O'Rourke模型的网格依赖性及其改进研究

O’Rourke模型是目前应用最广泛的液滴碰撞模型,然而该模型在喷雾计算过程中存在着较强的网格依赖性问题。为了降低其网格依赖性,提出了一种新的交错网格碰撞（CMC：Cross Mesh Collision）液滴模型。该模型是对O’Rourke模型的一种扩展,即考虑了相邻单元边缘处液滴之间的碰撞,对单元内距离最远的液滴发生碰撞的可能性最大的问题,采用碰撞限制角进行了改进研究。将CMC液滴模型与KIVA程序相耦合,采用单孔喷嘴和定容室,在不同网格坐标、不同网格密度以及不同粒子数条件下,分别从喷雾结构和液滴平均尺寸两个方面,比较了CMC液滴模型和O’Rourke模型的模拟计算结果：新的CMC液滴模型在各种条件下均表现出较小的网格依赖性和粒子数敏感性;从粗略网格到精细网格,CMC液滴模型预测的喷雾液滴平均尺寸的变化从O’Rourke模型的30μm减小到5μm。     

柴油喷雾计算时空差分尺度依赖性消减的方法

柴油喷雾计算流体动力学(CFD)计算具有差分尺度依赖性,对计算精度和计算效率会产生影响.基于KIVA3v程序中现有的喷雾模型,开发了一套减小时间和空间差分尺度依赖性的方法和模型.修正了用于喷雾气/液相对速度计算的gasjet模型和用于液滴碰撞计算的影响半径(ROI)O’Rourke模型,从而减小对网格尺度的依赖性.并在喷雾源项计算中加入了子循环,用于消除时间步长的依赖性.经检验该模型可明显降低差分尺度的选取对喷雾计算贯穿距、粒径及喷雾形态的影响.     

LPG碰壁喷雾的试验及数值模拟研究

基于离散液滴模型(DDM),并结合柴油机实际工作情况,建立了喷雾碰壁的数学模型.将该模型与KIVA程序耦合,对多种形态的喷雾碰壁进行了模拟计算.在压力定容室内,利用PIV高速摄影技术对液化石油气(LPG)和柴油的碰壁喷雾过程进行了试验研究.将模拟与试验结果进行了对比分析,并着重考察了碰壁角度对燃料碰壁过程的影响,获得了LPG喷雾碰壁特性的一般规律.与柴油相比,在同样条件下,LPG能在壁面上溅起较厚的液滴雾层,且溅起的液滴尺寸较小,在壁面上附着的油膜厚度较薄,说明LPG比柴油蒸发速度快,雾化质量好;随着碰壁喷雾倾斜角的增大,2种燃料在碰撞点壁面附近所产生的液滴数显著减少.     

液滴蒸发一维数学模型及其在二甲醚喷雾中的应用

描述了液滴蒸发的一维数学模型及其数值求解方法,并且利用该模型首先对单液滴的蒸发过程和定容燃烧室内二甲醚(DME)的喷雾过程分别进行了模拟计算和分析,然后对二甲醚发动机的喷雾燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与KIVA程序中原有的Spalding蒸发模型及实验数据进行了对比.结果表明,一维蒸发模型对蒸发过程的描述较Spalding的零维蒸发模型更为真实.     

一种基于粒子云概念的喷雾粒子碰撞模型

目前有着广泛应用的O’Rourke喷雾粒子碰撞模型,在笛卡尔坐标系下表现出明显的网格相关性.提出一种基于"粒子云"概念的喷雾粒子碰撞模型用于克服O’Rourke模型的网格相关性.新模型放弃O’Rourke模型的基本假定,假定喷雾团中的粒子均匀分布于一个假想的球形云中.模型的精度通过一个正方体内粒子均匀分布的理想粒子碰撞问题进行了分析验证;模型的网格相关性通过理想喷雾算例进行验证.结果表明:提出的碰撞模型在空间和时间上具有足够的预测精度,在笛卡儿网格条件下能预测出正确的喷雾形状,显著减小了预测结果与计算网格的相关性.     

