水平轴风力机柔性叶片气弹耦合分析

针对水平轴风力机柔性叶片的气弹耦合模型与数值积分方法进行研究。首先应用超级单元法,将柔性叶片离散为若干个超级单元,单元内刚体之间由带有力元弹簧和阻尼器的万向节或转动铰联接,以描述叶片的挥舞、摆振和扭转等运动;基于计算多体动力学理论,应用R-W(Roberson-Wittenburg)方法,导出带约束的旋转叶片多体系统动力学方程;基于叶素理论,计算叶片变形状态下各刚体所受的气动力,在数值积分过程中实时实现两者之间的耦合。算例分析了某1.5 MW风力机叶片在一定风速和转速下的气弹耦合。结果表明超级单元法能用较少的自由度准确描述柔性叶片的弹性变形、气动载荷和叶片位移间的耦合,为风力机整机气动弹性耦合及稳定性分析提供了实用的分析方法。     

基于ONERA模型的柔性叶片气弹稳定性研究北大核心CSCD

为了探究大型风力机柔性叶片在挥舞-摆振耦合作用下的气弹稳定性,文章基于ONERA非线性气动模型建立了包括二维翼型非线性气动升阻力方程及其挥舞-摆振耦合运动方程的气弹模型。利用该气弹模型计算得到NREL 5 MW风力机叶中段DU35-A17翼型在叶片变桨前后的挥舞、摆振变形量变化曲线,并与FAST计算结果进行比较,以验证气弹模型的准确性。结果表明:在额定工况时,叶片出现z轴正方向、y轴负方向的弯曲变形;风力机未变桨时,挥舞、摆振变形量会随风速增大而增大;叶片变桨后,挥舞、摆振变形量会比额定工况下的变形量有所减少。由于计算得到的挥舞、摆振变形量曲线是收敛的,故叶片是气弹稳定的。该气弹模型为评估大型风力机柔性叶片气弹稳定性提供了新方法,计算得到的挥舞摆振位移数据为优化风力机结构参数、提升叶片气弹稳定性提供了数据参考。     

功能梯度主轴承的热弹流润滑特性耦合分析

为了对包含功能梯度层的主轴承热弹流润滑耦合特性进行研究,以柴油机主轴承为研究对象,基于格点型有限体积法离散瞬态雷诺方程、热传导方程和热弹性方程,对于离散后的代数方程组采用多重网格法求解,能量方程采用差分法求解,进而得到轴承的油膜润滑特性及轴瓦热弹性结果,通过对比研究发现:功能梯度层可以有效缓解材料分界面附近的应力突变现象;材料指数的增大会使功能梯度层的物性参数变化更均匀,从而使最大油膜压力、最大油膜温度及材料分界面处的应力等出现一定程度的降低.     

计及浮环变形的发动机增压器浮环轴承润滑分析

以涡轮增压器浮环轴承为研究对象,考虑了浮环热弹变形,基于浮环平衡方程,建立了浮环流体润滑计算模型.主要分析了不同工况下热变形和弹性变形对浮环轴承润滑性能的影响规律.计算中采用有限差分法求解Reynolds方程进行润滑分析,采用变形矩阵法计算轴承表面弹性变形.结果表明:浮环表面热变形对浮环润滑特性影响显著;轴负荷越小,浮环工作温度越高,浮环热变形量越大;浮环热变形对内、外膜端泄流量的影响程度和转速有直接联系,转速越高,热变形对内、外膜端泄流量的影响越大;内膜间隙越小,浮环热变形对润滑性能影响程度越大;与浮环热变形相比,浮环弹性变形对浮环润滑性能基本没有影响.     

碾压混凝土坝考虑异弹模效应的应力分析

将碾压混凝土坝视为具有各向异性弹性特性的均质体 ,通过在垂直于层面的竖向和平行于层面的横向采用不同弹模来考虑层面对坝体应力影响 ;同时考虑了坝基弹性的变化对坝体应力影响。由各向异性体的物理方程推导了碾压混凝土的物理方程和弹性矩阵。通过对算例的有限元分析得出了坝体材料异弹模特性和坝基弹性变化对坝体局部应力的影响规律。     

汽轮机末级叶片流固耦合数值模拟

从非定常流动和弹性叶片振动相耦合的角度来研究叶片的强迫响应,对于叶片的高周疲劳具有重要意义.利用商业程序CFX和ANSYS对某汽轮机末级进行了设计状态下的流固耦合计算,得到了一定阻尼水平下的通道内部流动图画和叶片振动的动应力.流场非定常计算结果与非耦合情况下进行了对比分析,结果表明,耦合振动及变形对叶片的时均负荷影响较小,但是对转静间的非定常相互作用存在显著影响.     

非定常条件下风力机柔性叶片气弹耦合分析

研究叶片振动与扭转变形对气动载荷的反馈以及基于静、动态气动模型的叶根载荷的差异。应用计算多体动力学理论和叶片气动模型,建立受约束的柔性叶片非线性气弹耦合方程,得出叶片气弹耦合时域响应。以某5 MW风力机叶片为研究对象,研究柔性叶片的振动和变形对叶根力矩的反馈;在修正的叶素动量理论(BEM)基础上,引入Beddoes-Lesihman动态失速模型,考察叶片气动载荷的非定常效应。分析表明,随着叶片柔性增加,气弹耦合现象愈加明显;动态失速将引起叶片载荷有较大的振荡幅值和频率,影响叶片疲劳载荷谱的分析和疲劳寿命的设计。     

PSR波纹板片的热强度分析

提出一种新型紧凑式回热器——一次表面回热器(PSR)的强度设计技术。结合船用ICR燃气轮机一次表面回热器研发,以3．7MW燃气轮机为背景,根据热弹性力学和传热学理论,建立PSR板片热强度分析物理数学模型,并对波纹曲线为椭圆、正弦波和抛物线的3种常见波纹传热板片所受热应力做了对比计算,分析了板片厚度,两侧压差,本身温度及形状对板片热强度的影响。给出基于Von Mise等效应力极值σrmax的板片最小设计厚度δmin,还研究了波纹板片在典型工况下的弹性变形情况。本文工作对PSR的结构设计有重要参考价值：     

弹性管束结构改进及折流板对振动与传热性能的影响

为提高弹性管束换热器的综合传热性能,基于传统弹性管束换热器,在内部增设折流板并对其传热元件进行结构改进。采用双向流固耦合计算法,对不同结构条件下4种弹性管束换热器的振动及传热特性进行了定性和定量对比分析。结果表明：管束结构改进及增设折流板均会增强弹性管束的振动强度,且弹性管束结构改进后各排管束的振动一致性提高;在弹性管束振动条件下,与无折流板的传统弹性管束换热器相比,仅对管束进行结构改进传热性能可提高12.51%,仅增设折流板可使管束传热性能提高25.28%,对管束进行结构改进并增设折流板可使管束传热性能提高28.57%;在弹性管束换热器结构不变的条件下,与非振动条件下的计算结果相比,管束结构改进可使管束传热性能提高6.53%,增设折流板可使管束传热性能提高5.09%,同时进行管束结构改进并增设折流板可使管束传热性能提高7.96%。     

膜式壁有限元分析方法综述

本文综述了对承受热流、流体压力、炉膛烟气压力及多个其它类型载荷作用的膜式水冷壁进行应力分析的一种方法。这种分析方法首先根据鳍片管的几何外形将膜式壁简化成等效的正交各向异性板进行有限元分析，并提供了等效各向异性板的等效壁厚、弹性常量、抗弯刚性的计算方法；然后将计算得到的应力及力矩施加到真实鳍片管模型上以求取真实应力。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.