基于可变形卷积时空网络的乘车需求预测模型

随着滴滴、Uber等出租车服务的日益普及,用户的乘车需求预测逐渐成为智慧城市、智慧交通的重要组成部分.准确的预测模型既可以满足用户的出行需求,也可以降低道路车辆空载率,有效地避免资源浪费,并缓解交通压力.车辆服务商可以收集到大量GPS数据及用户需求数据,然而,如何合理运用数据进行需求预测,是关键且实用的问题.提出一种结合城市POI的可变形卷积时空网络（DCSN）模型来预测区域乘车需求,模型包括两部分——可变形卷积时空模型与POI需求关联模型：前者即通过DCN与LSTM建模未来需求与时空之间的相关性,后者则通过区域POI差异化指数与需求差异化指数捕捉区域间的相似关系.最后使用全连接网络将两个模型整合起来,进而得出预测结果.使用滴滴出行的大型真实乘车需求数据进行实验,最终实验结果表明,所提出的方法在预测精度上优于现有的预测方法.     

面向出租车需求预测的多因素时空图卷积网络

精确地预测出租车需求，有助于缩短司机和乘客的等待时间，缓解交通拥堵状况。然而，目前的研究工作大都忽略了出租车历史流入量以及不同区域间潜在的空间依赖关系对出租车需求的影响。鉴于此，综合考虑多个影响出租车需求的因素，建立多因素时空图卷积网络模型（MFSTGCN），期望精确地预测出租车需求。具体地，MFSTGCN模型设计4个组件，分别建模出租车需求对临近时刻需求序列、日需求序列、出租车历史流入量序列的时间依赖性以及不同区域间的潜在空间依赖性。组件通过时空卷积块捕捉不同因素下的潜在时空表达。为了证明MFSTGCN模型的有效性，与交通预测常用的五种基准模型进行比较，并利用RMSE、MAE和MAPE三个指标进行评估。实验结果表明，融合多因素的MFSTGCN模型能够更精确地预测出租车需求。     

融合出发地与目的地时空相关性的城市区域间出租车需求预测

精准预测城市区域之间的出租车需求量，可以为出租车的引导和调度以及乘客的出行推荐提供决策支持信息，从而优化出租车的供需关系。然而现有模型大多以区域内的出租车需求量为建模和预测对象，对区域之间的时空相关性考虑不足，且较少关注区域之间更细粒度的需求量预测。针对上述问题，提出一种面向城市区域间出租车需求量的预测模型——出发地—目的地融合时空网络（ODSTN）模型。该模型分别从区域和区域对两个空间维度以及临近、日、周三个时间维度出发，采用图卷积和时间注意力机制来捕获区域之间的复杂时空相关性，并设计了一种新的路径感知融合机制来对多角度的特征进行融合，最终实现了对城市区域间出租车需求量的预测。在成都和曼哈顿地区两个真实出租车订单数据集中进行了实验，结果表明ODSTN模型的平均绝对误差（MAE）、均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别为0.897 1、3.527 4、50.655 6%和0.589 6、1.163 8、61.079 4%。可见，ODSTN模型在出租车需求预测任务上具有较高的准确性。     

基于3D卷积和LSTM编码解码的出行需求预测

可靠的区域出行需求预测能够为交通资源的调度和规划提供合理有效的建议.但是,出行预测是一个非常具有挑战性的问题,面临海量的时空大数据建模问题,如何有效地提取时空大数据中的空间特征和时间特征,成为当前城市计算的研究热点.文中提出了一种基于3D卷积和编码-解码注意力机制的需求预测模型(3D Convolution and Encoder-Decoder Attention Demand Forecasting,3D-EDADF),用于同时预测城市区域的出行需求流入量和流出量.3D-EDADF模型首先利用3D卷积来提取时空数据的时空相关性,然后使用LSTM编码解码来对时间依赖性进行捕获,并结合注意力机制来描述流入流出的差异性.3 D-EDADF模型对临近依赖性、日常依赖性和周期依赖性这3种时间依赖特征进行混合建模,然后将它们的多维特征进行加权融合得到最终的预测结果.采用真实的出行需求数据集进行了大量的实验,结果表明,与基准模型相比,3 D-EDADF模型的整体预测误差较低,具有较好的预测性能.     

融合时序关联动态图与常微分方程的区域间出租车需求预测

为解决出租车行业中的高空驶率和不均衡的需求分布问题,通过对出租车出行的区域进行深入研究,提出了一个融合时序关联动态图与常微分方程的需求预测模型TCG-ODE(temporal correlation graphs-ordinary differential equations)。首先,模型使用ODE(ordinary differential equation)对图卷积神经网络(graph convolutional network, GCN)进行微分方程建模,将堆叠局部特征信息抽象为动态图,以节点的时序特性来推进局部节点状态;然后,设计了一种基于注意力分数调整采样策略的蒸馏方案,提高对多层稀疏图的适应效果,以更稳定地表征复杂时空特征,最终实现对区域间出租车需求量的预测。在真实的出租车订单数据集上进行实验,研究结果表明,TCG-ODE模型的预测效果均优于对照模型和改进前的模型。通过精准预测不同区域之间的出租车需求量,可以为出租车司机和乘客出行提供决策支持信息,从而优化供需关系。     