直喷汽油机中空锥形燃油喷雾的雾化和蒸发模型

高压旋流中空燃油喷雾日益广泛地应用于缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机中，为此发展了一种适合于模拟这种燃油喷雾雾化过程的薄膜喷雾模型．燃油薄膜的破碎过程采用表面波破碎理论来模拟．对Spalding蒸发模型和油滴阻力模型进行了改进，用来计算油滴的蒸发和阻力变形过程，同时引入初始喷雾液团的计算模块．在多维内燃机计算程序KIVA3的基础上建立了改进的数值计算模型，并对不同喷射条件下的定容压力容器中空旋流燃油喷雾过程进行了数值计算，对计算和实验所得的喷雾特性包括油束外形结构，油束喷雾贯穿度和油滴粒径进行了详细的比较，同时对单液滴的蒸发过程也进行了数值计算，油束模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

MULINBUMP复合燃烧系统多次脉冲喷油控制参数的优化研究Ⅰ:发动机参数优化模拟平台的建立

在MULINBUMP复合燃烧系统多次脉冲喷油控制参数的优化过程中,利用一种高效全局智能寻优方法--微种群遗传算法,并结合发动机三维数值模拟程序KIVA,建立起一个发动机多参数优化模拟平台.为提高模拟精度对标准的KIVA程序进行了改进,引入KH-RT雾化模型、层流和湍流多莺特征时间尺度燃烧模型、Hart和Reitz传热模型以及Hiroyaau和Nagle碳烟排放模型来模拟柴油机多次脉冲喷雾、燃烧、壁面传热及排放过程,同时增添改进的Shell自燃模型来模拟着火过程.计算结果表明,采用改进的KIVA程序计算的喷雾贯穿距、缸内压力、着火时刻、燃烧放热率以及NOx和碳烟排放更接近试验结果;用改进的KIVA程序能够较好地模拟柴油机多次脉冲喷雾和燃烧过程,为进一步利用三维数值模拟计算来指导多脉冲喷油控制参数的优化奠定了基础.     

离散液滴模型中几个重要问题的探讨

采用离散液滴模型对容室中的喷雾两相流进行了计算，讨论了液滴轨道模型中液滴分组，追踪及相间作用等问题，并考察了蒸发模型，碰撞模型，液滴湍动模型对计算结果的影响。     

燃油喷雾的大涡模拟

采用大涡数值模拟方法对三种不同背压条件下柴油喷雾过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究预测的喷雾贯穿距离以及粒子索特平均半径与计算网格的相关性。计算模型采用单方程亚网格湍流模型、ETAB喷雾粒子破碎模型和基于粒子云的碰撞模型。贯穿距离和索特平均半径的预测值与实验值吻合较好,并实现了预测值与计算网格无关性。通过计算结果对湍流模型和碰撞模型敏感性分析,计算结果表明,采用亚网格湍流模型可以降低计算结果对计算网格分辨率的敏感性,引起网格相关性的主要原因在于碰撞模型的网格相关性。     

直喷内燃机高压喷雾碰壁模型的开发

基于低压和高压喷雾碰壁后液滴运动形态的差异,分析了现有喷雾碰壁模型在模拟高压喷雾时的不足,提出了针对高压喷雾碰壁模拟的数值模型.该模型基于柴油喷雾碰壁的试验数据,并引入了壁面射流理论来估计靠近壁面的气相速度.针对高压喷雾碰壁后壁面喷雾的运动特点,增加了液滴升力的计算.通过与柴油喷雾碰壁试验进行对比,结果表明:新模型对高压喷雾碰壁液滴运动轨迹的计算更准确,并成功地再现了壁面喷雾前端的涡旋.此外,新模型的网格依赖性也被极大地降低.与传统喷雾碰壁模型相比,新模型更适合直喷发动机中的喷雾碰壁模拟,具有很强的工程实用价值.     

Off-centre binary collision of droplets: A numerical investigation

The paper presents results from a numerical investigation of the non-central binary collision of two equal size droplets in a gaseous phase. The flow field is two phase and three dimensional; the investigation is based on the finite volume numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, coupled with the Volume of Fluid Method (VOF), expressing the unified flow field of the two phases, liquid and gas. A recently developed adaptive local grid refinement technique is used, in order to increase the accuracy of the solution particularly in the region of the liquid–gas interface. The reliability of the solution procedure is tested by comparing predictions with available experimental data. The numerical results predict the collision process of the two colliding droplets (permanent coalescence or separation) and in the case of separation the formation and the size of the satellite droplets. The time evolution of the geometrical characteristics of the ligament, for various Weber numbers and impact parameters, is calculated and details are shown of the velocity and pressure fields particularly at the ligament pinch off location not hitherto available. Gas bubbles due to collision are trapped within the liquid phase as it has also been observed in experiments and their volume is calculated.     

