Double-layer method for increasing the bandwidth of UV spectrally responsive holograms in dichromated gelatin

We present a method for increasing the bandwidth of reflection holograms in dichromated gelatin. The recording plate has two dichromated-gelatin layers of different hardness so that their shrinkage at the end of processing is different. We use this method for doubling the bandwidth of holographic mirrors that are designed for solar UV energy concentration. We also study the superposition of two double-layer holograms, which results in UV holographic mirrors with a bandwidth of 60 nm.     

Focusing diffractive cylindrical mirrors: rigorous evaluation of various design methods.

The performance characteristics of focusing diffractive mirrors designed with various methods are evaluated by using the rigorous boundary element method. Quantitative results are presented for (1) conventional-zero-thickness mirror designs, (2) alternative-zero-thickness designs that incorporate an off-axis correction factor and (3) finite-thickness designs. For TM polarization, the mirrors designed by using the alternative-zero-thickness method perform considerably worse than those designed by using the conventional-zero-thickness method, which contradicts predictions made in an earlier paper.     

Correlation of sidelobe suppression between rugate filters and multilayer mirrors

We present the study of the correlation between refractive index profiles and the optical response of rugate filters and multilayer mirrors. The conventionally used method in multilayer mirrors for ripple suppression in the passband will be compared with a similar simple method to remove the rugate filter sidelobes without apodization. The resulting layers are compared in performance with a typical quintic matching layer. An example based on silicon oxynitride alloys with refractive indices ranging between 1.47 and 1.83 was designed and deposited.     

平面镜多次反射的二维高精度小角度偏转测量

介绍了利用平面镜多次反射系统实现二维高精度小角度偏转测量的光学测量方法,构建了实验系统,针对系统的测量精度和测量范围与激光束在平面镜系统中反射次数的关系进行了研究,最后根据应用实例给出了具体的计算分析,研究结果表明,该方法具有结构简单、测量精度高的特点,当反射次数达到10次以上时,系统的测量精度将达到0.01",为亚角秒级高精度动态测量提供了一种新的研究方法.     

1D-photonic crystals prepared from the amorphous chalcogenide films

We describe the preparation and optical properties of the 15-layer chalcogenide dielectric mirrors with the first order stop bands in near infrared range. The high refractive index Sb–Se and low refractive index Ge–S layers were deposited on silicon and glass substrates using thermal evaporation method. To centre the stop bands of the prepared chalcogenide mirrors at 1.55 μm, the layer thicknesses, d(Sb–Se) = 117 and d(Ge–S) = 183 nm, were calculated from the quarter wave stack condition. The optical reflectivity measurements revealed the total reflection from the 15-layer chalcogenide mirrors in the range of 1,400–1,600 nm for the unpolarized light with normal incidence. The effect of annealing on the optical properties of the prepared chalcogenide mirrors was studied as well. Using spectral ellipsometry, we examined the angular dependence of the multilayers reflectivity for the light with s- and p-polarization. The preparation of the dielectric mirrors for near infrared region from chalcogenide films seems to be possible exploiting good optical quality of chalcogenide films and their simple deposition.     

高速倾斜反射镜机械谐振频率的改善

高速倾斜反射镜（以下简称倾斜镜）是自适应光学,跟踪瞄准等系统中的重要器件。随着系统对宽带和精度等指标要求的提高,倾斜镜的结构固有愈来愈成为系统性能的重要限制因素。本文从机械振动理论出发提出了一种通过降低模态耦合人而改善倾斜镜机械谐振频率的方法。     

Optical switching properties of Pd--Ni thin-film top-capped switchable mirrors

Switchable mirrors based on magnesium--nickel alloy thin films capped with catalytic Pd--Ni alloy thin films were prepared by a DC magnetron sputtering method. Their composition, structure and surface morphology were studied by XPS, XRD and AFM. Herein, the optical switching properties and durability of the switchable mirrors were investigated by varying the Ni content in the Pd--Ni alloys. Comparing pure Pd catalyst with Pd--Ni top-capped switchable mirrors, the latter show better hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics, and the speed of hydrogen desorption is obviously improved with increasing Ni content in the Pd--Ni alloy. The Pd--Ni capped switchable mirrors also have better optical switching durability. The catalytic Pd layer with the addition of Ni does not influence the transmittance (hydride state) and reflectance (metallic state) of the switchable mirrors. In addition, replacing Pd with Pd--Ni alloy decreases the cost of the switchable mirrors: employing nickel in the alloy Pd_89.2Ni_10.8 can save about 11% use of Pd. Therefore, the Pd--Ni alloy can provide a cheaper catalytic thin film, and it is expected to have applications in energy-saving windows, hydrogen sensors and hydrogen storage materials.     

