening at a small plastic strain show large tensile elongations. Long dislocation segments around the second phases infer their good mobility to climb across obstacles. Grain boundary morphology observed by TEM suggests that the capacity of the grain boundaries to absorb the dislocations sensitively accounts for the rate-dependent mechanical DroDerties.     

DISLOCATION BEHAVIOR IN THE SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF ALLOY Al-Li 2091

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Mechanisms for grain size hardening and softening in Zn

An analysis of the rate-controlling mechanisms corresponding to effect of grain size d=10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ m on the flow stress of Zn at 300K and s⁻¹ was performed. Three grain size regimes were indicated: Regime I, d≈10⁻⁶–10⁻³ m, Regime II, d≈10⁻⁶–10⁻⁸ m and Regime III, d<10⁻⁸ m. Grain size hardening occurred in Regimes I and II and grain size softening in Regime III. The intersection of pyramidal forest dislocations by basal dislocations was concluded to be the rate-controlling mechanism in both Regimes I and II, the major effect of the grain size being on the forest and gliding dislocation densities. The absence of twinning and a dislocation cell structure distinguished Regime II from I. The grain size softening observed in Regime III is in better accord with grain boundary shear than with grain boundary diffusion creep.     

Al-4.7Mg-0.7Mn-0.1Zr-0.4Er合金高温变形行为

在Gleeble 1500D热模拟仪上进行热压缩实验,研究Al-4.7Mg-0.7Mn-0.1Zr-0.4Er合金高温变形行为,变形温度为300~500℃,变形速率为0.001~10 s-1,变形后总应变量为0.7。变形温度高于400℃时,真应力-真应变曲线呈现稳态流变,在其他温度下变形真应力-真应变曲线表现为加工硬化。根据动态材料模型建立合金的加工图,在400~500℃和0.001~0.1 s-1变形时加工图上出现一个发生动态回复的峰区,相应的变形激活能为176 kJ/mol,大于纯铝的自扩散激活能,表明合金在该区域变形的机制是位错的交滑移。变形失稳区的组织特征是局部变形。     

GH690合金拉伸变形行为的温度敏感性

通过拉伸试验研究了GH690合金从298～623K的变形行为,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了变形组织。结果表明,合金在298K拉伸时能够通过孪生协调变形,生成的形变孪晶阻碍了位错的滑移,从而使合金获得了较高的加工硬化速率,导致合金的强度和塑性较高。随着形变温度的升高,合金通过孪生协调变形的能力降低,变形机制由孪生转变为滑移,滑移产生的加工硬化效应小于孪生,因此合金的强度和塑性随之降低。     

退火温度对铝青铜微观组织及硬度的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD和硬度计等分析了Cu-Al-Ni合金在冷轧与退火过程中微观组织结构及硬度的变化规律,研究了合金在不同退火温度条件下的软化行为。结果表明,当采用950 ℃保温淬火工艺后,Cu-Al-Ni合金主要由面心立方结构的α相与体心立方结构的β相组成,分布于晶界处的β相对合金硬度的影响作用小。由于位错强化作用的显著增强,合金在冷轧后硬度明显升高,达到270 HV0.5。冷轧态Cu-Al-Ni合金在400 ℃以上温度退火后会发生明显软化现象,软化的主要原因是再结晶反应所引起的位错密度下降。Cu-Al-Ni合金的再结晶温度在300 ℃以上,高于纯铜的再结晶温度,这表明Ni、Al元素的添加有利于提高纯铜再结晶温度,并能改善其高温抗软化性能。     

LOW CYCLE FATIGUE AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR IN AN 8090 Al-Li ALLOY

1.IntroductionAl-Liall0ysrepresentanewclass0flightweight,highmodulusandhighstrengtheconomica1structuralmaterials.Theref0re,theseall0ysareespeciallyattractivet0aero-nauticalandaer0spaceindustries.Tensilepr0pertiesandfracturet0ughnessinAl-Liall0ysaswellaseffectofprecipitates0nthemhavebeenextensivelyinvestigated[1w7].Fatiguefracture0fmaterialsacc0untsf0rthemaj0rity0fin-servicefailureinengineeringc0mpo-nents,andl0wcyclefatiguebehaviorisimportantforlifetimepredicti0ninpracticalalloys-Severalresea…     

应变比对复合细化超细晶纯钛低周疲劳行为的影响

采用等径通道弯曲挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing, ECAP)+旋锻(Rotary Swaging, RS)技术制备超细晶纯钛,细化后晶粒尺寸达到纳米级。在室温下对超细晶纯钛实施应变比分别为-1、-0.5、0.5的应变控制低周疲劳试验,通过TEM对微观组织观察。研究了应变比对材料循环硬化软化特性、循环应力应变关系及疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果表明,应变比增大使得超细晶纯钛循环硬化现象更为显著,应变比越大超细晶纯钛低周疲劳寿命越低。低周疲劳高应变比情况下亚晶晶粒尺寸小,数量多,阻碍位错运动,使得材料发生循环硬化。     

