大方坯连铸内部缺陷与轻压下工艺研究

针对连铸大方坯内部存在中心疏松与裂纹缺陷的问题,通过凝固传热模型研究其凝固传热过程,从而获得铸坯温度与凝固坯壳厚度分布,以及两相区区间.在此基础上开发了大方坯轻压下工艺,确定了最佳的轻压下区间和压下量.采用优化的轻压下技术,铸坯内部质量得到了明显的提升,基本上消除了中心疏松和裂纹的问题.     

方坯连铸中心偏析的数值模拟

基于连续模型对连铸方坯的中心偏析进行了数值模拟,分析了枝晶间液相流动对铸坯中心偏析的影响.采用SIMPLER算法开发程序,耦合求解模型中动量、能量和溶质守恒方程.对方坯的三维模拟结果表明,液相密度差异引起的自然对流使枝晶间富含溶质的液相不断向铸坯中心聚集.中心区域平均溶质浓度在液相穴深处迅速升高,并在凝固末端达到最大值.严重的正偏析集中在中心线周围.改善中心偏析关键在于控制液相穴末端的枝晶间液相的流动状况.     

基于“射钉法”的凝固坯壳厚度测定的应用研究

在双相钢生产过程中,对钢材内部质量有着严格要求,特别是溶质元素的中心偏析现象对钢材使用性能有严重影响。连铸工序实施凝固末端轻压下可以改善铸坯中心偏析,但实施效果与压下位置紧密相关。以双相钢590DP连铸过程为研究对象,通过射钉试验确定不同工况条件下凝固末端的准确位置,并构建铸坯凝固过程的预测模型。对断面尺寸为230 mm×1 200 mm的铸坯,在拉速1.0 m/min和1.2 m/min条件下的凝固过程进行了模型预测,并有针对性地实施了凝固末端轻压下,试验结果表明:铸坯内部质量得到明显改善,铸坯中心偏析由原先的B1.0提升到C0.5,铸坯中心偏析的曼内斯曼标准符合率由改进前的72%提高到改进后95.3%。     

薄板坯连铸凝固过程中宏观偏析的数值模拟

建立了连铸凝固宏观传输过程的温度场、溶质场、紊流流场模型,并对其进行了耦合求解.模拟分析了薄板坯凝固过程和宏观偏析的形成过程.计算表明,浸入式水口射流冲击到结晶器窄壁后形成上下两股回流,液相的紊流流动对传热、传质等都有显著的影响.随凝固的进行,液相中的溶质不断富集,最终在铸坯的中心区域形成宏观偏析.采用Schneider等的溶质传输模型,计算了固相溶质逆扩散对糊状区及固相溶质分布的影响.     

电磁搅拌对HRB335铸坯质量影响的试验研究

采用对比试验研究的方法分析不同电磁搅拌强度下对低碳钢大方坯铸坯内部质量的影响,试验中采用搅拌电流分别为200、250、300、350 A.研究结果表明:增大低碳钢HRB335钢连铸结晶器电磁搅拌电流强度可以显著改善铸坯内部质量,铸坯中心区域等轴晶率由21.22%增至26.51%;搅拌电流对HRB335钢铸坯中心偏析、中心疏松等没有明显影响,铸坯横断面碳成分分布均比较均匀.使用结晶器电磁搅拌后,凝固前沿的液相对流会加剧,对以柱状晶生长的凝固前沿进行冲刷和清洗,凝固前沿的液相流动使母液与两相区的液体互相混合,使溶质浓度趋向均匀.     

厚板坯连铸过程宏观偏析数值模拟与测定

采用商业软件Calcosoft模拟了实际250 mm厚板坯连铸冷却条件下铸坯内部温度场、流场和溶质场的分布.为了对模拟结果进行验证,对实际铸坯进行了刨屑化学成分检验.结果表明,模拟的宏观偏析结果与铸坯实际偏析度检测的情况极为相似.凝固初期自然对流可能引起较大的内部紊流,将凝固前沿溶质带到中心液相,但是由于此时中心液相体积较大起到了稀释作用;而在凝固末期,糊状区显著阻碍了液相的流动,自然对流非常微弱,不能将枝晶间的浓化液相带到中心,因此大大减小了溶质元素向中心的聚集程度,削弱了中心宏观偏析.     

连铸过程溶质元素宏观偏析的数值模拟

采用商业软件CALCOSOFT模拟了实际连铸冷却条件下铸坯内部的温度场、流场和溶质场的分布。为了对模拟结果进行验证,将实际铸坯进行了刨屑化学成分检测。结果表明：模拟的宏观偏析结果与实际铸坯中检测的情况极为相似。凝固初期自然对流可能引起较大的内部紊流,将凝固前沿溶质带到中心液相起到了稀释作用;在凝固末期,糊状区显著阻碍了液相的流动,自然对流非常微弱,不能将枝晶间的浓化液相带到中心,大大减小了溶质元素向中心聚集的程度。     

宽板坯轻压下区固液相凝固收缩模型的研究

根据铸坯坯壳凝固线收缩量与温度变化的关系及两相区固-液相的物质守恒规律,建立了宽板坯固液相凝固收缩模型,利用连铸宽板坯实际生产工艺条件,分析了拉坯速度、浇注温度等因素对铸坯凝固前沿补缩量的影响规律.研究结果表明,同一拉速、浇注温度条件下,铸坯凝固前沿所需补缩量随距弯月面距离的增加而逐渐减小;冷却条件相同,拉速及浇注温度对铸坯凝固前沿所需总补缩量的影响很小;凝固坯壳对减小轻压下作用于凝固前沿压下量的贡献量约为17.2%.     

国外信息

板坯中心偏析形成机理及轻压下技术的改善效果 NKK材料处理研究中心最近研究开发了一种减轻连铸坯宏观偏析新技术,称为连续锻压技术。该技术是在凝固末端利用一对铁砧连续锻造,使凝固壳互相挤压在一起,同时糊状区溶质富集的钢液向上排放,从而可极大地改善铸坯的宏观和半宏观偏析。 1)试验方法     

轻压下技术在轴承钢连铸中的应用实践

为确定铸坯凝固末端位置进行了铸坯射钉试验,实施轻压下后对铸坯横向和纵向中心碳偏析进行了对比并分析了铸坯质量与等轴晶率的关系.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.