R32/R134a混合工质水平管内流动凝结换热的实验研究

<正>R32/R134a非共沸混合工质是近期比较理想的R22替代物之一。但迄今为止,报道其管内凝结换热性能研究的实验和数据都很少。在已有的报道中,Torikoshi和Ebisu以及Ro等人都只对R32质量分数为30％这种浓度配比下的R32/R134a混合物进行了管内凝结换热实验。Doerr等人则对R32质量分数为10％和25％时的R32/R134a混合工质的水平管内流动凝结换热系数进行实验测量。可以说已研究过的浓度配比和已获得的实验数据都还很少。本文对R32质量分数分别为10％,19.9％,30％,40％,51.9％和60.1％时的R32/R134a混     

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)水平圆管内流动沸腾换热特性

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)因较低的GWP值备受制冷行业关注,有望替代R134a。在内径为8mm水平圆管内对R1234ze(E)流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究,并在相应实验工况下与R134a进行对比。本研究的实验工况:流动沸腾换热的饱和温度为10℃±0.5℃,热通量为5.0和10kW·m^-2,质流密度范围为300~500kg·m^-2·s^-1。分析质流密度、热通量以及干度对R1234ze(E)和R134a饱和流动沸腾传热系数的影响。结果表明,R1234ze(E)和R134a的流动沸腾传热系数随质流密度和热通量的增大而增大;在低质流密度300kg·m^-2·s^-1工况下,R1234ze(E)传热系数较R134a偏低14.68%左右,但随质流密度增大到500kg·m^-2·s^-1,其偏差缩小为7.35%。最后将实验结果同4种常见预估关联式进行比较,结果表明Kandlikar关联式计算结果较优,全工况范围内Kandlikar关联式对R1234ze(E)和R134a的预估值与90%的实验数据偏差在±25%以内,平均偏差分别为23.13%和11.50%,满足工程设计要求。     

甲基叔丁基醚饱和液相导热系数的实验研究

利用瞬态双热线法测量了243—403 K温度范围内饱和液相甲基叔丁基醚的导热系数,并将实验数据拟合为温度的关联式。实验数据与导热系数关联式计算结果的标准偏差和最大偏差分别为0.30%和0.89%,导热系数的合成标准不确定度小于±1.0%。甲基叔丁基醚导热系数的实验研究为正在进行的甲基叔丁基醚替代物筛选提供急需的基础热物性数据,对改进汽油、柴油质量,提高油品的环境友好性及推广使用清洁燃料方面有重要价值。     

Facile synthesis of phenolic-reinforced silica aerogel composites for thermal insulation under thermal-force coupling conditions

The objective of this research was to develop a reinforced silica aerogel composites with enhanced thermal insulation performance under thermal-force coupling conditions. Phenolic-reinforced silica aerogel composites (RAs) were synthesized via a sol-immersion-gel process based on the in-situ polymerization of resorcinol (R), formaldehyde (F), and triaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Ambient pressure drying (APD) was used to dry the gels. Samples with different carbon/silica ratios, RA12, RA13, and RA14, were synthesized by controlling the R/APTES molar ratio at 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4. The densities of the RA12, RA13 and RA14 samples were 0.32 ± 0.005, 0.34 ± 0.006, and 0.37 ± 0.003 g/cm³. The thermal conductivity of the RA12, RA13, and RA14 samples were 0.024, 0.026, and 0.027 W/(m·K). The existence of the phenolic network favored the mechanical strength of the RAs, RA14 showed compressive strength, tensile strength, and three-point bending strength of 4.3 MPa at 20% strain, 2.4 MPa, and 8.4 MPa at 1.45% strain. The RAs showed excellent thermal insulation performance on a customized apparatus, the back temperature was as low as 219.82 °C and 330.67 °C within 60 min in the environments of 600 °C −0.01 MPa and 600 °C −0.9 MPa. The excellent thermal-shock performance of RAs was also demonstrated under flame exposure from a butane torch, with a temperature difference of 878 °C within 30 min being reported. The excellent thermal insulation performance of RAs under thermal-force coupling conditions reveals a widespread application perspective in the field of new energy vehicles power battery thermal protection.     

