示波极谱法测定水中微量苯胺的研究与应用

苯胺在磷酸盐介质中(pH=10．4)与次氯酸钠、苯酚反应，其产物靛酚蓝在磷酸盐-氢氧化钠介质中(pH=12．74)，在-0．42V处(VS．SCE)产生灵敏的吸附波。苯胺质量浓度在0.004--2.8mg／L范围内，峰电流值(ip″)与其呈良好的线性关系，最低可检测0．002mg／L的苯胺。该方法用于环境水样中微量苯胺的测定，结果与标准方法吻合。     

化学氧化-絮凝沉降法处理矿坑废水试验研究

在小型试验基础上，采用100L／h废水处理装置以连续稳定的化学氧化-絮凝沉降法进行矿坑废水处理扩大试验，结果表明，扩大试验的处理结果和操作条件与小型试验的基本相符。在Ca(ClO)2加入量为225～450mg／L、CaO加入量为400～500mg／L、氧化时间10min、絮凝剂PAM加入量为0．5mg／L条件下，重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和黄药去除率均在95％以上，出水悬浮物质量浓度小于10mg／L，水质达到了国家一级排放标准(GB8978—1996)。     

HEDP和渗透剂T协同阻垢性能的研究

静态阻垢法研究了1-羟基乙叉-1，1-二膦酸(HEDP)的阻垢性能，考查了几个主要因素对HEDP阻垢性能的影响。结果表明HEDP的加入量为12．0mg／L．渗透剂T的浓度为0．6mg／L时阻垢率最大，为75．6％；渗透剂T的加入明显地改善了HEDP的阻垢性能．阻垢性能随Ca^2 浓度的增加而增加，在pH值为6到9时药剂的阻垢性能稳定。     

高效液相色谱法测定废水中的丙酮与丁酮

建立了一种同时测定废水中丙酮和丁酮的高效液相色谱法。该法采用二极管阵列检测器,检测波长265nm,流动相为四氢呋喃-0．1％磷酸水溶液（12：88,v／v）,流速为0．8mL／min,用外标法进行定量。测定液中丙酮和丁酮的线性范围分别为0．05-10．00mg／L和0．075-15．00mg／L,相关系数大于0．9996。该方法测定丙酮和丁酮的标准偏差均小于2．0％,检出限均为5．0μg/L。丙酮回收率为98．8％-101．9％,丁酮回收率为98．4％-102．2％。适用于废水中丙酮与丁酮的检测。     

磷酸盐浸出白钨矿的热力学分析

针对白钨矿(CaWO4）磷酸盐分解，运用热力学数据绘制了25℃、游离总磷浓度分别为0．5mol／L和0．01mol／L的Ca-W-P-H2O系的组分浓度对数图，考察了体系各组分浓度随pH和磷酸盐浓度的变化。研究结果表明：磷酸盐是处理白钨矿的有效试剂，可以使白钨矿有效分解；高游离磷浓度虽有利于白钨矿的分解，但鉴于钨的中间产品仲钨酸铵对杂质磷的严格要求，认为在较低的游离磷浓度下通过适当提高pH值就可获得较好的分解效果。     

镉-8-氨基喹啉配合物吸附波的研究与应用

在氨一氯化铵介质中(pH=10．5)，镉—8—氨基喹啉配合物于-0．86V处产生灵敏的吸附波，其二阶导数波高与镉的质量浓度在0．001—0．2mg／L范围内呈良好的线性关系，检出下限为0．0006mg／L。该方法用于环境水样微量镉的测定，其结果与其它方法吻合。     

用稀酸淋浸法从铀钼矿石中浸出铀和钼

毛洋头570矿床为原生铀矿床，其中SiO2质量分数在70％以上，铀和钼的质量分数分别为0．116％和0．475％。采用稀酸淋浸法可浸出其中的铀和钼。矿石粒径小于10mm，淋浸剂质量浓度10g／L，pH2．0左右，电位-400mV以上，氧化剂为Fe2(SO4)3，浸出134d，80％以上的铀，50％左右的钼得到浸出。     

钒（Ⅴ）一次磷酸钠-偶氮胂Ⅲ体系催化动力学光度法测定痕量钒

基于0．016mol／L的H2SO4介质中，痕量钒(Ⅴ)对次磷酸钠(NaH2PO2)还原偶氮肿Ⅲ(AsAⅢ)的褪色反应有明显的阻抑作用，建立了测定痕量钒（Ⅳ）的动力学光度法。钒（Ⅴ）质量浓度在0～4．0μ／L范围内服从比尔定律，方法检出限为0．058μg／L。在25mL溶液中，测定0．1μg钒(Ⅴ)的相对标准偏差为1．5％(n=11)。讨论了酸度、反应物浓度、温度、反应时间、干扰离子等因素的影响，研究了反应的最佳条件，并测定了一些动力学参数，催化反应的表观活化能为46．80kJ／mol。用于测定人发和茶叶样品中痕量钒(Ⅴ)，相对标准偏差为3．0％～4．2％，标准加入回收率为98．2％～101．4％。     

