面向合同的智能合约的形式化定义及参考实现

智能合约是区块链系统的核心组件,在现实中广泛应用.然而,目前没有关于智能合约的统一定义,在不同的区块链平台上,智能合约的实现也相差甚远.这样将影响公众对智能合约的认知,也对产业的发展造成障碍.回顾了智能合约的发展历史,梳理其概念的变化过程.归纳智能合约的本质,对现有智能合约的实现进行了分析和对比.给出了面向合同的智能合约的形式化定义,为智能合约的标准化奠定基础.提出了独立于区块链平台的、通用的智能合约实现方法.在目前广泛应用的联盟链区块链平台Hyperledger Fabric上面进行了具体实现.最后对未来工作进行了展望.     

高职“区块链+”创新创业支撑平台关键技术研究与构建

针对高职院校学生开展区块链技术学习时学习门槛高、实验环境配置复杂等实际情况,提出一种基于OpenStack云计算技术构建面向高职院校学生的“区块链+”创新创业支撑平台方法,利用OpenStack实现基础资源虚拟化管理,构建Hyperledger Fabric区块链技术学习和实践应用实验环境支撑平台,实现区块链环境配置、Fabric网络配置、智能合约部署、应用开发与优化等一系列实践应用支撑。同时,设计基于Hyperledger Fabric的供应链金融试验案例,模拟商品从生产商到零售商的完整供应链流程,结果表明支撑平台对区块链技术的知识学习和实验应用实践起到了良好的支撑作用,有助于学生开展区块链技术的学习和实践,增强学生的实践能力和创新能力,推动高职院校在区块链领域的教学和科研水平的提高。     

企业级区块链技术综述

在传统跨机构交易的企业应用中,各个机构都是独立记录己方的交易数据,机构间数据的差异会引起争议,通常需要人工对账或中介机构来解决,因而增加了结算时间和交易费用.区块链技术实现了交易数据在写入前共识验证、写入后不可篡改的分布式记账,可信地保证了多机构间的数据一致性,避免了人工对账和中介机构.区块链是一种去中心化、不可篡改、可追溯、可信的、多方共享的分布式数据库,企业级区块链是节点加入需经许可的适用于企业级应用的区块链技术.结合Hyperledger Fabric,Corda和Quorum等企业级区块链平台,提出了企业级区块链的系统架构;从交易流程、区块链网络、共识机制、区块链数据、智能合约、隐私保护几方面阐述了企业级区块链的原理与技术;针对企业级区块链的现状,总结了当前的研究挑战与未来的发展趋势.     

基于区块链的学分银行数据溯源

基于区块链的数据溯源充分利用了区块链的共识机制、智能合约、密钥管理等核心技术,发掘区块链技术的高度自治性、去中心化优势,为现有网络数据安全溯源提供了良好的机遇。基于此,本文简要介绍了Hadoop分布式架构（基于区块链技术的数据溯源设计框架）中的Hyperledger Fabric,论述了基于区块链技术的数据溯源核心机制、功能实现以及其在学分银行中的应用。     

面向Hyperledger Fabric的SQL访问框架

区块链技术具有去中心化、不可篡改、可追溯等优势,已经在各领域得到广泛应用.但区块链作为一项前沿技术,存在开发难度大、学习成本高等问题,且大多数开发者更熟悉基于关系型数据库的应用开发方法,即通过SQL操作关系型数据库.Hyperledger Fabric是目前最为主流的区块链开发框架.针对此问题,文中提出了一种面向Hyperledger Fabric的SQL访问框架.首先,针对Fabric和SQL底层存储结构不一致的问题,定义了关系模型至键值模型的转换规则,实现了模型转换算法;然后,基于智能合约技术开发了 SQL执行合约,实现了 SQL语句向底层状态数据库CouchDB操作语句的自动转换,进而操作Fabric底层的数据;最后,从应用层开发的角度,设计了应用自动化重构工具,工具包含两个部分,分别是应用重构工具和区块链网络的交互中间件Fabric-Driver.实验结果表明,相比现有方案,使用所提框架开发区块链应用能节省82％左右的时间,且使用此框架降低的读写性能仅有5％左右.     