R134a/R125混合工质水平管外凝结换热

对纯工质R134a以及R134a/R125在三种不同组成比例下的混合工质,在光管和相同肋密度的二维及三维强化管外进行凝结换热试验研究。结果表明：R134a在光管外凝结表面传热系数与Nusselt数理论值的相对偏差均在±10%以内,R134a在光管及强化管外凝结表面传热系数变化趋势与Nusselt数理论解相一致。与纯R134a相比,含R125的混合工质管外凝结表面传热系数均所有下降;对于光管,含R125的混合工质管外凝结表面传热系数随壁面温差的增大而下降,但对于强化管,含6%及以上的R125混合工质,其凝结表面传热系数随壁面温差的增大而增大,有接近纯R134a凝结表面传热系数的趋势,表明混合工质凝结换热热阻分布与纯工质有较大差异。相同组分的工质,三维强化管凝结表面传热系数均高于二维强化管,二维强化管亦明显高于光管,在壁面温差为8 K时,强化管HT-3D、HT-2D相对于光管的传热强化倍率分别为9.83和7.85。     

Mechanical and thermal properties of h-BN based composite containing dual glass phases at elevated temperatures

High-temperature mechanical and thermal properties of h-BN based composite containing amorphous silica and Yb-riched silicate glass phases were systematically investigated in this work. Owing to anisotropic microstructure of h-BN matrix, the obtained composite demonstrates anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties. The composite possesses higher elastic modulus at 1673?K than that at room temperature and presents excellent high-temperature stiffness. Flexural strengths in parallel and perpendicular directions reach 496?±?22 and 258?±?21?MPa at?1073?K, respectively, and increases by 74 and 66% compared with the room-temperature strengths of 285?±?4?and 155?±?5?MPa. The composite containing dual glass phases shows lower coefficients of thermal expansion in the temperature range of 473–900?K, the values are ?1.4?×?10^?6 and 0.3?×?10^?6 ?K^?1 for the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively. Thermal conductivities in the perpendicular and parallel directions at 373?K are 24.8 and 14.8?W?m^?1?K^?1, respectively, and then decrease to 14.9 and 9.3?W?m^?1?K^?1 at 1473?K.     

混合制冷剂R134a/R1234yf(R513A)与R134a热力学性能对比及实验

R513A是由R134a/R1234yf（质量分数比为56∶44）组成的新型环保制冷剂，其全球变暖潜能（GWP）值低，不可燃。选择混合制冷剂R513A作为研究对象，在原R134a家用电冰箱中进行制冷剂的替代实验研究。实验依据标准BS EN ISO 15502—2005中规定的工况进行，主要从降温时间、耗电量和冷冻能力三方面对R513A在电冰箱中的性能进行评估并与R134a进行对比。实验结果表明：最佳充注量下，R513A降温时间相比R134a降低21%；24h耗电量实验中相比R134a，R513A系统耗电量降低了3.5%，系统稳定运行时R513A的启停率小于R134a；冷冻能力实验中，同一工况下M包达到相同设定温度，R513A比R134a用时少约42.3min。此外在系统稳定运行时，R513A的系统排气温度低于R134a，其他参数和R134a很接近。通过对比实验可知，在未对原冰箱系统进行任何改动的情况下，R513A可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂直接充注到系统中使用。     

