A hybrid multiuser detector for DS-UWB systems with matched filter and error-bit recognizer

In this article, we propose a hybrid algorithm of multiuser detection (MUD) for direct sequence ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems, based on matched filters (MF) and error-bit recognizers (ER). The ER embraces three steps: bit mapping, K-means clustering, and sign judgment. In this detector, we construct a mapping function and map the output base-band bits from MFs into a one-dimensional feature space to get the amplitude information. After that, we set an initial value and classify the bits into right bits and wrong ones by K-means clustering. Finally, we make the sign judgment to prevent some right bits being picked out as wrong bits and correct the wrong bits to reduce the bit error rate (BER) of the system. Compared to a conventional detector based on MFs and minimum mean square error detector, to a large extent, our detector can improve the BER performance of a system because of high recognition probability of the wrong bits in K-means clustering. What is more, the simulation results show that the proposed hybrid MUD is not sensitive to the number of users. It can achieve a good BER performance and low computational complexity when there are 20 UWB transmitters in the channel.     

克隆选择算法在多用户信号检测中的应用

为了减少计算复杂度,改善CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)系统性能．将具有解决复杂组合优化问题能力的克隆选择算法(CLONALG)应用于码分多址系统多用户信号检测中．确定每一个用户传输的符号位．仿真结果表明,基于克隆选择算法的多用户检测器不仅具有克服多址干扰,抗“远-近效应”的能力,而且通过调整算法参数可以在检测时间和系统平均误码性能间进行均衡,与最佳多用户检测器相比明显地降低了计算复杂度．     

卷积编码DS/CDMA系统中的迭代多用户接收器

提出了一种用于卷积编码DS/CDMA系统的迭代多用户接收器。该接收器由一个软输入/软输出（SISO）的判决反馈多用户检测器和一组单用户SISO信道译码器组成，每次迭代过程中，多用户检测器和信道译码器都输出外信息作为下一次迭代的光验信息，仿真结果表明，这种接收器能使远近效应影响下弱用户的比特误码性能接受单用户限。     

Performance of multiantenna multicarrier direct-sequence code division multiple access using orthogonal variable spreading factor codes-assisted space?time spreading in time-selective fading channels

A downlink (base-to-mobile) multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC DS-CDMA) system employing multiple antennas at both the base station and each of the mobile terminals is investigated, when communicating over fast time-varying fading channels resulting in time-selective fading. In the considered multiantenna MC DS-CDMA, space-time spreading (STS) based on the family of orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes is proposed in order to achieve the time diversity because of the time-selective fading, in addition to the transmit/receive diversity. In this contribution, the closed-form expressions for the single-user bit-error rate (BER) are derived, in order to gain insight into the achievable BER performance of the multiantenna MC DS-CDMA. The BER performance of the multiantenna MC DS-CDMA system is investigated, when communicating over correlated time-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The study and performance results show that the multiantenna MC DS-CDMA using OVSF codes-assisted STS constitutes a high-efficiency downlink space-time transmission scheme. It is capable of achieving the full diversity provided by the time- selective fading and multiple transmit/receive antennas. Furthermore, the proposed multiantenna MC DS-CDMA is capable of achieving a self-balance between the time diversity achieved and the multiuser interference suppression capability, when using low-complexity correlation detection.     

适用于编码MIMO系统的软输出估计算法

提出了适用于检测与译码相级联的编码MIMO系统次最优接收机的软输出估计算法。它利用基于均值软输出估计算法的似然比输出，为译码器组提供软输入信息，使接收机运算量与发射天线的数目呈线性关系。瑞利平衰落环境的仿真结果表明，本文提出的算法与VVA相比，性能虽有一定的损失，但运算量大幅度减少；与采用最大似然检测(MIMO)的次最优接收机相比，其在运算量减少的同时还获得了一定的软输入增益。     

Single-user performance of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access using relay diversity and power allocation

In this contribution, the authors investigate the single-user-bound performance of a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system, where one source mobile terminal (MT) communicates with its base-station (BS) with the assistance of multiple relays. The authors assume that the communications channels experience both propagation pathloss and fast fading, and that the channels from the source MT to the BS and relays as well as that from the relays to the BS may experience different fast fading modelled correspondingly by Nakagami-m distributions. In the study, they assume both the single-user combining using maximal ratio combining and the multiuser combining, which are derived based on the maximum signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio criterion. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the DS-CDMA is investigated associated with considering the locations of the relays as well as the power-allocation among the source MT and relays. From the study and simulation results, it can be shown that the achievable BER performance of the DS-CDMA depends on the locations of the relays and also on the power-allocation among the source MT and relays. When the relays of a source MT are chosen from a different area, the power-allocation should also be adjusted correspondingly in order to achieve the minimum BER. Furthermore, when optimum power- allocation is assumed, the BER performance of the DS-CDMA can be significantly improved, when increasing the number of relays assisting the source MT.     

