POC net,a subclass of Petri nets,and its application to timed Petri nets

Liveness is one of the most important properties of the Petri net analysis. This property is concerned with a capability for firing of transitions. On the other hand, place-liveness is another notion related to liveness, which is concerned with a capability for having tokens in places. Concerning these liveness and place-liveness problems, this paper suggests a new subclass of Petri net, ‘POC nets’, as a superclass of AC nets and DC nets. For this subclass, the equivalence between liveness and place-liveness is shown and a sufficient condition for liveness for this POC net is derived. Then the results are extended to liveness problem of timed Petri nets which have transitions with finite firing durations and the earliest firing rule. Although liveness of a (non-timed) Petri net is neither necessary nor sufficient condition for liveness of a timed Petri net, it is shown that liveness is preserved if the net has POC structure. Furthermore, it is pointed out that if a POC net satisfies some additional condition, Petri net liveness is equivalent to timed Petri net liveness. Finally, it is shown that liveness of timed POC nets with TC structure and the earliest firing rule is decidable with deterministic polynomial time complexity.     

Deadlock-Freeness Analysis of Continuous Mono-T-Semiflow Petri Nets

Most verification techniques for highly populated discrete systems suffer from the state explosion problem. The “fluidification” of discrete systems is a classical relaxation technique that aims to avoid the state explosion problem. Continuous Petri nets are the result of fluidifying traditional discrete Petri nets. In continuous Petri nets the firing of a transition is not constrained to the naturals but to the non-negative reals. Unfortunately, some important properties, as liveness, may not be preserved when the discrete net model is fluidified. Therefore, a thorough study of the properties of continuous Petri nets is required. This paper focuses on the study of deadlock-freeness in the framework of mono-T-semiflow continuous Petri nets, i.e., conservative nets with a single repetitive sequence (T-semiflow). The study is developed both on untimed and timed systems. Topological necessary conditions are extracted for this property. Moreover, a bridge relating deadlock-freeness conditions for untimed and timed systems is established.     

Scheduling and control of real-time systems based on a token player approach

Petri nets are a powerful formalism for the specification and verification of concurrent systems, such as sequential systems and manufacturing systems. To deal with real-time systems whose time issues become essential, different extensions of Petri nets with time have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, a new scheduling and control technique for real-time systems modeled by ordinary P-time Petri nets is proposed. Its goal is to provide a scheduling for a particular firing sequence, without any violation of timing constraints ensuring that no deadline is missed. It is based on the firing instant notion and it consists in determining an inequality system generated for a possible evolution (in terms of a feasible firing sequence for the untimed underlying Petri net) of the model. This system can be used to check reachability problems as well as evaluating the performances of the model considered and determining the associated control for a definite functioning mode and it introduces partial order on the execution of particular events.     

时间Petri网的随机模拟

模拟是Peri网进行系统分析的常用方法之一。由于时间Petri网采用时间区间来描述变迁实施的时间范围,因此变迁的实施时间点在区间内是不确定的。提出了时间Petri网的随机模拟方法。该方法在变迁开始使能时,根据某种随机分布确定实施区间内的实施时间点;然后基于模拟仿真的实验数据,运用统计分析方法及算法,构造时间Petri网状态类树,计算变迁实施区间及实施概率,为时间Petri网的系统模拟提供了一种新的探索途径。     

Some decision problems related to the reachability problem for Petri nets

In this paper, we show that (1) the question to decide whether a given Petri net is consistent, M_o-reversible or live is reduced to the reachability problem in a unified manner, (2) the reachability problem for Petri nets is equivalent to the equality problem and the inclusion problem for the sets of all firing sequences of two Petri nets, (3) the equality problem for the sets of firing sequences of two Petri nets with only two unbounded places under homomorphism is undecidable, (4) the coverability and reachability problems are undecidable for generalized Petri nets in which a distinguished transition has priority over the other transitions, and (5) the reachability problem is undecidable for generalized Petri nets in which some transitions can reset a certain place to zero marking.     

T-组合Petri网的活性和公平性分析

同步合成是研究复杂Ｐｅｔｒｉ网系统性质的有效途径．文中通过引入可引发变迁序偶的概念,研究了Ｔ－组合（同步合成）Ｐｅｔｒｉ网对子网的活性和公平性继承关系,给出了一组Ｔ－组合Ｐｅｔｒｉ网活或公平的充要条件和充分条件．这些结果对网组合同步设计具有重要的指导意义     

点发序列问题的控制策略

在离散事件系统的Petri网模型下,讨论是否存在控制策略使得仅有希望的序列使 能,而又保持事件的并发性的问题.证明了存在这种策略的必要充分条件是给定的目标序 列集是可控的.在目标序列集不可控而所考虑的序列集都是Petri网点发序列集时,提出了 综合给定序列集的极大可控子序列集生成器的方法.     