R513A的饱和液相黏度特性研究

工质黏度对于制冷系统的设计优化至关重要。R513A因其良好的环保特性和热力循环性能,在冷水/热泵机组中有望成为R134a的主要替代制冷剂。为了进一步探究R513A的液相黏度特性,基于毛细管法设计搭建了制冷剂液相黏度测试系统,采用R134a作为标准液体对毛细管黏度计进行标定。在温度范围253.15~333.15 K内,开展了R513A的液相黏度实验研究,结果表明R513A的液相黏度略低于R134a。采用R-K多项式方程、硬球模型结合混合规则与实验数据进行关联,R-K方程计算值与实验值的平均绝对偏差（AAD）和最大绝对偏差（MAD）分别为0.71%、1.65%,硬球模型计算值与实验值的平均绝对偏差和最大绝对偏差分别为2.02%和3.39%。上述两种模型能够较好地预测R513A的饱和液相黏度,研究结果可为R513A的替代应用研究提供参考依据。     

Study on environmentally friendly refrigerant R13I1/R152a as an alternative for R134a in automotive air conditioning system

Aiming at solving the problem of high global warming potential of R134a, a new mixed refrigerant R13I1/R152a (molar fraction ratio of 35:65) with no ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential was proposed as a substitute for R134a in automotive air conditioning. The computational models for the thermodynamic properties of R13I1/R152a were established by using the PR (Peng-Robinson) equation of state combined with the vdW mixing rule. Based on these models, the cycle performance of this working fluid was calculated, which was also compared with that of R134a and R1234yf under the different operating conditions. The results show that R13I1/R152a is a near azeotropic refrigerant whose temperature glide is approximately 0, and the saturated vapor pressure curve of which is equivalent to that of R134a. Moreover, compared to R134a, R13I1/R152a has an average 5.7% improvement in coefficient of performance as well as similar volumetric cooling capacity. The average coefficient of performance and volumetric cooling capacity of R13I1/R152a are significantly higher than those of R1234yf by 13.8% and 12.0%, respectively. However, the average discharge temperature of R13I1/R152a is approximately 13.3 K higher than that of R134a, but it is also within reasonable limits. Hence, the application of the proposed refrigerant R13I1/R152a in automotive air conditioning system is technically feasible.     

液相己二酸二乙酯热导率

己二酸二乙酯是有机合成重要的溶剂和中间体,也在日用化学工业和食品工业,如香料、增塑剂等方面应用广泛。近年来,含氧燃料如己二酸二乙酯可以改善油品性能和降低柴油机排放,被认为是良好的柴油添加剂和替代燃料。然而到目前为止,对己二酸二乙酯的热物性研究相对不足。利用钽丝作为热线的瞬态双热线系统对温度区间为283～383K、压力区间为0.1～30MPa的液相己二酸二乙酯热导率进行了实验研究,并将实验数据拟合为温度和压力的关联式。实验数据与热导率关联式计算结果的标准偏差和最大偏差分别为0.14%和0.43%,热导率的标准合成不确定度为±1.0%。     

强非共沸工质R134a/R23/R14汽液相平衡和压焓图的构建及应用

基于PR状态方程,分模块模拟计算了三级自动复叠制冷系统中R134a/R23/R14三元混合工质的热物理特性参数,得到非共沸混合工质的汽液平衡数据、两相组分,并利用干度计算焓熵值,构建了典型配比下混合工质的压焓图和汽液相平衡图。二元R134a/R23和R32/R134a混合工质的泡点压力和气相组分的计算值与实验测试值的误差分别小于1.3%、1.2%和1.0%、2.4%;三元R32/R125/R134a混合工质95%的计算值与实验值的偏差在±5%之内,表明该模型能满足工程计算需要。利用理论模型,结合实验系统,对R134a/R23/R14三级自动复叠制冷系统进行详细的组分等热物性分析,并在空间压焓图上进行了详细表述。     

Precise measurement of the PVT of polypropylene and polycarbonate up to 330°C and 200 MPa

