一种可应用于联盟链的拜占庭容错共识算法

针对联盟链应用场景,分析了目前应用最广泛的PBFT（practical Byzantine fault tolerance,实用拜占庭容错）算法中的高通信成本和主节点选取的问题,提出了OBFT（optimistic Byzantine fault tolerance,乐观同步拜占庭容错）算法。首先,针对高通信成本问题,OBFT算法通过动态超时时间实现了乐观同步拜占庭容错,并且结合了PBFT算法中的检查点协议,当触发超时时,说明此时节点处于异步状态,为了实现拜占庭容错,算法切换回部分同步拜占庭容错,即执行PBFT算法的commit阶段,并且以stable checkpoint为新一轮乐观拜占庭容错的起点。其次利用积分制优化了主节点选取过程,保证可供选择的主节点符合区块链最长链原则。最后通过本地多节点仿真实验表明,OBFT算法提升了数据吞吐量和可拓展性,并且有效地降低了交易延迟。     

基于节点动态评分机制的分组共识算法

针对实用拜占庭容错（practical Byzantine fault tolerance,PBFT）共识算法三阶段流程通信开销大,主节点随机选取且缺乏奖惩机制等问题,提出基于节点动态评分机制的分组共识算法（dynamic scoring practical Byzantine fault tolerance,DS-PBFT）。首先,优化一致性协议,简化三阶段通信流程从而提高共识效率;其次,提出节点评分分组机制,通过节点在共识过程中的历史行为进行评分,并分为共识组和候选组,降低恶意节点参与共识过程的可能性;最后,提出动态过程选择参与共识的节点,优化视图切换协议和垃圾回收机制,减少参与共识的节点数量,从根本上提高共识效率。用Docker容器模拟多个节点的仿真实验表明,在网络稳定、可信节点较多的联盟链中,提出的DS-PBFT共识算法在共识时延、吞吐量、容错性和通信复杂度等方面比PBFT共识算法及其他改进算法相比具有更好的性能,能够快速达成共识,提高共识效率。     

基于节点分组信誉模型的改进PBFT共识算法

针对实用拜占庭容错共识算法(practical Byzantine fault tolerance, PBFT)中存在通信开销大、缺少奖惩机制、节点缺乏积极性的问题,提出了一种基于节点分组信誉模型的改进PBFT共识算法(grouping reputation practical Byzantine fault tolerance, GR-PBFT)。首先,引入信誉奖惩机制来确保系统的安全性,再根据节点信誉进行分组以选取共识节点,解决信誉机制类共识算法产生节点信誉累计问题,降低系统中心化程度,提升了节点成为共识节点的积极性;然后,改进主节点的选举方式保证主节点的可靠性,并优化一致性协议执行流程,减少准备、确认与响应阶段的通信复杂度,提高了共识效率。仿真实验表明,GR-PBFT共识算法在共识时延、通信开销、吞吐量、安全性等方面比PBFT共识算法具有更好的性能。     

基于Raft分组的实用拜占庭共识算法

针对现有应用于联盟链的拜占庭容错共识机制可扩展性不足、难以支持大规模网络节点下高效安全共识等问题,采用节点分组策略,提出一种基于Raft聚类分组的实用拜占庭容错共识算法H-PBFT。首先使用混合蛙跳算法结合K-medoids聚类分组策略,将系统中节点聚类形成多个分组;参与主共识集群PBFT共识的节点均为各分组聚类中心节点,各聚类小组内则使用引入监督节点改进的Raft算法进行共识;组内共识机制监督节点的引入使Raft算法具有抗拜占庭的能力。实验研究结果表明,在大规模网络节点环境下,相比于PBFT和Raft,H-PBFT算法提高了容错性能,同时还能够快速高效对节点聚类分组,提高共识效率,降低共识通信开销与复杂度,具有较优的可扩展性,能够更好的在联盟链场景中应用。     

面向物联网的改进PBFT共识算法

随着物联网的发展,高效的共识算法是区块链技术应用于物联网的关键.针对实用拜占庭容错(practical Byzantine fault tolerance, PBFT)算法在物联网场景中通信次数多、未考虑共识功耗、共识时延高等问题,本文提出了一种基于二分K均值算法的改进PBFT共识算法(binary K-means practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm,BK-PBFT).首先,获取节点地理坐标并计算节点综合评价值,通过二分K均值算法将节点划分为一个双层多中心聚类集群.然后,先在下层集群再在上层集群对区块进行PBFT共识.最后,集群验证执行并存储区块,完成共识.此外,本文证明了当节点均匀分布在每个簇时算法通信次数可以达到最少,以及通信次数最少时的最优聚类数.分析与仿真结果表明,本文算法可以有效减少通信次数、降低共识功耗和共识时延.     