正规Petri网及其逆向最优调度

常规Ｐｅｔｒｉ网的变迁发生规则是正向的，即根据输入库所的标识确定授权变迁集，再从中选择发生变迁集并修改输出库所的标识，这一方面造成了冲突，另一方面使得对于一个预期的目标标识，不能按照系统成本最低或利润最大的原则来确定变迁的发生。为此本文提出了正规Ｐｅｔｒｉ网的概念并研究了它的两种级联方式－并联正规网和串联正规网，以及逆正规网这一重要概念，对于上述的最优问题，我们提出了逆向的授权规则，即根据目标输出     

Estimation of the firing frequencies in discrete and continuous Petri nets models

Production frequencies provide useful information for performance analysis, monitoring and control applications of manufacturing systems. However, such frequencies are not always measurable. In this case, they must be estimated from the observation of other variables. This paper deals with production frequencies estimation for systems modelled by discrete or continuous Petri nets. For this purpose, the content of the buffers is measured on-line with a sampling period, and the evolution equations of the model are reversed. In the case of timed Petri nets, the production frequencies estimation is obtained from the approximation of the firing sequences and in the case of continuous Petri nets it results directly from the variations of the marking vector. The exact and approximated solutions of the estimation problem are described. Accuracy of the estimation is related to measurement error, Petri net structure and sampling period. Moreover, when the estimation provides several solutions, the Petri net model is extended such that a unique solution is obtained.     

Net structure and control logic synthesis of controlled Petri nets

Control logic synthesis of discrete-event systems is considered in the setting of controlled Petri nets. The problem is to find a control policy that restricts the behavior of a controlled Petri net so that a collection of forbidden state conditions is satisfied. S-decreases are introduced as a tool for the control synthesis. The S-decreases are weight vectors defined on the places of a net such that the weighted sum of tokens in the net never increases with any transition firing. On the basis of S-decreases, the authors propose an efficient method for the synthesis of the maximally permissive state feedback control polity for a class of controlled Petri nets whose uncontrolled subnets are forward and backward conflict-free nets. This method upgrades all integer linear programming-based methods for which one only requires to solve the much simpler linear programming problems to determine maximally permissive controls     

标注Petri网中的最小初始标识估计

为获得制造系统初始化时的最小资源以实现最优资源分配,利用标注Petri网对系统进行建模,并研究标注Petri网的最小初始标识估计问题。给定一个标注Petri网,在不可观测变迁组成无环子网的情况下,基于动态规划提出一种新的最小初始标识估计算法。在观察到给定的标注序列后,放宽不可观测变迁发生个数的限制,并根据该算法构建节点的演化过程。当出现相同的发生数向量时,仅保留当前极小的初始标识估计,并通过节点的演化过程对极小初始标识估计的托肯总数进行对比。为验证算法的有效性,给出一个制造系统的标注Petri网模型实例,最终得到的最小初始标识为［1000］^T,且对应的变迁发生序列为t₁t₃t₄t₆,满足给定标注Petri网的结构要求。实验结果表明,与传统基于动态规划的算法相比,该算法获得的最小初始标识估计具有更小的托肯总数。     

可分解非对称选择网的活性和有界性

活性和有界性是网系统的重要行为特性.从分解以及尽可能简单分解的角度得到了非对称选择网的一个子类,可分解非对称选择网(简称DAC网),证明了DAC网系统活性的充分必要条件,同时给出了DAC网系统活性有界性的充分必要条件,也进一步讨论了判定一个Petri网系统是否是活的有界的DAC网系统的多项式算法.     