An apparatus for measuring the pressure—volume—temperature (PVT) properties of polymers using a metal bellows has been developed at temperatures from 313 to 623 K and pressures up to 200 MPa. A calibration of the device was performed by measuring PVT of mercury and water. The experimental uncertainty of specific volumes was estimated to be within ±0.2%, while that of temperatures was within ±0.1 K below 300°C and ±0.3 K above 300°C. The estimated uncertainty of pressures was ±0.1 MPa below 100 MPa and ±0.25 MPa above 100 MPa. The PVT properties of polypropylene and polycarbonate were measured by the apparatus in the temperature ranges from 40 to 300°C and from 40 to 330°C, respectively, and pressures from 10 to 200 MPa. The effects of a sample cup and sample forms were investigated. The use of the sample cup showed a little effect on the measurments of PVT properties for both samples. The shape (pellet and pillar) of the samples caused a small difference in the specific volumes only under high temperatures and low pressures. The PVT properties in a melt state were correlated by the Simha-Somcynsky equation of state, showing a good agreement with measurements. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 141–150, 1997     

Comparison of Two‐Phase Thermal Conductivity Models with Experiments on Dilute Ceramic Composites

Thermal shock resistance of cubic 8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) can be increased by the addition of dilute second phases. This study addresses how these dilute second phases affect the thermal conductivity for two‐phase ceramic composites of 8 mol% YSZ with 10–20 vol% alumina (Al₂O₃) or 10–20 vol% mullite (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂). Thermal conductivity measurements from 310 K (37°C) to 475 K (202°C) were made using the 3ω method and compared with results from 3D analytical models and a 2D computational microstructure‐based model (Object‐Oriented Finite Element Analysis, OOF2). The linear Rule of Mixtures was the least accurate and significantly overestimated the measured thermal conductivity at low temperatures, with errors in some cases exceeding 100%. Calculations using the Bruggeman and OOF2 models were both much better, and the deviation of less than ±2.5% across all compositions and temperatures is within the range of experimental and modeling uncertainty. The Maxwell Garnett equation was a close third in accuracy (±8%). A sensitivity analysis for each model quantifies how small perturbations in the thermal conductivity of the dispersed second phase influence the effective thermal conductivity of the composite, and reveals that the linear Rule of Mixtures model is physically unrealistic and oversensitive to the thermal conductivity of the dispersed phase.     

R410A-油混合物在7 mm直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性

实验研究了环保制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性。实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,外径为7.0 mm。实验工况的蒸发温度为5℃,质流密度为200～400 kg·m-2·s-1,热流密度为7.56～15.1 kW·m-2,入口干度为0.1～0.7,平均油浓度为0～5%。实验结果表明,R410A-油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降随平均油浓度和质流密度的增大而增大。基于混合物性开发了R410A-油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的压降关联式。直强化管内的摩擦压降关联式与97%以上的实验数据的偏差均在±10%以内;C形强化管内的摩擦压降关联式与95％的实验数据的误差在±15％以内。     

混合制冷剂比定压热容的理论推算

利用状态方程,采用余函数法对混合制冷剂的比定压热容进行了推算。根据热力学普遍关系式推导了用通用性好、精度高的Peng-Robinson状态方程推算实际流体比定压热容的计算公式。以混合制冷剂HFC152a/HCFC22、HFC152a/HFC32和HFC134a/HFC152a为例,计算了其比定压热容,并与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明:液态HFC152a/HCFC22在温度区间303.15—353.15 K总平均偏差为12.90%;液态HFC152a/HFC32在温度区间313.15—353.15 K的总平均偏差为17.91%;气态HFC134a/HFC152a在温度区间298.15—423.15 K总平均偏差为2.93%。该法可以用于混合工质的比定压热容的理论推算。     

Foam-gelcasting preparation,microstructure and thermal insulation performance of porous diatomite ceramics with hierarchical pore structures

Hierarchically pore-structured porous diatomite ceramics containing 82.9∼84.5% porosity were successfully prepared for the first time via foam-gelcasting using diatomite powder as the main raw material. Sizes of mesopores derived from the raw material and macropores formed mainly from foaming were 0.02∼0.1 μm and 109.7∼130.5 μm, respectively. The effect of sintering temperature, additive content and solid loading of slurry on pore size and distribution, and mechanical and thermal properties of as-prepared porous ceramics were investigated. Compressive strength of as-prepared porous ceramics increased with sintering temperature, and the one containing 82.9% porosity showed the highest compressive strength of 2.1 ± 0.14 MPa. In addition, the one containing 84.5% porosity and having compressive strength of 1.1 ± 0.07 MPa showed the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.097 ± 0.001 W/(m·K) at a test temperature of 200 ̊C, suggesting that as-prepared porous ceramics could be potentially used as good thermal insulation materials.     