自适应多用户信号检测器的抗窄带干扰性能分析

分析了自适应多用户信号检测器在多址干扰与窄带干扰共存条件下的系统性能，理论推导软件模拟结果证实它能有效地同时消除多址干扰和窄带干扰带来的影响。     

Adaptive subchannel allocation in multiuser multicarrier systems

The problem of multiuser scheduling in multicarrier (MC) systems under practical physical-layer constraints and implementations is considered. Subchannel allocation is an important resource assignment issue in multiuser MC systems. The multiuser scheduler is decoupled into a multiuser selector and a subchannel allocator, which result in a sub-optimum multiuser scheduler with significantly reduced computational complexity. Given an active user subset and a channel set, the multiuser scheduling problem then refers to the optimal subchannel allocation to maximise the instantaneous system throughput subject to certain fairness constraints. Efficient adaptive algorithms are developed for optimal subchannel allocation. The extension of the algorithms for tracking the time-varying optimum, which occurs in non-stationary environments, is also addressed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of the throughput maximisation, the fast convergence, the excellent tracking capability in time-varying environments, the achievable throughput of the proposed multiuser scheduler as well as the long-term fairness     

Block spreading CDMA system: a simplified scheme using despreading before equalisation for broadband uplink transmission

A block-spreading code division multiple access (BS-CDMA) system is proposed for broadband uplink transmission, giving rise to a significantly improved multiuser performance without using complex multiuser detection techniques. This is because the code orthogonality is easily maintained when channel variation across the consecutive blocks, in a block-by-block high-speed transmission, is negligible. The proposed system uses frequency domain equalisation at the receiver to combat multipath interference efficiently over frequency selective fading channels. We propose despreading before equalisation, which reduces the frequency domain process to symbol-wise operation. A cell-specific scrambling code is employed to suppress other-cell interference for uplink transmission in a multicell system. Our analytical and simulation studies show that the proposed BS-CDMA system has superior multiuser performance over the conventional direct sequence CDMA and cyclic prefix CDMA systems for uplink transmission.     

Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio using unitary matrix transformation

A theoretical analysis is presented to show that in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can be reduced by performing a unitary matrix transformation on the input vector of N symbols. The authors also prove that this transformation does not degrade the bit error rate (BER) or power spectral density (PSD) performance. Based on this, the inverse discrete Fourier transform matrix is proposed as the unitary matrix to reduce the PAPR. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can obtain significant PAPR reduction while maintaining good performance in the BER and the PSD. To further evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, the authors compare it with some well known PAPR reduction techniques by simulations. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme can offer better system performance and achieve a better compromise with regard to the PAPR reduction, BER, spectral efficiency and computational complexity.     

Multidimensional signal processing and detection for storage systems with data-dependent transition noise

In the last decade, significant research on detection algorithms capable of mitigating the effects of colored Gaussian thermal noise and transition noise in storage systems, has been performed. In this paper, we present a new detection scheme based on a multidimensional detector front end and multidimensional linear prediction, applied to maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) sequence detection. This method improves the bit-error-rate (BER) performance with respect to previous approaches and makes the detector quite insensitive to transition noise. We show that the gain in terms of BER versus signal-to-noise ratio with our detector increases with the user density. The results obtained for a magnetic storage channel are extendable to optical storage systems as well.     

非正交多脉冲调制信号的非相干MMSE多用户检测

本文介绍了在同步高斯信道中对NMM(非正交多脉冲调制)信号的非相干MMSE多用户接收机。我们首先建立伪线性调制系统，然后用检测线性调制信号的方法来检测NMM信号。文中介绍了GLRT(Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test)判决器，并对MMSE接收机的性能进行了分析，其分析方法与分析针对NMM信号的解相关接收机性能是类似的。     

Average BER performance of FSO SIM-QAM systems in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors

This paper presents the exact average bit error rate (BER) analysis of the free-space optical system employing subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) with Gray-coded quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The intensity fluctuations of the received optical signal are caused by the path loss, atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors. The exact closed-form analytical expressions for the average BER are derived assuming the SIM-QAM with arbitrary constellation size in the presence of the Gamma–Gamma scintillation. The simple approximate average BER expressions are also provided, considering only the dominant term in the finite summations of obtained expressions. Derived expressions are reduced to the special case when optical signal transmission is affected only by the atmospheric turbulence. Numerical results are presented in order to illustrate usefulness of the derived expressions and also to give insights into the effects of different modulation, channel and receiver parameters on the average BER performance. The results show that the misalignment between the transmitter laser and receiver detector has the strong effect on the average BER value, especially in the range of the high values of the average electrical signal-to-noise ratio.     

An ant colony optimisation algorithm for scheduling in agile manufacturing

Producing customised products in a short time at low cost is one of the goals of agile manufacturing. To achieve this goal an assembly-driven differentiation strategy has been proposed in the agile manufacturing literature. In this paper, we address a manufacturing system that applies the assembly-driven differentiation strategy. The system consists of machining and assembly stages, where there is a single machine at the machining stage and multiple identical assembly stations at the assembly stage. An ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm is developed for solving the scheduling problem of determining the sequence of parts to be produced in the system so as to minimise the maximum completion time (or makespan). The ACO algorithm uses a new dispatching rule as the heuristic desirability and variable neighbourhood search as the local search to make it more efficient and effective. To evaluate the performance of heuristic algorithms, a branch-and-bound procedure is proposed for deriving the optimal solution to the problem. Computational results show that the proposed ACO algorithm is superior to the existing algorithm, not only improving the performance but also decreasing the computation time.     

