Adsorption of four perfluorinated acids on non ion exchange polymer sorbents

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have attracted global concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and properties of persistence, bio accumulation and toxicity. The process of adsorption has been identified as an effective technique to remove PFCs in water. Different non ion-exchange polymeric adsorbents were tested with regard to their sorption kinetics and isotherms at low PFCs concentrations. Selected PFCs were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and the tested polymers were three types of Dowex optopores (V-493, V503, and L493), Amberlite XAD-4, and Filtrasorb 400 (Granular Activated Carbon-GAC). We observed the selective adsorption of PFCs on synthetic polymers. For PFDA, Amberlite XAD-4 gave the Freundlich adsorption constant of 2,965 (microg PFCs/g sorbent)(microg PFCs/L)(-n), which was higher than that of GAC (121.89 (microg PFCs/g sorbent) (microg PFCS/L)(-n)). In the case of PFBA, GAC showed better performance (13.36) (microg PFCs/g sorbent) microg PFCS/L)(-n) than synthetic polymers (0.62-5.23) (microg PFCs/g sorbent) (microg PFCS/L)(-n). Adsorption kinetics of all adsorbents were well described (R2 = 0.85-1) by pseudo-second order kinetic model. Sorption capacity was influenced by initial PFCs concentration for all adsorbents. GAC reached the equilibrium concentration within 4 hours, Amberlite XAD 4 reached it within 10 hours and other polymers took more than 70 hours.     

Removal of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by biological filtration.

The quality of drinking water is sometimes diminished by the presence of certain compounds that can impart particular tastes or odours. One of the most common and problematic types of taste and odour is the earthy/musty odour produced by geosmin (trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) and MIB (2-methylisoborneol). Taste and odour treatment processes including powdered activated carbon, and oxidation using chlorine, chloramines, potassium permanganate, and sometimes even ozone are largely ineffective for reducing these compounds to below their odour threshold concentration levels. Ozonation followed by biological filtration, however, has the potential to provide effective treatment. Ozone provides partial removal of geosmin and MIB but also creates other compounds more amenable to biodegradation and potentially undesirable biological instability. Subsequent biofiltration can remove residual geosmin and MIB in addition to removing these other biodegradable compounds. Bench scale experiments were conducted using two parallel filter columns containing fresh and exhausted granular activated carbon (GAC) media and sand. Source water consisted of dechlorinated tap water to which geosmin and MIB were added, as well as, a cocktail of easily biodegradable organic matter (i.e. typical ozonation by-products) in order to simulate water that had been subjected to ozonation prior to filtration. Using fresh GAC, total removals of geosmin ranged from 76 to 100% and total MIB removals ranged from 47% to 100%. The exhausted GAC initially removed less geosmin and MIB but removals increased over time. Overall the results of these experiments are encouraging for the use of biofiltration following ozonation as a means of geosmin and MIB removal. These results provide important information with respect to the role biofilters play during their startup phase in the reduction of these particular compounds. In addition, the results demonstrate the potential biofilters have in responding to transient geosmin and MIB episodes.     

Zinc-sulphate-heptahydrate coated activated carbon for microbe removal from stormwater

There is a need to develop effective stormwater filters for passive (without any addition of chemicals or energy) and effective removal of pathogens in order to mainstream stormwater harvesting. This study focuses on the development of coated granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration material in order to develop filters for effective removal of pathogens from urban stormwater. Several laboratory trials were performed to gauge the effectiveness of the filters, which use a mixture of the zinc-sulphate-heptahydrate coated GAC and sand, on the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from semi-natural stormwater. On average, a 98% removal of the inflow concentration of E. coli was achieved. Furthermore, there was also an improvement of approximately 25% in the removal of phosphorous. However, it was found that the treated material was leaching zinc. It was important to determine whether the observed removal of E. coli was indirectly caused by the sampling methodology. The results showed that the inactivation of the E. coli in the collected sample was small compared with the inactivation which actually occurred within the filter. This provides much promise to the filter, but the presence of zinc in the outflow demonstrates the need for further investigation into the stabilisation of the coating process.     

Advanced treatment for taste and odour control in drinking water: case study of a pilot scale plant in Seoul, Korea.

Taste and odour problems of tap water in Seoul are attributed to 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin), which are the result of metabolism of algae and chlorine for disinfection. This study was carried out to measure 2-MIB and geosmin in the raw water from the Han River, to investigate removal efficiency of GAC and BAC integrated with post-ozonation, and to minimise and quantify the required chlorine concentration as a final disinfectant through the candidate process.     

