钛合金TC11车削中已加工表面质量试验研究

为了研究车削钛合金TC11时切削速度和刀具磨损对已加工表面质量的影响,选用涂层硬质合金刀片CNMG120408在不同切削条件下进行车削试验,分析后刀面磨损量随切削时间的变化规律;对比磨损刀具与新刀具切削的工件表面,观察表面粗糙度、表面形貌、显微硬度以及表层微观组织情况,分析切削速度和刀具磨损对已加工表面质量的影响规律。试验结果表明:在刀具磨损初期,即新刀具切削时,切削速度从60m/min增加到100m/min,刀具磨损程度增大,表面粗糙度值降低,硬化层深度减小,加工硬化程度略微增大,表面塑性变形层深度减小;在刀具磨损终期,不同切削速度下的表面粗糙度增大,表面形貌变差,硬化层深度和加工硬化程度增加,表面变形程度增大,塑性变形层深度增加。     

高速硬态切削工件表层显微硬度与白层研究

高速和硬态切削使得工件已加工表面及其表层中出现特有的现象.研究结果表明,切削速度和材料硬度是决定高速和硬态切削工件已加工表面及其表层结构形成的主要影响因素,切削热使被切削材料产生高温软化,刀具挤压摩擦使被切削材料变形加剧,工件表层材料显微硬度分布发生改变,出现了硬脆的白层组织,白层组织的出现将对零件的使用将造成不利影响.随着切削用量和材料硬度增大,切削变形增大,切削温度升高,白层厚度增大,工件表层材料显微硬度提高.抑制白层组织产生的措施是对工件降温.     

复合Si3N4刀具切削高锰钢时的磨损、破损机理

研究了复合Si3N4刀具切削难加工的高锰钢时的磨损、破损机理。通过试验测量了刀具后刀面磨损宽度分别与切削时间和切削速度的关系，用扫描电镜显微分析了复合Si3N4的磨损和破损形貌和元素变化。结果表明，随着切削时间的延长，Si3N4刀具表面依次出现积屑瘤、扩散磨损和机械、扩散、粘结复合型磨损形式；刀具的破损形式分别发生在高速切削初期的脆性断裂和长时间切削导致的热震破裂；刀具的最佳切削速度为60-70m/min。     

1Cr11Ni23Ti3MoB不锈钢切削加工性能试验分析

对1Cr11Ni23Ti3MoB奥氏体热强不锈钢的切削加工性能进行试验分析,采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计方法,研究切削速度、进给量、切削深度等工艺参数对刀具磨损和加工表面粗糙度的影响规律.分析结果表明,采用涂层刀具切削1Cr11Ni23Ti3MoB不锈钢时,磨损机制主要包括磨损初期的前刀面月牙洼磨损和剧烈磨损阶段的涂层剥落.刀具磨损量与切削深度、切削时间为正相关,与进给量、切削速度为负相关,对刀具磨损量影响最大的工艺参数是切削深度.加工表面粗糙度值随切削速度的提高和切削深度的增大而减小,随进给量的增大而增大,对加工表面粗糙度影响最大的工艺参数是切削速度.     

切削速度对轴向车铣TC4钛合金刀具磨损的影响

为研究高速轴向车铣TC4钛合金时硬质合金刀具的磨损特性,选择S30T硬质合金刀片分别在100m/min、150m/min和200m/min三种切削速度下对TC4进行了轴向车铣试验,分析了不同切削速度对刀具使用性能的影响。研究结果表明:高速轴向车铣TC4钛合金外圆时刀具磨损主要发生在刀片的刀尖刃口及后刀面;磨损形式以粘结磨损为主;刀具的磨损速度随着速度的增加而增大;S30T刀片在100m/min的切削速度下具有较好的刀具耐用度,在150m/min、200m/min的切削速度刀具磨损较快,不适于实际切削加工。     

精密硬态切削表面白层组织形态的研究

对后刀面磨损量为0．1mm时的精密硬态切削GCr15轴承钢表面白层微观组织形态及其硬度特性进行了研究，硬态切削表面由白层、过渡层和基体材料三部分组成。白层组织中存在马氏体、奥氏体和碳化物等组织形态，白层硬度较基体高而过渡层硬度较基体低，高硬度白层是由于超细颗粒和大位错密度导致的。后刀面磨损量为0．1mm时白层厚度可达到10～15μm，因此有必要控制合理的后刀面磨损量来保证后续超精加工工序。精密硬态切削表面白层的形成是剧烈塑性变形导致的。     