Dual FDTS/DF: a unified approach to dual-detection and modificationfor MTR codes

Dual-detector decision-feedback schemes have recently gained considerable interest in magnetic recording. Schemes such as dual decision feedback equalization (DDFE), M2DFE, and dual FDTS/DF are dual-detector versions of DFE, multilevel DFE (MDFE), and fixed delay tree search with decision feedback fixed-delay tree search with decision feedback (FDTS/DF) detectors, respectively. At high recording densities, the dual-detector versions significantly improve bit-error-rate (BER) performance and reduce error propagation. In this paper, we first give a unified approach to the bit-error-rate analysis of dual-detector decision feedback schemes in an attempt to highlight their relationship, and then we show that the performance of dual FDTS/DF reduces to that of DDFE for τ=0 and reduces to that of M2DFE for τ=1 with d=1 code constraint. Further, we extend the dual FDTS/DF detection scheme to maximum transition run-length (MTR) coded channels. On the basis of both BER and error event analysis, we propose a modified dual FDTS/DF detection scheme for MTR-coded channels that improves BER performance. The new scheme modifies certain bits in the detection profess for preventing the dominant error event. Simulation results on 6/7 MTR-coded Lorentzian channel show that the modified detector gives around 1 dB SNR improvement over the advanced (trellis-coded extended partial response) TC-E²PR detector     

A hybrid evolutionary algorithm for distribution feeder reconfiguration

Distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem which minimizes real power losses, deviation of the node voltages and the number of switching operations and also balances the loads on the feeders. In the proposed method, the distance (λ ₂ norm) between the vector-valued objective function and the worst-case vector-valued objective function in the feasible set is maximized. In the algorithm, the status of tie and sectionalizing switches are considered as the control variables. The proposed DFR problem is a non-differentiable optimization problem. Therefore, a new hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on combination of fuzzy adaptive particle swarm optimization (FAPSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO), called HFAPSO, is proposed to solve it. The performance of HFAPSO is evaluated and compared with other methods such as genetic algorithm (GA), ACO, the original PSO, Hybrid PSO and ACO (HPSO) considering different distribution test systems.     

Modified sum-product algorithms for decoding low-density parity-check codes

The authors deal with the sum-product algorithm (SPA) based on the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) rule when it is applied for decoding low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Motivated by the finding that, because of the large number of multiplications required by the algorithm, an overflow in the decoder may occur, two novel modifications of the tanh function (and its inverse) are proposed. By means of computer simulations, both methods are evaluated using random-based LDPC codes with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It is shown that the proposed modifications improve the bit error rate (BER) performance up to 1 dB with respect to the conventional SPA. These results have also shown that the error floor is removed at BER lower than 10^-6. Furthermore, two novel approximations are presented to reduce the computational complexity of the tanh function (and its inverse), based on either a piecewise linear function or a quantisation table. It is shown that the proposed approximations can slightly improve the BER performance (up to 0.13 dB) in the former case, whereas small BER performance degradation is observed (<0.25 dB) in the latter case. In both cases, however, the decoding complexity is reduced significantly     

Expanded decorrelating detector with reduced noise enhancement for multipath frequency-selective fading channels

A novel hybrid multiuser detection scheme that jointly uses linear and nonlinear interference suppression techniques is developed for high-speed direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communications in multipath frequency-selective fading channels. The detector detects signals in a symbol-by-symbol style. Conventional decorrelating detectors suffer from the noise enhancement problem, which becomes more serious for dispersive multipath channels. The proposed detector uses interference cancellation technology to reduce the rank of the expanded signal subspace and hence it preserves the advantages of the expanded decorrelating detector in terms of complete multiple access interference and intersymbol interference suppression and meanwhile avoids its disadvantage in terms of noise enhancement. Computer simulation shows clear superiority of the new detector to other existing methods.     

交叉变异的连续蚁群优化算法

研究了应用于连续空间优化问题的蚁群算法,给出了信息素的留存方式以及搜索策略.另外,针对蚁群算法易陷入局部最优的缺点,在最优蚂蚁周围进行了精细搜索,并加入了自适应的交叉变异算子,从而改进了蚁群算法的全局优化性能.数值仿真结果表明,该算法是一种有效的优化算法.     

CDMA移动通信系统中基于子空间的信号检测

讨论了线性空间中的子空间投影理论及其在CDMA（码分多址）移动通信系统中的应用,提出了已知各用户特征序列条件下基于子空间斜投影的多用户检测技术以及仅知目标用户特征序列条件下基于伪特征分解和子空间正交投影的盲检测技术,并通过计算机仿真进行了比较研究。