Characterization of cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon for removal of chromium and lead ions from tannery wastewater via adsorption equilibrium

In this experiment, cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon (CF-AC) was developed and characterized via the wet impregnation method for the removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions from tannery wastewater. Batch adsorption was carried out to evaluate the effect of experimental operating conditions (pH of solution, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature), and the removal efficiencies of Cr and Pb(II) ions by the developed adsorbents were calculated and recorded for all experimental conditions. These variables were estimated and reported as removal efficiencies of 98.2% for Cr and 96.4% for Pb(II) ions at the optimal conditions of 5, 0.8 g, 80 min, and 333 K for pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, respectively. The equilibrium for the sorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions was studied using four widely used isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm models). It was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fit better with the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.948 4 and a small sum of square error of 0.000 6. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q_m) of Pb(II) and Cr adsorbed onto CF-AC were determined to be 6.27 and 23.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process conformed well to pseudo-second order kinetics as revealed by the high R² values obtained for both metals. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions onto CF-AC was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic under the studied conditions. The mean adsorption energy (E) values revealed that the adsorption mechanism of Cr and Pb(II) by CF-AC is physical in nature. The results of the study showed that adsorbent developed from CF-AC can be efficiently used as an environmentally friendly alternative adsorbent, for removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions in tannery wastewater.     

Efficient taste and odour removal by water treatment plants around the Han River water supply system.

Seven major water treatment plants in Seoul Metropolitan Area, which are under Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO)'s management, take water from the Paldang Reservoir in the Han River System for drinking water supply. There are taste and odour (T&O) problems in the finished water because the conventional treatment processes do not efficiently remove the T&O compounds. This study evaluated T&O removal by ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment, powder activated carbon (PAC) and an advanced oxidation process in a pilot-scale treatment plant and bench-scale laboratory experiments. During T&O episodes, PAC alone was not adequate, but as a pretreatment together with GAC it could be a useful option. The optimal range of ozone dose was 1 to 2 mg/L at a contact time of 10 min. However, with ozone alone it was difficult to meet the T&O target of 3 TON and 15 ng/L of MIB or geosmin. The GAC adsorption capacity for DOC in the three GAC systems (F/A, GAC and O3 + GAC) at an EBCT of 14 min is mostly exhausted after 9 months. However, substantial TON removal continued for more than 2 years (>90,000 bed volumes). GAC was found to be effective for T&O control and the main removal mechanisms were adsorption capacity and biodegradation.     

Interlaboratory comparison of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in municipal tap water.

An interlaboratory comparison ("round-robin") for geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was carried out between six laboratories of the Ontario Water Works Research Consortium (OWWRC). Municipal tap water was found to be a suitable medium for distribution of samples. To test stability, geosmin and MIB were added to tap water and stored at 2-4 degrees C. Under these conditions, geosmin concentrations declined by approximately 5% per month for the first 2 months. MIB concentrations were stable over a 158-day period. Three round-robins were carried out individually in 2001, 2003 and 2004. Two levels of geosmin and MIB were used: nominally 10 and 100 ng/l. In 2003 the relative standard deviation for all six participating laboratories were 34, 21, 21 and 22% for low and high level MIB, and low and high level geosmin, respectively. For all but MIB at the low level, there was a marked improvement in agreement between laboratories from 2001 to 2004. However, we recommend use of common analytical standards in order to potentially further reduce interlaboratory variability.     

天然沸石对氨氮的吸附作用及其影响因素

通过实验研究天然沸石对氨氮的吸附作用及其影响因素。结果表明,沸石对氨氮的吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型;沸石对氨氮的等温吸附可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合,相关系数R2达到极显著相关(P0.01);随着天然沸石粒径与投加量的减小,沸石对氨氮的吸附量显著增加;在pH值中性时,去除效果最好;温度升高有利于沸石对氨氮的吸附。     

臭氧-活性炭工艺去除饮用水中典型内分泌干扰物试验研究

通过对臭氧-活性炭工艺和活性炭吸附等温线的研究,探讨了臭氧-活性炭工艺去除饮用水中微量典型内分泌干扰物的可行性.壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(OP)和双酚A(BPA)被选作目标物质.研究发现臭氧氧化能去除30%以上的NP、OP和BPA;活性炭对NP、OP和BPA也有良好的去除效果,在空床停留时间4～12 min条件下能完全去除水中未被臭氧氧化的NP、OP和BPA;吸附等温线的数据可以用Freundlich公式拟合,并用来估算活性炭的饱和时间.试验证明臭氧-活性炭工艺是去除饮用水中微量典型内分泌干扰物的有效方法.     