间歇性时间序列的可预测性评估及联合预测方法

在高端制造企业的运维业务中,配件需求随机发生,且伴随有大量的零需求阶段,同时,对应的配件需求数据量小,且呈现出间歇性和块状分布的特点,导致现有时间序列预测方法难以有效预测配件需求走势。为解决该问题,提出了一种间歇性时间序列的可预测性评估及联合预测方法。首先,提出了一种新的间歇相似度指标,通过统计两条序列中“0”元素出现的频次和位置,并结合最大信息系数和平均需求间隔等度量指标,有效评估了序列的趋势信息和波动规律,并实现了对间歇性序列可预测性的量化;其次,基于该指标,构建了一个间歇相似度层次聚类方法来自适应地筛选相似性高、可预测性强的序列,剔除极度稀疏、无法预测的序列;此外,探索利用序列间的结构化信息,并构建多输出支持向量回归（M-SVR）模型,从而实现小样本下的间歇性序列联合预测;最后,分别在两个公开数据集（UCI礼品零售数据集和华为电脑配件数据集）和某大型制造企业实际配件售后数据集上进行实验。实验结果表明,相比多个典型的时间序列预测方法,所提方法可有效挖掘各类间歇性序列的可预测性,提高小样本间歇性序列的预测精度,从而为制造企业配件需求预测提供了一种新的解决方案。     

基于SVD和ARIMA的时空序列分解与预测

针对传统时空序列建模过程中估计空间权重矩阵时难度较高的问题,提出一种基于奇异值分解（SVD）的时空序列分解模型ST-SVD。对原始时空序列矩阵进行平稳性检测并中心化为零均值平稳时空序列,在假设时间和空间没有交互作用的前提下,利用SVD技术将时空序列分解为空间模式、时间模式以及模式强度的乘积,通过ARIMA模型对平稳的时间模式进行建模并得到其预测结果,在此基础上,将时间模式的预测结果与分解得到的空间模式相结合,利用SVD技术对真实的时空序列进行重建,得到各个空间点的最终预测结果。实验结果表明,与ARIMA、Lasso-VAR、LSTM和STARMA模型相比,ST-SVD模型的训练时间成本降低50%以上,预测精度提升10%以上,其在实际工程应用中能够有效完成时空序列预测任务。     

基于多时间尺度时空图网络的交通流量预测模型

交通流预测在智能交通系统的建设中起着关键作用。但由于其复杂的时空依赖性和本身的不确定性使得研究变得极具挑战性。现有的一些方法主要是将单一的时间序列输入到循环神经网络以捕获时间依赖性,而且多数模型仅对时间模块和空间模块进行简单的堆叠,导致不能有效地融合时间和空间特征。为了解决以上问题,文中提出了一个多时间尺度时空图网络模型。模型先将序列数据划分为3种时间尺度序列,然后将序列输入到时空块(ST-Block)中提取数据的时空依赖性,最后进行预测。在时空块中使用图卷积网络和变体Transformer分别捕获数据中的时间和空间依赖性,并通过门控融合机制将两者提取到的特征进行融合。在两个真实的数据集上分别进行了短期和长期的预测实验,结果表明了MTSTGNN模型在交通流预测任务上的优秀性能。     

基于门控循环图卷积网络的交通流预测

交通流预测在智能交通系统的建设中起着关键性的作用,然而现有预测方法无法准确地挖掘其潜在的时空相关性,而且大都采用全连接网络进行单步预测。为了进一步挖掘数据的时空特性以及提升长短期预测的精度,提出了一种门控循环图卷积网络（GR-GCN）模型。首先,利用频域上的图卷积结合门控循环单元（GRU）构建一个时空组件（STC）以同时捕获节点的时空相关性,充分地提取数据的时空特征;然后,利用该时空组件构成编码器单元,并将时间序列数据和路网结构数据输入其中;最后,使用门控循环单元作为解码器单元,并按照时间顺序将两者组成一个编码器—解码器（encoder-decoder）结构,依次解码出每个时刻的预测结果。在加利福尼亚交通局（Caltrans）性能评估系统中高速公路数据集PeMSD4和PeMSD8进行了实验。结果表明,所提模型GR-GCN在预测未来15 min、30 min、45 min和60 min的交通流量方面优于大多数现有基准模型,尤其是在长期预测方面。     

面向交通事故预测的时空多模态点过程

交通事故预测对于构建智慧城市具有重要意义。然而发生在连续时间域上的交通事故数据同时包含具有不同语义特征的时间、空间模态信息,且这两种模态的不确定性存在差异,因此传统的序列建模方式无法全面描述交通事故的时空相关性,很难实现准确的交通事故预测,对此提出了一种面向交通事故预测的时空多模态点过程模型MSTPP。该模型设计了一种具有双解码器的seq2seq框架。在编码器中提出了衰减感知长短期记忆网络DLSTM用于编码在连续时间域中的交通事故事件序列,有效地融合不同模态信息以及建模事件序列的异步性。在解码阶段,使用两个特殊设计的解码器去处理模态间差异性。在两个真实的交通事故数据集上的实验结果表明,MSTPP在预测下一个交通事故发生的时间和区域任务上相比于其他基准模型具有最优的预测能力。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.