扶壁柱式岩壁吊车梁受力特性研究

岩壁吊车梁是水电站地下厂房常用的结构形式之一。在地下厂房围岩条件较差的情况下,一般通过增设扶壁柱方式来控制吊车梁产生过大的变形。基于有限变形理论,建立III类围岩条件下带扶壁柱的岩壁吊车梁数值计算模型,探讨了吊车梁施工完成后地下厂房下层后续开挖对吊车梁应力和变形分布的影响,分析了吊车梁在吊车运行载荷条件下的应力变形特性,获得了扶壁柱高度大小对吊车梁变形及应力分布的影响规律,提出了带扶壁柱吊车梁设计应注意的应力集中问题,研究结论可为工程设计参考。     

考虑围岩开挖响应的岩壁吊车梁受力分析

以句容抽水蓄能电站地下主厂房为依托,采用数值分析软件ＦＬＡＣ３Ｄ对地下厂房岩壁吊车梁在施工期和运行期的受力进行数值仿真计算分析,对吊车梁结构形式、受力特性、支护参数的合理性进行了评述。结果表明:洞室开挖过程中,受围岩荷载释放的影响,吊车梁会产生向洞内侧的变形;在洞室围岩开挖结束后,岩壁吊车梁锚杆应力距离材料屈服强度还有很大的安全裕度;运行加载后岩壁吊车梁的变形很小,锚杆应力有增加但数值较小,岩壁吊车梁的应力分布基本没变;运行期加载后岩壁吊车梁沿岩壁抗滑安全系数在５．０以上,足够安全。     

蚀变带岩壁吊车梁设计与稳定性分析

针对杨房沟水电站岩体蚀变带对岩壁吊车梁稳定性的影响,利用3DEC离散元分析方法,探讨岩体蚀变影响区域岩壁吊车梁的稳定特征以及增设扶壁墙的加固效果,获得施工期开挖卸荷和运行期轮压荷载作用下岩壁吊车梁的变形和应力分布特征,指出扶壁墙结构可能存在的拉应力过大导致的混凝土开裂问题。     

岩壁牛腿的受力机理及计算方法评析

岩壁牛腿是地下洞室设计中的一种特殊结构型式,它主要是利用锚杆将现浇混凝土牛腿固定在竖直岩壁上,与围岩形成联合受力体系。目前岩壁牛腿没有具体明确的设计规范,工程设计中一般是参考《地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计规范》采用力矢多边形和力矩平衡公式对岩壁牛腿的锚杆截面积、抗滑稳定等方面进行复核设计,但岩壁牛腿与岩壁吊车梁的结构体型还是存在一定差别的。因此,提出了采用预埋件的设计计算方法来进行锚杆截面积设计,并采用有限元方法对上述2种设计方法的有效性进行分析。结果显示:采用《地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计规范》的设计方法对岩壁牛腿的设计是非常合适的。     

鲁地拉水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计

鲁地拉水电站工程地下厂房吊车梁采用岩壁吊车梁结构。设计时采用《地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计规范(Q/CHECC 003-2008)》推荐方法对梁体受拉锚杆的截面积、锚固长度以及梁体的抗滑稳定等进行了详细的计算。此外还应用ANSYS程序,采用二维、三维非线性有限单元法,精细模拟了围岩、梁体、锚杆以及岩壁吊车梁与岩体的接触面,对岩壁吊车梁的受力特性进行了系统的计算分析。数值仿真分析结果表明采用接触面单元、锚杆单元,充分考虑了梁体与围岩之间的张开、接触、摩擦以及受拉锚杆与围岩的相互作用,较好地反映了岩壁吊车梁在各种工况下的工作性态及支护机理,对其他工程的岩壁吊车梁的稳定性分析、支护设计有较好的借鉴和指导作用。     

仁宗海水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁开挖及质量控制

岩壁吊车梁是仁宗海水电站地下厂房施工的关键项目,岩壁吊车梁开挖最重要的是岩台开挖的成型质量,它的好坏直接关系到岩壁吊车梁的整体稳定和使用性能.主要介绍了仁宗海水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁的开挖技术及质量控制.     

常用方法设计岩壁吊车梁探讨

岩壁吊车梁常规的刚性平衡设计与理论不符合之处，但简单实用，本文从设计的角度对原刚体平衡设计法作了一定的改进，将受拉锚杆刚度，变形和岩壁岩性，岩壁吊车梁的位移有机的结合起来，并采用抗剪断公式验算吊车梁整体稳定。     

关于岩壁吊车梁的锚固计算方法问题

岩壁吊车架是地下厂房建设中值得推广的先进技术，常用的锚固计算方法是通过物体的静力平衡关系来求所需的锚杆加固力．目前采用的锚固计算中，未能将基座反力对吊车梁的影响考虑进去，因此，选择不同的座标系和取矩点而求得的锚杆拉力不是唯一解．因此进行了岩壁吊车梁的受力分析与计算简化，并从设计的角度，提出了在具体情况下的增强抗滑稳定措施．     

引黄入晋工程总干1#,2#泵房岩壁吊车梁锚固设计

岩壁吊车梁设计的关键在于其在外力作用下的自身稳定分析计算。对万家寨引黄入晋工程总干线一、二级地下泵站主厂房岩壁吊车梁的设计作了简明、具体的论述 ,着重介绍了岩壁吊车梁的稳定计算     

长河坝水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计

长河坝水电站地下厂房安装双小车电动双梁桥式QDWHX420+420/16 t-27 m型起重机,桥机一侧轨道上的吊车轮数为10,最大轮压为860 k N。根据《地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计规范》Q/CHECC 003-2008,对吊车梁的布置、截面尺寸、受拉锚杆截面面积及与岩壁结合面的稳定性进行了全面分析、计算并根据有限元计算成果,最终确定了岩壁吊车梁的截面形状及锚固支护方案。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。