ZTA陶瓷刀具连续切削淬硬T10A时的切削性能研究

研究两种自主研制的新型ZTA(Al2O3/Zr O2)陶瓷刀具切削淬硬T10A时的切削性能。刀具后刀面磨损量随切削深度和切削速度的增加而增大;刀具的主要磨损形态为后刀面磨损;主要磨损机理为后刀面磨粒磨损和部分粘结磨损。     

硬态切削工件表面白层厚度预测方法

硬态切削过程中产生了高的机械载荷和热载荷,工件表面易产生白层组织,研究硬态切削工件表面白层的形成机理并对白层厚度进行建模预测,对于改善硬态切削加工技术具有指导意义。以探究白层形成机理为研究目标,综合运用弹塑性力学、热力学和材料相变理论,建立热力耦合的硬态切削模型,模拟了硬态切削过程中的温度场和应力场,分析了工件表面白层形成的组织转变过程,以热力影响下的材料相变温度作为白层形成的判据,建立了白层厚度的预测方法,并以轴承钢GCr15为研究对象,预测了不同切削参数下白层的厚度,对预测结果加以对比验证。研究结果表明:对于硬态切削工件表面白层的形成,基于相变理论的白层厚度预测方法是可行的。     

基于DEFORM软件的刀具磨损对切削力与切削热的影响研究

基于DEFORM 2D/3D软件,通过硬质合金平头倒角立铣刀进行高速铣削AISI4340合金钢的仿真实验,在主轴转速1270r/min、进给速度104m/min、切削深度0.1mm的参数下,利用刀具的几何磨损模型和仿真模型模拟了不同刀具磨损类型对切削力与切削热的影响以及刀具二次磨损的主要位置。研究发现,刃口钝化对切削力的影响最大,其次为前后刀面磨损、后刀面磨损和前刀面磨损;后刀面磨损对切削热影响最大,其次为前后刀面磨损、刃口钝化和前刀面磨损。本研究促进了刀具的结构设计的发展和加工工艺的更优选择。     

硬态车削表面白层厚度的影响因素分析

通过用PCBN刀具切削GCr15试件的切削试验 ,分析了硬态车削时被加工表面白层的产生条件 ,应用正交试验法研究了切削速度、进给量、切削深度等切削参数对白层厚度的影响规律 ,并讨论了白层及黑层的形成机制。     

Influence of cutting condition on white layer induced by high speed machining of hardened steel

White layer formed on machined surface during dry and hard high speed machining has great influence on workpiece performance. Studying machined surface white layer is significant to improve the machinability and surface quality of workpiece. Experiments of dry and hard high speed machining of GCr15 bearing steel and 40CrNiMoA alloy steel were carried out with PCBN inserts, the phase composition and the thickness of white layer were studied experimentally; the formation mechanism of the white layer were studied; effects of cutting parameters, carbon content of substrate material on white layer thickness were analyzed; effects of cutting speed on retained austenite content in machined surface were also summarized. Results show that the microstructure of white layer consists of cryptocrystalline martensite, retained austenite and carbide; the white layer is formed by martensitic transformation; the white layer thickness and the retained austenite content of machined surface increase firstly and then decrease with cutting speed; the white layer thickness increases with flank wear and carbon content.     

Machining performance of a grooved tool in dry machining Ti-6Al-4 V

In this paper, dry machining experiment of Ti-6Al-4 V was carried out to investigate the machining performance of a grooved tool in terms of its wear mechanisms and the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth) on tool life and surface roughness of the machined workpiece. The results showed that chip-groove configuration substantially improved the machining performance of cutting tool. The main wear mechanisms of the grooved tool were adhesive wear, stripping wear, crater wear, and dissolution-diffusion wear. The resistance to chipping was enhanced due to the decrease of contact pressure of tool-chip interface. And the resistance to plastic deformation of tool nose was weakened at the cutting speed of more than 60 m/min. The appropriate cutting speed and feed rate were less than 70 m/min and 0.10 mm/r, respectively. With cutting speed increasing, the surface roughness of machined workpiece decreased. A high feed rate helped the formation of higher surface roughness except 0.21 mm/r. When cutting depth increased, tool nose curvature and phase transformation of workpiece material had great impact on surface roughness.     