区块链实用拜占庭容错共识算法的改进

针对应用于联盟链的实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）共识算法网络结构静态、主节点选取随意和通信开销较大的问题，提出了一种改进的实用拜占庭容错（EPBFT）共识算法。首先，给共识节点设置一系列活动状态使得节点通过状态转换在系统中拥有完整生命周期，由此节点可以动态地加入和退出，系统拥有动态的网络结构。其次，对PBFT的主节点选取方式加以改进，增加以最长链为选举原则的主节点选举过程。在主节点选举完成之后，通过数据同步和主节点验证过程进一步保证主节点的可信性。最后，优化PBFT算法的共识流程以提高共识效率，使得EPBFT算法的通信开销在视图变更较少发生的情况下降低为PBFT算法的1/2。实验结果表明，EPBFT算法具有较好的有效性和实用性。     

基于可验证延迟函数的改进实用拜占庭容错算法

针对实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）共识机制的主节点选择不合理和高交易延迟问题，提出一种基于可验证延迟函数（VDF）的改进实用拜占庭容错共识机制VPBFT。首先，针对原有的PBFT算法引入投票机制进行节点选取，并根据随机投票结果将节点划分为普通节点、投票节点、备份节点和共识节点；其次，改进PBFT算法主节点选举机制，即使用VDF进行主节点选举，并利用上一区块哈希值和用户私钥生成随机数，增加主节点的不可预测性，保证共识安全；最后，优化PBFT算法的共识过程，将共识过程简化为三个阶段，从而降低算法复杂度，减少通信开销。实验结果表明，所提出的VPBFT在安全性和共识性能方面优于原有PBFT算法。     

基于Raft算法改进的实用拜占庭容错共识算法

针对应用于联盟链的实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）共识算法可扩展性不足、通信开销大等问题,提出了一种基于Raft算法改进的实用拜占庭容错共识算法K-RPBFT。首先,将区块链分片,使用K-medoids聚类算法将所有节点划分为多个节点簇,每个节点簇构成一个分片,从而将全局共识改进为分层次的多中心共识;然后,每个分片的聚类中心节点之间使用PBFT算法进行共识,而在分片内部使用基于监督节点改进的Raft算法进行共识。K-RPBFT算法的片内监督机制赋予了Raft算法一定的拜占庭容错能力,并提升了算法的安全性。实验分析表明,相较于PBFT算法,K-RPBFT算法在具备拜占庭容错能力的同时能够大幅降低共识的通信开销与共识时延,提升共识效率与吞吐量,并且具有良好的可扩展性与动态性,使联盟链能够应用于更广泛的场景中。     

实用拜占庭容错共识算法的奖惩机制优化研究

联盟链是农业溯源行业的首选区块链方案,针对其核心共识机制实用拜占庭容错共识算法（PBFT）存在的共识安全性低、主节点出错概率大、通信开销大等问题,通过引入奖惩机制以及分组共识机制,提出了基于奖惩机制的改进实用拜占庭容错共识算法。把节点划分为4类,制定节点信誉规则,增强节点主动性,减少拜占庭节点的参与;剔除作恶节点参与共识资格,统计其余节点信誉值及票数,动态筛选信誉良好节点作为共识节点,并依据最高信誉值规则选取主节点,从而提升共识安全、降低拜占庭节点当选主节点概率;以PBFT共识为基础,将共识过程简化为组内共识及全局共识两个阶段,并基于最少广播消息数提出最优分组,缓解共识节点数目增多导致通信量过大的问题。实验结果表明,该方案能够有效抑制拜占庭节点,提升共识安全性能,降低共识成本。     

一种基于环签名的PBFT区块链共识算法改进方案

联盟链是一种允许授权节点加入网络的区块链,当存在网络状况不理想等状况时,会出现节点动态加入退出的问题。为此,在环签名理论、ElGamal数字签名算法与PBFT算法的基础上,提出一种基于ElGamal数字签名算法的环签名改进方案。对环签名算法进行正确性及匿名性分析,运用环签名方案改进PBFT算法的签名及验证过程,使用Fabric中的区块链性能测试框架Caliper对改进方案进行性能测试,结果表明,基于环签名方案的改进PBFT共识算法可较好地解决网络中节点动态加入退出问题,且能够达到原PBFT算法的拜占庭节点容错率,具有一定的实用性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.