Al-5Zn-2Mg合金在动态回复过程中的流变软化与微观组织演变(英文)

将7005铝合金在变形温度为300~500°C、应变速率为0.05~50 s-1的条件下进行等温压缩实验,研究材料的流变应力行为及微观组织演变规律,使用金相显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子背散射花样(EBSD)等方法观察、分析热压缩试样。通过计算得到7005铝合金的激活能为147 kJ/mol,与纯铝的晶格自扩散能(142kJ/mol)相近。7005铝合金热变形过程中主要的恢复机制为动态回复。在高应变速率(50 s-1)条件下,试样由于变形温升的影响会发生流变软化。经过温升修正后,在较高变形温度下材料依然存在软化现象。通过微观组织分析可知,该现象主要与材料动态回复过程中晶界迁移引起的晶粒粗化有关。     

A statistical analysis of strain hardening: The percolation limit and the Taylor equation

The two-parameter model for strain hardening has proven to be a powerful tool in explaining the main features of dislocation storage during plastic deformation. The well-established but empirical Taylor equation relates dislocation density to yield stress. The free path for dislocations relates strain to the increase in density and appears as an empirical constant. The goal of the present paper is to address the Taylor equation from a probabilistic framework; future work will explore the calculation of the free path length. The distribution of obstacles in the slip plane will be modelled as a plane Poisson process and the relationship between its Delaunay triangulation and dislocation storage will be established. The statistical properties of this triangulation allow determining the number of segments stored after dislocation bow-out as well as their length distribution. This naturally leads to the percolation limit for dislocation flow between impenetrable obstacles; together with a differential equation which describes the evolution of dislocation density as a function of stress, this provides a mathematical foundation for the Taylor equation in the case of forest hardening.     

不同热处理状态Al-Mg-Si合金的热压缩力学行为及微观组织

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对不同热处理状态的Al-Mg-Si合金进行了高温压缩试验,研究了变形温度为100～400℃和应变速率为0.01 s-1条件下固溶态和时效态合金的热压缩流变行为.结果表明:合金在压缩变形过程中主要经历了应变硬化和稳态变形两个阶段.流变应力随变形温度的升高而下降,同一变形温度下,时效...     

Irradiation-induced hardening and softening of CLAM steel under Fe ion irradiation

The irradiation-induced hardening and softening of CLAM steel irradiated with 3.5 MeV Fe¹³⁺ ions at temperatures of 300 °C and 550 °C were investigated by nanoindentation tests in combination with microstructures. Irradiation- induced hardening occurred in the steel irradiated at 300 °C to doses of 0.46 dpa, 0.94 dpa, and 2.79 dpa. The hardening occurred at 300 °C is mainly attributed to the formation of irradiation-produced dislocation loops and a network of tangled dislocations in the irradiated steel samples. Significant hardening was found in the steel irradiated at 550 °C to 0.38 dpa. On the contrary, irradiation-induced softening occurred in the steel irradiated at 550 °C to both 0.76 dpa and 2.75 dpa. Irradiation-produced dislocation loops are not dominant effect on the irradiation hardening of the steel samples irradiated at 550 °C. The hardening and softening of the irradiated steel were explained in terms of the irradiation-produced defects and recovery process occurred during the irradiation.     

Length scale-dependent deformation behavior of nanolayered Cu/Zr micropillars

The mechanical behavior of incoherent Cu/Zr multilayers was studied in uniaxial compression experiments using micropillars with individual layer thicknesses (h) ranging from 5 to 100 nm. The deformation behavior of these micropillars are size dependent, transiting from dislocation dominated symmetrical slip at large h to shear localization induced by asymmetric slip and grain boundary mediated deformation at small h. During compression studies the multilayer micropillars exhibit a transition from strain hardening to shear softening at small h, and work softening at greater h. A maximum strain hardening rate is observed at a critical h of 20 nm, which was explained in terms of a transition from dislocation interactions to cross-slip of dislocations. The mechanical strength of the micropillars is also dependent on h, which was quantitatively analyzed using the confined layer slip model. In addition, the influence of pillar diameter on the mechanical behavior is also investigated. The effect of extrinsic size on the deformation mechanisms is discussed with respect to the intrinsic size effect with variation in h.     