INFLUENCE OF MACHINING PARAMETERS ON THE WHITE LAYER FORMATION PROCESS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS IN TURNING OF HARDENED STEEL

This article contains results of experimental research activities of white layer formation (WLF) and its characteristics during a process of turning hardened steels (THS), which have been carried out in laboratories of DD Cimos TMD Ai Grada?ac. WLF. Characteristics during the THS process were analyzed from the aspects of influence caused by machining parameters as well as tool flank wear width. Experimental tests of tool wear have been performed. The tool used in experimental tool wear was ceramic cutting insert CNGA 120408T, catalogue mark IN22 Al2O3-TiCN. In accordance with achieved results, value of tool flank wear 220 µm has been set as the criterion of wear. In accordance with defined wear criterion, determination of level and type of influence that machining parameters have on WLF and its characteristics were carried out in accordance with planned experimental methodology. Experiments have shown that cutting speed and tool flank wear width (for all other machining conditions unchanged) can be used for control of WLF and its characteristics. Structural changes in surface layer of the working piece, during the cutting process of hardened material, except for the WLF are also presented through a transition zone, e.g., dark layer, which has lower hardness than the initial material. Hard WL can take over a protection role for a machined surface from abrasive actions, while softened zone (dark layer) can take over a function of WL solder with the initial material. Analysis of achieved results points to a possibility of controlling the WLF and its characteristics, and therefore a possibility of using WL in a positive context. The basis for the above mentioned is the effect of additional plastic deformation of WL (APDWL), which occurs only under certain machining conditions. The effect seen, if follows WLF, results in decrease of machined surface roughness compared to its expected value. Accordingly there is a possibility for identification of WL on a machined surface by measuring the roughness parameters without previous metallographic preparation of samples.     

Effect of cutting speed on surface integrity and chip morphology in high-speed machining of PM nickel-based superalloy FGH95

High-speed machining is being recognized as one of the key manufacturing technologies for getting higher productivity and better surface integrity. FGH95 powder metallurgy superalloy is a kind of nickel-based superalloy which is produced by near-net-shape technology. With increasing demands for high precision and high performance of FGH95 components in aerospace industry, it is essential to recognize that the machined surface integrity may determine machined part service performance and reliability. Then, little is known about the machined surface integrity of this superalloy. Thus, the surface integrity in high-speed machining of FGH95 is investigated in this paper. Experiments are conducted on a CNC milling center with coated carbide tools under dry cutting conditions. The surface integrity is evaluated in terms of surface roughness, microhardness, and white layer. The influence of cutting speed on chip morphology is also investigated. Experiment results show that surface integrity and chip morphology of FGH95 are very sensitive to the cutting speed. When cutting speeds are below 2,400?m/min, the values of surface roughness have little variation, while when cutting speeds are in the range of 2,800–3,600?m/min, the values of surface roughness are higher than that of other cutting speeds. Severe work hardening is observed resulting from high-speed machining of FGH95 superalloy. The higher the cutting speed, the higher the surface hardness. When cutting speeds are in the range of 2,800–3,600?m/min, the white layer thickness is slightly higher than that of other cutting speeds. In high-speed machining of FGH95, the chip is segmented and has a typical sawtooth shape. The degree of serrated chip increases with the cutting speed. When the cutting speeds exceed 2,400?m/min, serrated chips change into fragment chips.     

Experimental Study on Cutting Forces and Surface Integrity in High-Speed Side Milling of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

This article is concerned with the cutting forces and surface integrity in high-speed side milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The experiments were conducted with coated carbide cutting tools under dry cutting conditions. The effects of cutting parameters on the cutting forces, tool wear and surface integrity (including surface roughness, microhardness and microstructure beneath the machined surface) were investigated. The velocity effects are focused on in the present study. The experimental results show that the cutting forces in three directions increase with cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut (DoC). The widths of flank wear VB increases rapidly with the increasing cutting speed. The surface roughness initially decreases and presents a minimum value at the cutting speed 200 m/min, and then increases with the cutting speed. The microstructure beneath the machined surfaces had minimal or no obvious plastic deformation under the present milling conditions. Work hardening leads to an increment in micro-hardness on the top surface. Furthermore, the hardness of machined surface decreases with the increase of cutting speed and feed per tooth due to thermal softening effects. The results indicated that the cutting speed 200 m/min could be considered as a critical value at which both relatively low cutting forces and improved surface quality can be obtained.     