一种智能合约微服务化框架

区块链具有分布式、不可篡改、去中心化、历史可追溯等特点,但难以落地.智能合约的引入,有效地解决了这一难题.然而,智能合约的开发和运维存在部署效率低、监控工具不成熟等问题.受DevOps自动化工具支持微服务持续交付、持续监控的启发,针对上述问题,提出了一种用于智能合约微服务化改造的框架.随后,结合支持DevOps的工具设计原型平台Mictract,完成智能合约的部署和监控.在Hyperledger Fabric官方链码Marbles上的案例研究表明,该框架和原型平台能够显著提升智能合约部署和监控的自动化水平.     

基于Hyperledger Fabric的食品溯源系统设计与实现

现有的传统食品安全溯源系统中存在共享数据较为匮乏和信息存储中心化、孤岛化等问题,利用区块链系统去中心化、防篡改、可信任等特性,提出了一种基于Hyperledger Fabric区块链的食品溯源系统;然后对Hyperledger Fabric区块链技术进行深入分析和研究,明确Hyperledger Fabric区块链技术的技术原理与技术特性,并综合食品安全溯源系统的实际使用,对基于Hyperledger Fabric区块链的食品溯源系统进行详细设计;最后对基于Hyperledger Fabric区块链的食品溯源系统进行了实际的搭建,并对该系统进行相关功能测试和性能测试,验证了整体方案的可行性与有效性。     

支持国密算法的区块链交易数据隐私保护方案

随着区块链技术的发展,链上数据共享越来越重要。当前区块链交易数据在链上公开透明,存在隐私数据共享受限问题,而且Hyperledger Fabric平台缺乏国密算法的支持,在国内应用中受限。文章首先采用国密算法改造Hyperledger Fabric平台；然后提出交易数据隐私保护方案,以国密算法完成对交易数据的安全和限时共享；最后对改造的Hyperledger Fabric平台和提出的方案做系统实现和性能测试。实验结果表明,文章方法实现了对Hyperledger Fabric平台的国密改造,该方案的执行效率和系统性能均满足实际需求。     

边缘计算模式下全同态加密智能合约设计

区块链产生的成千上万的交易信息数据不断被收集到区块链中,会给区块链网络的计算资源和存储空间造成极大负担。为了解决区块链网络计算资源不足和存储空间有限的问题,我们将边缘计算模式应用于联盟链Hyperledger Fabric系统中,在区块链中设计了基于边缘计算模式的智能合约,以提高区块链的存储空间和运行效率。在此基础上,针对区块链存在的数据和用户身份隐私的风险,提出了基于边缘计算模式的全同态加密智能合约。在执行智能合约过程中,调用了微软的全同态加密SEAL库,边缘节点的身份信息和区块链的交易数据受到全同态加密算法BFV的保护,在保持交易数据可计算性的同时,实现了交易信息和边缘节点身份的隐私保护。最后,经过测试和分析,边缘计算模式下的原型系统在14个边缘节点同时访问时的单节点平均访问时间仅为139.68ms,相比于非边缘计算模式下的原型系统具有更好的性能;相比目前响应较快的加密联盟链系统FabZK,本系统平均用时减少35.84%,相比效率提升55.86%。设计的边缘计算模式下的全同态加密智能合约可以有效提高Hyperledger Fabric系统中网络的运行效率,同时减少了对存储空间的要求...     

以太坊中间语言的可执行语义

智能合约是实现各类区块链应用的核心软件程序.近期,以太坊区块链平台（Ethereum）上的智能合约暴露出大量错误和安全隐患,在国际上引发了智能合约形式化验证的研究热潮.为提供高可信度的验证结果,智能合约程序语言的形式化必不可少.本工作对以太坊中间语言Yul进行形式化,首次给出了其类型系统和小步操作语义的形式化定义.该语义为可执行语义（executable semantics）,由120个Yul语言程序组成的测试集进行测试.本工作在Isabelle/HOL证明辅助工具中完成,为基于定理证明的智能合约正确性、安全性验证奠定了基础.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.