热变形参数对新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu高强铝合金微观组织的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机进行新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu高强铝合金的热压缩实验,变形程度为10%～80%,变形温度为300℃～450℃,应变速率为0.001s-1～10s-1。利用光学显微镜(OM)和透射显微镜(TEM)观察合金在不同压缩条件下的组织形貌特征,分析了热变形参数对微观组织的影响。研究结果表明,试验温度范围内,变形程度达到50%以上时,试样呈锻态变形组织,且变形程度的增大,有利于动态再结晶的进行;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小,位错密度减小,亚晶粒尺寸增大。新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金热压缩变形过程中主要的软化机制为动态回复和动态再结晶,当应变速率为0.01s-1、变形温度为300℃～400℃时,主要发生动态回复;当变形温度为450℃、应变速率在0.001s-1～10s-1范围内时,其变形以动态再结晶为主。     

动态应变时效对18—8型奥氏体不锈钢低周疲劳行为的影响

本文研究了18-8型奥氏体不锈钢的对称拉压低周疲劳行为特征及动态应变时效(DSA)预处理的影响结果表明:在所使用的应变幅(±0.5%-±1.5%)范围内,试样都经过循环硬化、饱和和循环软化过程,在相同的应变幅下DSA预处理后循环峰值应力高于固溶态及冷变形预处理状态,但疲劳断裂寿命相差不大TEM分析结果表明:材料经DSA预处理后,形成了均匀、高密度、稳定的位错组态是提高循环峰值应力的主要原因,而循环软化则是由于形成了低密度的、伸长的位错胞状结构的结果     

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 18-8 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Studies were made of the symmetric tensile-compressive low cycle fatigue behaviour and theinfluence of dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel.Within the testing amplitude range of strain.±0.5 % to±1.5 %,the three processes ofcyclic hardening,cyclic saturation and cyclic softening were observed.In the same amplitudeof strain,the peak stress of the samples pre-treated by DSA is higher than that of solid-solu-tion and cold working pre-treatment,but no remarkable differences of the fatigue lives ofthem were found.TEM observation shows that the uniform and stable dislocation networkswith high density form after DSA pre-treatment,which increases the cyclic peak stress.Thecyclic softening results from the low dislocation density and elongated cell structure with lowenergy.     

Ti40阻燃合金粗晶超塑性变形行为及机理

借助OM、TEM研究了高温条件下Ti40阻燃合金的粗晶超塑性变形行为及机理。结果表明:在920℃下,应变速率为5×10-5～1×10-2s-1的Ti40合金表现出良好的超塑性行为,拉伸延伸率均超过250%,应变速率敏感指数m大于0.3。超塑变形后,粗大的等轴组织细化。TEM分析表明,在变形过程中,位错运动形成亚晶界,亚晶界通过吸收滑移位错形成小角度晶界甚至大角度晶界。Ti40合金的粗晶超塑性是由动态回复和再结晶共同作用的结果。     

Cyclic deformation behaviors of Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy during thermo-mechanical fatigue tests

Thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were carried out on the gamma-TiAl alloy in the temperature range of 500-800 °C under mechanical strain control in order to evaluate its cyclic deformation behaviors at elevated temperature.Cyclic deformation curves,stress-strain hysteresis loops under different temperature-strain cycles were analyzed and dislocation configurations were also observed by TEM.The mechanisms of cyclic hardening or softening during thermo-mechanical fatigue(TMF) tests were also discussed.Results showed that thermo-mechanical fatigue lives largely depended on the applied mechanical strain amplitudes,applied types of strain and temperature.On the hysteresis loops appeared two apparent asymmetries:one was zero asymmetry and the other was tensile and compressive asymmetry.Dislocations configuration and slip behaviors were contributed to cyclic hardening or cyclic softening.     

Cyclic-loading-induced accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations near grain boundaries in an Ni-based superalloy

In this study, the fatigue-induced microstructure produced in a nickel-based polycrystalline superalloy that was subjected to cyclic loading was characterized by polychromatic x-ray microdiffraction (PXM) together with in-situ neutron diffraction and transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). In-situ neutron-diffraction measurements reveal two distinct stages of the fatigue damage: cyclic hardening followed by cyclic softening. Three-dimensional spatially resolved PXM micro-Laue measurements find an increase in the density of geometrically necessary dislocations near the grain boundaries, which is accompanied by lattice rotations and grain subdivisions. The PXM results are in agreement with the in-situ neutron-diffraction and TEM results.     

ITER级CuCrZr合金高能喷丸后的组织与强化机制

用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度仪对经喷丸处理的Cu-0.8Cr-0.1Zr合金进行组织结构分析和硬化效果的测试,并在此基础上探讨了合金喷丸强化机制。结果表明,合金喷丸后在距表层300μm深度内形成了剧烈变形层和变形层两种不同变形程度的区域。其中剧烈变形层内位错密度较高,并形成位错胞亚结构和孪晶亚结构。随喷丸时间的增加,剧烈变形层晶粒尺寸可细化至80nm,表层HV硬度达到1.99GPa,较未变形试样提高1倍以上。合金的喷丸强化机制为细晶强化和应变硬化,而应变硬化的贡献大于细晶强化。