热分析评价EPS30R的性能

采用热重分析法测试1#和2#EPS30R的残存量分别为1.13%和0.59%,这些残留物是生产过程中使用的金属催化剂和填充物的残留。差示扫描量热法和动态热机械分析法测试结果显示,1#和2#样品的熔融半峰宽分别为11.4℃和16.7℃,1#样品非晶乙丙橡胶相具有更低的玻璃化转变温度和较窄的转变峰宽,由此推测,1#样品有相对低的分子量,分子量分布较窄,GPC结果显示,1#和2#样品的MN分别为9.95万和10.42万,多分散指数(D)分别为3.69和3.89;1#和2#样的结晶度分别为42.6%和40.8%,在常温区1#样品的储能模量比2#样品高,1#和2#的弯曲弹性模量分别为1 037 MPa和972 MPa,热分析表征与力学性能测试结果一致。     

填充泡沫铜圆管内R32单相流动换热

在泡沫金属纤维两端布置电极,采用电加热方法,实验测量了填充泡沫金属的管内R32流体和泡沫金属纤维的温度分布,得到了泡沫纤维与流体之间的对流传热系数。实验条件为：实验段管径5 mm,泡沫铜孔隙率0.95,孔隙密度15、45 PPI,流体温度280~325 K,热通量1~18 kW·m^-2,质量流速20~200 kg·m^-2·s^-1。实验及模拟结果表明：泡沫纤维与单相R32的对流传热系数随Re、泡沫铜的孔隙密度的增大而增大。基于流体外掠光滑圆管换热实验数据的Zukauskas经验关联式的预测值与泡沫金属纤维和R32流体之间的对流传热系数的实测值偏差为-35%~-67%,即该关联式不适用于泡沫金属纤维与流体之间的对流传热系数的预测。     

Mechanical and thermal properties of silicon carbide ceramics with yttria–scandia–magnesia

Two different SiC ceramics with a new additive composition (1.87 wt% Y₂O₃–Sc₂O₃–MgO) were developed as matrix materials for fully ceramic microencapsulated fuels. The mechanical and thermal properties of the newly developed SiC ceramics with the new additive system were investigated. Powder mixtures prepared from the additives were sintered at 1850 °C under an applied pressure of 30 MPa for 2 h in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere. We observed that both samples could be sintered to ≥99.9% of the theoretical density. The SiC ceramic sintered in argon exhibited higher toughness and thermal conductivity and lower flexural strength than the sample sintered in nitrogen. The flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and thermal conductivity values of the SiC ceramics sintered in nitrogen were 1077 ± 46 MPa, 4.3 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2, 25.4 ± 1.2 GPa, and 99 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹ at room temperature, respectively.     

Effects of Ti,Y, and Hf additions on the thermal properties of ZrB2

Reactive hot pressing was utilized to synthesize and densify four ZrB₂ ceramics with impurity contents low enough to avoid obscuring the effects of dopants on thermal properties. Nominally pure ZrB₂ had a thermal conductivity of 141 ± 3 W/m K at 25 °C. Additions of 3 at% of Ti, Y, or Hf decreased the thermal conductivity by 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %, respectively. The thermal conductivity of (Zr,Hf)B₂ was similar to ZrB₂ synthesized from commercial powders containing the natural abundance of Hf as an impurity. This is the first study to demonstrate that Ti and Y additions decrease the thermal conductivity of ZrB₂ ceramics and report intrinsic values for thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of ZrB₂ containing transition metal additions. Previous studies were unable to detect these effects because the natural abundance of Hf present masked the effects of these additions.