Back-surface gold mirrors for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency (VR-SFG) spectroscopy using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as an adhesion promoter

Back-surface mirrors are needed as reference materials for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) probing of liquid-solid interfaces. Conventional noble metal mirrors are not suitable for back-surface applications due to the presence of a metal adhesion layer (chromium or titanium) between the window substrate and the reflective metal surface. Using vapor deposited 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as a bi-functional adhesion promoter, gold mirrors were fabricated on fused silica substrates. These mirrors exhibit excellent gold adhesion as determined by the Scotch(?) tape test. They also produce minimal spectroscopic interference in the C-H stretching region (2800-3000 cm(-1)), as characterized by VR-SFG. These mirrors are thus robust and can be used as back-surface mirrors for a variety of applications, including reference mirrors for VR-SFG.     

Dielectric mirrors for high power laser applications

Development of low loss dielectric high reflecting mirrors for high power laser applications presents some problems in selecting suitable thin film materials and in understanding their optical constants. Some of these problems have been solved by a systematic study of the dependence of optical constants on different evaporation parameters for a number of thin film materials. Using the data thus obtained high reflecting dielectric mirrors for different laser applications in theuv, visible and near-infrared regions were successfully developed indigenously by the method of vacuum evaporation.     

Mirrors for an imaging gamma ray telescope

A method is given for making mirrors suitable for large parabolic light collectors. The present application is for collecting Cherenkov light from air showers.     

Modification of the conventional method for determination of the focal length of convex mirrors

A simple experimental procedure is described for the precise measurement of focal lengths of medium-sized convex mirrors. This procedure is a modification of the conventional method reported in the literature. It has enabled us to minimize the errors introduced because of bench corrections and depth of focus of optical components that are generally encountered with conventional methods. The accuracy of the procedure has been found to be ±0.3%. The results of the measurements on a few test convex mirrors and experimental parameters are reported.     

Fabrication and testing of large steering mirrors for a scanning lidar

Large. inexpensive scanning mirrors for a lidar have been designed and built out of common float glass mirrors and aluminum honeycomb.The flatness of the scanning mirrors has been characterized with a modified Foucault knife-edge test.The peak-to-peak surface slope error over the entire surface of the mirrors was found to be less than 1 mrad, with slope errors of 0.15 mrad over small areas. This performance was sufficient for use of the mirrors in a scanning CO(2) lidar system that uses direct detection.     

Methods for the characterization of deformable membrane mirrors

We demonstrate two methods for the characterization of deformable membrane mirrors and the training of adaptive optics systems that employ these mirrors. Neither method employs a wave-front sensor. In one case, aberrations produced by a wave-front generator are corrected by the deformable mirror by use of a rapidly converging iterative algorithm based on orthogonal deformation modes of the mirror. In the other case, a simple interferometer is used with fringe analysis and phase-unwrapping algorithms. We discuss how the choice of singular values can be used to control the pseudoinversion of the control matrix.     

Interference-induced enhancement in the reflectivity of three-component X-ray mirrors

The possibility of enhancing the peak reflectivity of binary multilayer periodic structures by introducing additional layers, that is, by creating three-component mirrors, is considered. The parameters of substances, for which the three-component mirrors are advantageous to the traditional binary mirrors, are determined.     