Modeling gas oil spray coalescence and vaporization in gas solid riser reactor

The sprayed feed droplet behavior, including coalescence and vaporization into gas–solid flow, is complex especially near the atomizer region in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor. A three dimensional CFD model of the riser reactor has been developed, which takes into the account three phase hydrodynamics, heat transfer and evaporation of the liquid droplets into a gas–solid flow as well as phase interactions. A hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian approach was applied to numerically simulate the collision and vaporization of gas oil droplets in the gas–solid fluidized bed. This numerical simulation accounts the possibility of coalescence of feed spray droplets in computing the trajectories and its impact on droplet penetration in the reactor. The modeling result shows that droplet coalescence mainly occurs at the initial part of the atomizing region and where three phase flow hits the reactor wall and bounces back. The model has the ability of inspecting the effects of feed injector geometry on the overall reactor hydrodynamic and heat transfer. The CFD simulation results showed that the evaporated droplet gas caused higher local velocities of the gas and solid particles and gas–solid flow temperature reduction.     

Experimental investigations of spray generated by a pressure swirl atomizer

This paper has focused on the droplets behavior of kerosene RP-3 spray produced by a pressure swirl atomizers in terms of spray pattern, droplet size spatial distribution, mean droplet size, and distribution index with variations of pressure differential. The analyses have been carried out experimentally with the aid of optical diagnostic methods. The spray pattern, such as spray cone angle and fuel spatial distribution, has been measured by the technique of planar laser induced fluorescence of kerosene. A method for correction of fuel distribution measurement error induced by laser attenuation in spray is proposed and validated. The droplet size spatial distribution in central axis plane of the spray has been measured by a planar droplet sizing method which combining laser induced fluorescence and Mie scattering. The spray pattern in axial center plane and cross-sectional plane perpendicular to axis of the atomizer indicate that the droplets in spray concentrate around the outer periphery and in a narrow annular zone at the near-field of fuel injector exit, and then disperse to produce a solid spray at downstream of the spray. The analyses of droplet size spatial distribution, Sauter mean diameter, and distribution index with pressure differential clearly show the presence of droplets collision and its adverse effects on droplet size uniformity. The spray outline, droplet mass spatial distribution, and droplet size spatial distribution, droplets dispersion and collision in the process of atomization provide a great insight into the processes of atomization and spray development, which are key information for fuel injector design and quality control. The visualizations of spray pattern and droplet size spatial distribution with variations of pressure differential for pressure swirl atomizer are key issues in swirl cup or internally staged airblast fuel injectors because pressure swirl atomizer provides primary atomization or pilot spray which affects the quality of air/fuel mixing in lean-burn combustion. Moreover, a well-defined and complete database regarding the isothermal hollow cone spray is provided for validation of spray model.     

不同喷射方法柴油机进气甲醇预混过程的模拟

采用欧拉气相方程和拉格朗日液滴方程,考虑液滴破裂、蒸发、碰撞、聚合以及液滴的附壁、液膜剥离壁面和气门关闭挤出液膜等现象,建立了柴油机螺旋进气道-气门-气缸的进气喷射甲醇仿真模型.对柴油机进气喷射甲醇的醇气混合进行数值模拟,用于指导双燃料发动机的改造.双燃料发动机的台架试验表明,模型计算的缸内压力与试验值吻合较好.甲醇喷射时刻直接影响本次循环进入气缸的甲醇量,闭阀喷射有利于甲醇在进气过程的雾化混合.在选择甲醇喷射方向时,要以减小甲醇在低温壁面的附壁为原则.甲醇蒸气在气缸里的轴向质量分数分层比径向质量分数分层明显.     

燃油喷射雾化机理的探讨

本文从空气动力干扰假说出发，通过分析油－气交界面上不稳定波波幅增长和破碎过程，定性和定量地探讨了索特平均直径及滴径分布。本文认为，燃油雾化过程可分为两阶段：一次雾化和二次雾化。一次雾化只发生在油－气交界面上，主要是喷注和空气之间的气动干扰作用，由射流表面产生不稳定波波幅增长和破碎所引起的；而二次雾化则发生在油气渗混区，由一次雾化后产生的油滴在空气中进一步破碎和相互聚合来决定。算例表明，燃油二次雾化假设及其对索特平均直径ＳＭＤ和滴径分布所作的定量分析是一次成功的尝试。     

Bubble separation and collision on thin wires during subcooled boiling

An experimental investigation was conducted to observe bubble separation and collision phenomena during subcooled boiling of water on heating wires, and a theoretical model was proposed to describe the associated dynamical phenomena and understand the physical significance. Both experimental and theoretical evidences indicate that interfacial thermocapillary force induced by temperature difference and their interaction between neighbor bubbles was the most important forces during bubble separation and collision. The bubble separation process with positive effectual viscosity can be divided into two stages, accelerating and decelerating stage. The collision with an immobile bubble was concluded as an elastic collision, and the two equivalent bubbles just exchanged their momentum during their collision. Bubbles coalescence characteristics were also analyzed using the collision dynamics. The theoretical conclusions were compared with experimental results, showing a reasonable agreement with each other.     