Supervisor synthesis for discrete event systems under partial observation and arbitrary forbidden state specifications

In this paper, we consider the forbidden state problem in discrete event systems modeled by partially observed and partially controlled Petri nets. Assuming that the reverse net of the uncontrollable subnet of the Petri net is structurally bounded, we compute a set of weakly forbidden markings from which forbidden markings can be reached by firing a sequence of uncontrollable/unobservable transitions. We then use reduced consistent markings to represent the set of consistent markings for Petri nets with structurally bounded unobservable subnets. We determine the control policy by checking if the firing of a certain controllable transition will lead to a subsequent reduced consistent marking that belongs to the set of weakly forbidden markings; if so, we disable the corresponding controllable transition. This approach is shown to be minimally restrictive in the sense that it only disables behavior that can potentially lead to a forbidden marking. The setting in this paper generalizes previous work by studying supervisory control for partially observed and partially controlled Petri nets with a general labeling function and a finite number of arbitrary forbidden states. In contrast, most previous work focuses on either labeling functions that assign a unique label to each observable transition or forbidden states that are represented using linear inequalities. More importantly, we demonstrate that, in general, the separation between observation and control (as considered in previous work) may not hold in our setting.     

基于Petri网语言的并发系统性质研究

给出Petri网弱活性（无死锁）与活性的两个语言刻画,讨论了同步合成Petri网的语言性质,基于Petri网语言,给出了判定Petri网活性的充分必要条件。同时研究了Petri网同步合成过程中活性保持问题,给出保持活性的充分必要条件。这些结果为讨论网的活性测试和控制提供了形式语言的方法。     

Robust design of flexible manufacturing systems using, colored Petri net and genetic algorithm

A method is presented for the robust design of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) that undergo the forecasted product plan variations. The resource allocation and the operation schedule of a FMS are modeled as a colored Petri net and an associated transition firing sequence. The robust design of the colored Petri net model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem that simultaneously minimizes the production costs under multiple production plans (batch sizes for all jobs), and the reconfiguration cost due to production plan changes. A genetic algorithm, coupled with the shortest imminent operation time (SIO) dispatching rule, is used to simultaneously find the near-optimal resource allocation and the event-driven schedule of a colored Petri net. The resulting Petri net is then compared with the Petri nets optimized for a particular production plan in order to address the effectiveness of the robustness optimization. The simulation results suggest that the proposed robustness optimization scheme should be considered when the products are moderately different in their job specifications so that optimizing for a particular production plan creates inevitably bottlenecks in product flow and/or deadlock under other production plans.     

A Sufficient Condition for Reachability in a General Petri Net

Necessary and sufficient conditions for reachability exist only for special classes of Petri nets, acyclic Petri nets being one among them. We present a net transformation procedure that converts a general Petri net into an acyclic Petri net to utilize the available sufficient condition. We show the relationship between the reachable markings of the original Petri net and the associated acyclic Petri net. Given a firing count vector, we discuss how the sufficient condition for reachability in an acyclic Petri net could be utilized for a general Petri net. We also discuss the utility of the acyclic transformed net in determining the transition firing sequences of the reachable markings with known firing count vectors.     

Timing and liveness in continuous Petri nets

Fluidification constitutes a relaxation technique for studying discrete event systems through fluidified approximated models, thus avoiding the state explosion problem. Moreover, the class of continuous models thus obtained may be interesting in itself. In Petri nets, fluidification leads to the so-called continuous Petri nets, which are technically hybrid models. Under infinite server semantics, timing a continuous Petri net model preserves the liveness property, but the converse is not necessarily true, and if the autonomous net model is not live, the timing may transform it into a live model. In this paper, we investigate the conditions on the firing rates of timed continuous models that make a given continuous system live.     

Parallel program design using high-level Petri nets

Petri nets are proposed as a general-purpose design and modelling tool for parallel programs. The advantages of Petri nets for this purpose are discussed, and a solution to the Dining Philosophers problem is developed using simple Place-Transition nets. The limitations of Place-Transition nets are described, and the Dining Philosophers problem is used to illustrate how Coloured Petri nets can overcome these limitations. A more complex example of a Coloured Petri net is then given, and it is shown how a collection of processes in the Occam programming language can be developed directly from the properties of the net. Another Petri net model of a simple process farm is given, and a solution is developed in Parallel C: this further highlights the suitability of Petri nets as a design tool for parallel programs.     

基于极小T-不变量增加的Petri网可达性分析

基于极小T-不变量增加的Petri网的可达性分析,首先对网的状态方程加以合理的约束,求得一组特征解向量;然后利用扩展极小T-不变量关系图和扩展借矩阵在这些特征解向量的基础上适当添加整数倍的极小T-不变量;最后再判断这个添加极小T-不变量后的解向量的可达性。该方法不仅能判定一类含T-不变量Petri网的可达性,而且能在可达的情况下求得一个合法的变迁发生序列,并在一定程度上简化了可达性分析的过程。