S水厂粉末活性炭去除微囊藻毒素的应急技术研究

微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)是蓝藻暴发期常见的毒素,其毒性大、分布广、结构稳定,难以通过常规工艺去除。S水厂原水取自太湖,蓝藻暴发期存在MC-LR污染。研究了木质、竹质、椰壳、煤质粉末活性炭对MC-LR的吸附特性。选取吸附性能较好的木质和竹质粉末活性炭,在高藻期开展生产试验,考察了S水厂净水工艺对MC-LR的应急去除效果。结果表明,在沉淀池后投加活性炭可使MC-LR去除50%~70%;当原水中MC-LR浓度较高时,还应考虑采用臭氧或光氧化等深度处理技术以保障饮用水供水安全。     

Influence of compost characteristics on heavy metal sorption from synthetic stormwater.

This paper has the aim to assess the ability of garden derived compost to remove dissolved heavy metal contaminants typically found in stormwater. Compost was found to have excellent chemical and physical properties for the sorption of dissolved metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+). Batch sorption data were used to determine the sorption efficiency of Cu (93%), Zn (88%) and Pb (97%) by compost. The relative sorption affinity of these metals by compost is found to be in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ Zn2+. The effect of different particle size fractions of compost upon the sorption of Cu was also investigated. Sorption conformed to the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm and can be considered favourable because the sorption intensity values obtained in this study are between 0.1 and 1. Compost with a smaller particle size fraction has larger surface areas and greater sorption than the larger particle size fraction. Compost derived from garden waste is efficient for removal of heavy metals from wastewater or treating water for industries.     

Pb^2＋在天然泥炭上的吸附特征研究

研究了泥炭吸附水中Pb^2＋的吸附动力学和吸附等温式。考查了泥炭用量、Pb^2＋初始浓度、溶液pH值和温度对吸附反应的影响。结果表明,泥炭对Pb^2＋具有较强的吸附性能;其吸附动力学符合Langmuir准二级反应速率模型;其吸附等温式符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,且其吸附过程为热力学吸热和自发过程。     

Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of mercury adsorption on almond shell

The application of almond shell as a low cost natural adsorbent to remove Hg(2+) from aqueous solution was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the material. The chemical and physical parameters such as pH, sorbent amount, initial ion concentration, and contact time were optimized for the maximum uptake of mercury onto the solid surface. Adsorption isotherms were expressed by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, and the experimental data were found to fit the Langmuir model rather than the Freundlich. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm was 135.13 mg/g. A kinetic study was carried out with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order reaction equations and it was found that the Hg(2+) uptake process followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The thermodynamic values, ΔG(0), ΔH(0) and ΔS(0), indicated that adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The potential of this material for mercury elimination was demonstrated by efficient Hg(2+) removal from a synthetic effluent.     

钢筋表面掺石墨烯水性导电防腐蚀涂料的研究

作为钢筋混凝土防腐蚀措施的环氧涂层钢筋,在结构运行维护时,由于环氧涂层的绝缘特性而不能采用电化学保护措施。为解决这个问题,利用石墨烯纳米材料具有导电、防腐蚀、抗冲击等特性,以水性环氧树脂为主要成膜物质,掺石墨烯材料和其他导电填料研制得到导电防腐蚀涂料。用电镜表征导电填料的形状和涂层的结构,分析了涂层的导电和防腐蚀作用机制,并测试了导电涂层钢筋与混凝土的粘接性能、耐阴极剥离性能和抗弯性能。试验结果表明:涂层导电性能可达到方块电阻值3 000 Ω/sq以下,涂层耐碱溶液浸泡,在碱性含Cl?溶液中21 d以上涂层不起泡、不生锈,在中性Cl?溶液中21 d以上不起泡、14 d不生锈。石墨烯与其他导电填料混掺才能得到导电性和防腐蚀性能优异的涂层,作用原理是通过薄片状石墨烯、片状石墨和球状炭黑颗粒之间的相互接触传导电子进行导电,利用石墨烯的薄片特点延长介质的渗透通道从而提升涂层的防腐蚀性能。涂层钢筋与混凝土的粘接强度比无涂层钢筋的强度降低约15%,符合国家标准GB/T 25826—2010的要求。     

Sorption behaviour of oxadiazon in tropical rice soils.