Vaporization and collision modeling of liquid fuel sprays in a co-axial fuel and air pre-mixer

Droplet collision occurs frequently in regions where the droplet number density is high. Even for Lean Premixed and Pre-vaporized (LPP) liquid sprays, the collision effects can be very high on the droplet size distributions, which will in turn affect the droplet vaporization process. Hence, in conjunction with vaporization modeling, collision modeling for such spray systems is also essential. The standard O’Rourke’s collision model, usually implemented in CFD codes, tends to generate unphysical numerical artifact when simulations are performed on Cartesian grid and the results are not grid independent. Thus, a new collision modeling approach based on no-time-counter method (NTC) proposed by Schmidt and Rutland is implemented to replace O’Rourke’s collision algorithm to solve a spray injection problem in a cylindrical coflow premixer. The so called “four-leaf clover” numerical artifacts are eliminated by the new collision algorithm and results from a diesel spray show very good grid independence. Next, the dispersion and vaporization processes for liquid fuel sprays are simulated in a coflow premixer. Two liquid fuels under investigation are jet-A and Rapeseed Methyl Esters (RME). Results show very good grid independence in terms of SMD distribution, droplet number distribution and fuel vapor mass flow rate. A baseline test is first established with a spray cone angle of 90° and injection velocity of 3 m/s and jet-A achieves much better vaporization performance than RME due to its higher vapor pressure. To improve the vaporization performance for both fuels, a series of simulations have been done at several different combinations of spray cone angle and injection velocity. At relatively low spray cone angle and injection velocity, the collision effect on the average droplet size and the vaporization performance are very high due to relatively high coalescence rate induced by droplet collisions. Thus, at higher spray cone angle and injection velocity, the results expectedly show improvement in fuel vaporization performance since smaller droplet has a higher vaporization rate. The vaporization performance and the level of homogeneity of fuel–air mixture can be significantly improved when the dispersion level is high, which can be achieved by increasing the spray cone angle and injection velocity.     

Numerical study on flash‐boiling spray of multicomponent fuel

Flash‐boiling occurs when a fuel is injected into a combustion chamber where the ambient pressure is lower than the saturation pressure of the fuel. It has been known that flashing is a favorable mechanism for atomizing liquid fuels. On the other hand, alternative fuels, such as gaseous fuels and oxygenated fuels, are used to achieve low exhaust emissions in recent years. In general, most of these alternative fuels have high volatility and flash‐boiling takes place easily in the fuel spray when injected into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine under high pressure. In addition the multicomponent mixture of high‐ and low‐volatility fuels has been proposed in the previous study in order to control the spray and combustion processes in an internal combustion engine. It was found that the multicomponent fuel produces flash‐boiling with an increase in the initial fuel temperature. Therefore, it is important to investigate these flash‐boiling processes in fuel spray. In the present study, the submodels of a flash‐boiling spray are constructed. These submodels consider the bubble nucleation, growth, and disruption in the nozzle orifice and injected fuel droplets. The model is implemented in KIVA3V and the spray characteristics of multicomponent fuel with and without flashing are numerically investigated. In addition, these numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained in the previous study using a constant volume vessel. The flashing spray characteristics from numerical simulation qualitatively show good agreement with the experimental results. In particular, it is confirmed from both the numerical and experimental data that flash‐boiling effectively accelerates the atomization and vaporization of fuel droplets. This means that a lean homogeneous mixture can be quickly formed using flash‐boiling in the combustion chamber. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(5): 369–385, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20117     

柴油机多阶雾化模型及动态喷雾模拟

本文在作者推导的有粘液柱３维不稳定弥散关系式的基础上，对柴油机喷注的雾化机理进行了分析，建立了燃油雾化的多阶不稳定模型，根据不稳定流的最大波幅增长点提出了初始雾化参数（如滴径及滴径分布，喷雾锥角）的具体算法，并考虑了液滴的２次雾化问题。以半波正弦喷油规律为例的动态喷雾模拟表明，本文的计算对蒸发量有明显的改进，从而有助于解决原ＫＩＶＡ计算中蒸发量不足的问题，更重要的是，初始雾化模型的建立把多维模型中缸内工作过程与缸外供油过程密切联系起来，有利于分析喷油系统对喷雾混合过程的影响。