Slip-line solution for orthogonal cutting with a chip breaker and flank wear

A slip-line field model for orthogonal cutting with chip breaker and flank wear has been developed. For a worn tool, this slip-line field includes a primary deformation zone with finite thickness; two secondary shear zones, one along the rake face and the other along the flank face; a predeformation zone; a curled chip; and a flank force system. It is shown that the cutting geometry is completely determined by specifying the rake angle, tool-chip interface friction and the chip breaker constraint. The chip radius of curvature, chip thickness, and the stresses and velocities within the plastic region are readily computed. Grid deformation patterns, calculated with the velocity field determined, demonstrate that the predicted effects of changes in frictional conditions at the tool-chip interface and of the rake angle on chip formation are in accord with experimental observations. The calculated normal stress distribution at the tool-chip interface is in general agreement with previously reported experimental measurements. The model proposed predicts a linear relationship between flank wear and cutting force components. The results also show that non-zero strains occur at and below the machined surface when machining with a worn tool. Severity and depth of deformation below the machined surface increases with increasing flank wear. Forces acting on the chip breaker surface are found to be small and suggest that chip control for automated machining may be feasible with other means.     

Suppression of notch wear of a whisker reinforced ceramic tool in air-jet-assisted high-speed machining of Inconel 718

This paper describes the notch and flank wear specific to a SiC whisker reinforced alumina tool in air jet assisted (AJA) turning of nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718 at high cutting speeds. An AJA machining experiment has revealed that the air jet applied to the tool tip in addition to coolant dramatically reduces the depth-of-cut notch wear. As a result, the width of flank wear, but not the size of notch wear, determined the life of a ceramic tool in AJA machining of Inconel 718. This is a reason for the large extension and small variation of the tool life when high speed AJA machining is adopted. The maximum tool life length reached 2160 m at a cutting speed of 660 m/min under the given cutting conditions. Finally, the mechanisms of the notch and flank wear of a SiC whisker reinforced alumina tool in AJA machining are discussed from the viewpoints of tribochemical reactions and tool wear anisotropy.     

Some Observations of the Chip Formation Process and the White Layer Formation in High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel

With the advent of recent advances in machine tools design (main spindle, feed drives, etc.), high-speed milling has become a cost-effective manufacturing process to produce products with high surface quality, low variations in the machined surface characteristics, and excellent dimensional accuracy. In taking into account the most obvious advantages of high-speed machining over conventional machining, a key issue is to identify the effective range of cutting speed that corresponds to high-speed machining producing improved machining performance. The simple reason for this is the fact that machining performance improves when entering the high-speed region but, large increase in cutting speed is not cost-effective due to rapidly increasing tool-wear rates and high power consumption. In order to address this issue requiring a trade-off, an attempt has been made in this paper by formulating an approximate procedure which is based on the analysis of chip-formation mechanisms and a chip-shape analysis, together with the use of metallographic methods. This procedure includes fundamental understanding of the well-known phenomena of white layer formation during the high-speed machining of hardened steels. Essentially, the white layer generated on a machined surface represents a surface defect. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing its generation and its prevalent characteristics. There is lack of knowledge in this area, which tends to present the influence of the white layer on the surface integrity and performance of the machined part as a function of machining conditions. This article provides a basis for the determination of the optimal range of cutting speeds and feed rates in high-speed milling of hardened steels ensuring minimized influence of the white layer on the workpiece quality and machined surface integrity.     

Some Observations of the Chip Formation Process and the White Layer Formation in High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel

Abstract

With the advent of recent advances in machine tools design (main spindle, feed drives, etc.), high-speed milling has become a cost-effective manufacturing process to produce products with high surface quality, low variations in the machined surface characteristics, and excellent dimensional accuracy. In taking into account the most obvious advantages of high-speed machining over conventional machining, a key issue is to identify the effective range of cutting speed that corresponds to high-speed machining producing improved machining performance. The simple reason for this is the fact that machining performance improves when entering the high-speed region but, large increase in cutting speed is not cost-effective due to rapidly increasing tool-wear rates and high power consumption. In order to address this issue requiring a trade-off, an attempt has been made in this paper by formulating an approximate procedure which is based on the analysis of chip-formation mechanisms and a chip-shape analysis, together with the use of metallographic methods. This procedure includes fundamental understanding of the well-known phenomena of white layer formation during the high-speed machining of hardened steels. Essentially, the white layer generated on a machined surface represents a surface defect. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing its generation and its prevalent characteristics. There is lack of knowledge in this area, which tends to present the influence of the white layer on the surface integrity and performance of the machined part as a function of machining conditions. This article provides a basis for the determination of the optimal range of cutting speeds and feed rates in high-speed milling of hardened steels ensuring minimized influence of the white layer on the workpiece quality and machined surface integrity.