The soprtion behaviour of a pre-emergent herbicide, oxadiazon (5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2 (3H)-one) was investigated in tropical rice soils using a batch equilibrium method. There is no information available on the fate of oxadiazon in Bangladeshi soils; Bangladesh rice soil is a unique environment. The experiment was performed using radiolabelled (14C) oxadiazon. The sorption and desorption isotherm of oxadiazon was described using the Freundlich equation. L-type sorption isotherms were observed. The correlation coefficient (r2) was 0.995 to 0.997 and the linearity of the slope was in the range 0.96-1.07. Sorption of oxadiazon was related to organic carbon. Sorption of oxadiazon by soil was a rapid process; sorption kinetics indicated that most of the sorption occurred within two hours. Changes in sorption of oxadiazon by soils was investigated by repeated application. Sorption after the first cycle was in the range 81-92% whereas sorption capacity decreased in the following cycles.     

Development of a confined water sensitive urban design (WSUD) system using engineered soils.

Innovative Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems are being investigated at three locations to the north and south of Sydney, Australia. These systems contain porous concrete pipes that are designed so that stormwater exfiltrates through the permeable walls of the pipes into the surrounding substrate media material. The porous pipes and media material treat the passing stormwater. The primary aim of the overall project is to develop a model to describe the treatment effectiveness of confined WSUD systems. This paper focuses on the system located at the Weathertex Industrial Site, Heatherbrae. Due to wood processing operations that occur at this site, it is recognised that the surface runoff will carry a heavy organics loading. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) is recognised for its ability to reduce the concentration of dissolved organics present in both wastewater and stormwater. GAC was therefore chosen as a filtration medium to be investigated at this site. To maximise the effectiveness of the GAC, extensive laboratory batch studies were undertaken prior to the field system being constructed to determine the optimum GAC/sand ratio. The purpose of the experimental work was to assess the dissolved organic removal potential through sorption of various concentrations of GAC. The aim of this paper is to describe these laboratory experiments and discuss how they related to the field system. Through these experiments it was determined that a sand/GAC ratio of 25:1 was ideal for the media material at the Heatherbrae site.     

不同吸附材料对水中高氯酸盐的去除效果比较研究

首先通过高氯酸盐的吸附平衡实验,比较8种不同吸附材料的吸附能力。实验结果表明:对高氯酸盐吸附,Langmuir模型拟合效果要优于Freundlich模型,吸附类型主要为单层吸附。对不同吸附材料的高氯酸盐吸附自由能计算也得出,高氯酸盐的吸附主要为化学吸附。8种材料吸附能力由大到小依次为:阴离子交换树脂>木质活性炭>椰壳活性炭>煤质活性炭>壳聚糖>沸石>膨润土>颗粒氢氧化铁。研究中还对高氯酸盐的吸附动力学进行探讨。并对吸附动力结果进行了一级和二级动力学方程拟合。二级拟和的线性相关系数明显高于一级。说明不同材料对本研究中所使用的高氯酸盐的吸附更符合二级动力学方程。对吸附速率的比较则得出,阴离子交换树脂和活性炭的吸附速率要明显高于其他吸附材料。     

Removal of nano and microparticles by granular filter media coated with nanoporous aluminium oxide.

Conventional filtration was designed to achieve high levels of particle and pathogen removal. Previous studies have examined the possibility of modifying filtration media to improve their ability to remove microorganisms and viruses. Although these studies have evaluated filter media coatings for this purpose, none have evaluated nanoscale particle suspensions as coating materials. The overall goal of this paper is to describe the preliminary test results of nanoporous aluminium oxide coated media that can be used to enhance filtration of nano and microparticles. Filtration tests were carried out using columns packed with uncoated and coated forms of granular anthracite or granular activated carbon. A positive correlation between isoelectric pH of filter media and particle removal was observed. The modified filter media with a higher isoelectric pH facilitated better removal of bacteriophage MS2 and 3 microm latex microspheres, possibly due to increased favorable electrostatic interactions.     

Mechanism of adsorption of ferric iron by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from a bacterium Acidiphilium sp

The aim of this study was to assess the sorption of Fe(III) by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the Acidiphilium 3.2Sup(5) bacterium, which has promising properties for use in microbial fuel cells (MFC). The EPS of A. 3.2Sup(5) was extracted using EDTA. The sorption isotherms were determined using aliquots of purified EPS. The exosubstances loaded with metal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The sorption uptake approaches to 536.1 +/- 26.6 mg Fe(III) (g EPS)(-1) at an initial ferric concentration of 2.0 g l(-1). The sorption of Fe(III) by EPS can be fitted to the Freundlich model. The sorption process produces hydrated iron (III) oxalate [Fe(OH)(C2O4) x 2H2O] by a reversible reaction (log K = 1.06 +/- 0.16), indicating that a shift in the sorption of the cation can be easily achieved. Know the magnitude and form of iron sorption by EPS in MFC can foresee the potential impact on the metabolism of iron-reducing and iron-oxidazing bacteria and, therefore, on the feasibility of the system.