Fabrication of compact turning mirrors in silicon-on-insulator materials

A turning mirror is a key component in compact optical waveguide devices and high-density integrated optics. An improved two-step method for fabrication of high-quality, compact turning mirrors in silicon-on-insulator materials is proposed. First, inductively coupled plasma etching is applied to produce the turning mirror, which keeps the turning mirror compact; then silicon wet anisotropic etching is applied to enhance the quality of the turning mirror by of its polishing surface, correcting its orientation, and improving the verticality. The shape of the turning mirror fabricated by the two-step method is hexagonal or octagonal, matching the optical field of the rib waveguide well. A large effective mirror size to reflect light waves and reduced shrinkage of the mirror size during etching guarantee that a mirror produced by this two-step method will be more compact than previously designed mirrors.     

Experimental method for high-accuracy reflectivity-spectrum measurements

An experimental method for accurate measurements of the reflectivity spectrum of mirrors is presented. It combines the noise reduction obtained with multiple beam reflections on two identical mirrors; high-beam quality, owing to the use of single-mode optical fibers; and high immunity against intensity variations of the beam. This method is demonstrated for characterizing a 30-period GaAs/Al(0.65)Ga(0.35)As distributed Bragg reflector designed for long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Its peak reflectivity is found to be 99.43 ? 0.04% at 1.562 mum, and an optical absorption coefficient of alpha = 36 ? 6 cm(-1) is derived. The peak internal reflectivity of this distributed Bragg reflector used as the top mirror in a wafer-fused vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is calculated to be 98.87 ? 0.12%, and the transmission is 0.28%.     

Finite element modeling and testing of a deformable carbon fiber reinforced polymer mirror

Thin-shelled composite mirrors have been recently proposed for use as deformable mirrors in optical systems. Large-diameter deformable composite mirrors can be used in the development of active optical zoom systems. We present the fabrication, testing, and modeling of a prototype 0.2 m diameter carbon fiber reinforced polymer mirror for use as a deformable mirror. In addition, three actuation techniques have been modeled and will be presented.     

碳纤维复合材料空间反射镜制造技术研究进展

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)具有比刚度高、热稳定性好,可设计性强等特点,成为轻量化反射镜制造的新型理想材料,特别适合大口径、高分辨率空间反射镜的制造。简单介绍空间光学反射镜的国内外研究应用的现状。根据反射镜的特点介绍了碳纤维复合材料的材料选择要求,以及国外常用碳纤维复合材料预浸料体系。碳纤维复合材料反射镜制造方法与传统光学材料反射镜的制造不同,一般采用高效、快速、制造成本低的复制工艺来实现。总结了碳纤维复合材料反射镜的复制工艺和反射镜复制精度的影响因素,影响因素包括复制模具、预浸料铺层、反射镜变形、纤维印痕现象、尺寸稳定性以及反射镜尺寸等,并对前五项影响因素提出相应的控制措施来减小影响程度。重点阐述了反射镜纤维印痕现象的成因和解决方法,以及控制尺寸稳定性的关键。     

Leistungsfähige Spiegel für solarthermische Kraftwerke

High efficient mirrors for Concentrating Solar Power plants Mirrors are an essential component of CSP plants. Wet chemically coated silver mirrors supplied by Flabeg GmbH achieve an average specular and solar weighted reflectivity of 94.4%. Almost 30 years of field experience prove the durability of the coating. First surface mirrors could provide higher reflectivity, but so far either the necessary durability is not met or the costs are not competitive. Another approach to increase reflectivity is to equip the mirror with an antisoiling coating. This type of mirror is currently under field testing, showing already promising results. New paint systems for silvered mirrors will expand the locations for power plants to the shore or into tropical regions.     

Theoretical and experimental studies of broadband phase-controlled attosecond mirrors

We present procedures to develop and characterise chirped multilayer mirrors for attosecond pulses. The design procedure involves a simulated annealing optimisation algorithm to obtain a multilayer structure with the desired performances. The characterisation step requires the use of well-calibrated attosecond and synchrotron beam lines, allowing one to measure the amplitude and phase response of the mirror. We illustrate these approaches with a set of mirrors designed to have zero or negative dispersion. The remarkable agreement between theoretical and experimental performances validates this overall process, and demonstrates the capability of such mirrors to control the temporal profile of attosecond pulses. These tools and techniques for developing attosecond chirped mirrors will facilitate the generalisation of such components on attosecond experiments.