FeSO_4/H_2O_2处理硅钢废水试验研究

针对硅钢钝化液废水利用NaHSO3处理Cr6+、CODCr超标的难题,改用FeSO4和H2O2为处理剂,利用Fe2+的还原性和在酸性条件下Fe2+与H2O2形成Fenton试剂的催化氧化特性,对废水中的Cr6+和CODCr进行同步去除。FeSO4/H2O2处理硅钢钝化液废水适宜参数为:n(Fe2+)∶n(H2O2)=1∶2、Fe2+投加量n(Fe2+)∶n(Cr6+)=5.2∶1、pH值3~4、温度15~35℃。在此条件下,可使初始浓度为Cr6+=2 959 mg/L、CODCr=1 351mg/L的废水,处理后Cr6+、CODCr分别降为0.421 mg/L2、5.6 mg/L,去除率为99.99%和98.11%,达到了《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456—92)中的一级排放要求。     

用7-（4-乙基-1-甲基辛基）-8-羟基喹啉的煤油溶液溶剂萃取磷酸溶液中的重金属

A．Mellah，等研究了用7-（4-乙基-1-甲基辛基）-8-羟基喹啉-Kelex 100作萃取剂，用处理过的煤油作稀释剂，从5．5mol／L的磷酸溶液（30％ P2O5）中溶荆萃取锌、镉和铬。在有机相与水相的体积比为1：1、室温条件下，萃取240min，可回收58％的锌、34％的铬和15％的镉。为了改善萃取动力学，在有机相中添加改性剂。在金属回收率为60％条件下，添加n-正癸醇（体积分数10%）可将平衡时阃从240min降低到30min，提高了金属萃取速率。金属离子的萃取率随水相pH的升高而升高。根据0．1mol／L Kelex 100溶液pH0.5值的差异可以分离锌、铬和镉。提高Kelex 100的浓度，金属离子的萃取率升高。在Kelex 100浓度为0．4mol／L时，锌、铬和镉的负载能力分别为83%，80%和71％，说明该萃取剂对这几种金属离子有较高的选择性。     

Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Using a Double Sludge Switching Sequencing Batch Reactor

A new process using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and two smaller sludge hoppers is proposed for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. In the double sludge switching sequencing batch reactor, denitrifying phosphate accumulating bacteria (DPB) sludge and nitrification sludge are transferred to the SBR at different phases instead of flowing wastewater through different reactors. The process was operated with a cycle time of 10.5?h, consisting of DPB sludge filling phase (0.5?h), anaerobic phase I (2.0?h), settling and changing DPB sludge phase (0.5?h), anaerobic phase II (0.5?h), aerobic phase (4.0?h), settling and changing nitrifying sludge phase (0.5?h), and anoxic phase (3.0?h). Results of stable operation showed that the process was very efficient over a range of temperatures varied from 10?to?28°C. The average effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies were as follows: CODCr 28.0?mg/L, 92.1%; BOD5 7.0?mg/L, 95.1%; NH3–N 0.8?mg/L, 98.0%; TN 9.8?mg/L, 76.7%; and TP 0.5?mg/L, 92.3%.     

接触过滤技术在冶金化工污水处理中的应用

通过接触过滤技术在冶金化工污水处理工艺中的应用,对处理后浓密废水所含悬浮物进行深度过滤,使处理后排放废水中的总锌、总镉浓度分别降到1.50 mg/L和0.05 mg/L以下,并使处理后废水回用率由10%左右提高到60%,吨产品的废水排放量为7~8 m^3,符合国家的环保标准要求。     

Optimization of Biological Nutrient Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor System

The main objective of the present study is to develop a modified membrane bioreactor (MBR) system for the treatment of municipal wastewater for the enhanced biological removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) simultaneously with the ultimate goal of optimizing the two processes. The paper will address the implementation and optimization of the MBR process with respect to biological characteristics, operational performance, and effluent quality. The system utilizes anoxic P uptake and nitrification–denitrification in a MBR. Following optimization, the system achieved 99% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98.4% NH3–N, 77.5% TN, and 96.3% P removal producing effluent biological oxygen demand, COD, NH3–N,NO3–N,NO2–N, and P of <3, 3, 0.4, 5.8, 0.050, and 0.18?mg/L, respectively.     

SBR System for Phosphorus Removal: Linear Model Based Optimization

Using a linear model, an optimization scheme for a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for phosphorus removal was investigated. The objective was to minimize energy consumption by reducing the aeration cycle time (tair), while meeting the permit requirement (monthly average PO3?4 of 0.5 mg P∕L). Based on the model prediction and error feedback information, the proposed scheme controlled the SBR system well both in the simulation and the real application by adjusting the tair to meet the effluent PO3?4 constraint. Mismatch between the model prediction and the measured data was compensated for. In the simulation, the average aeration cycle time was calculated to be 2.8 h, while in the real system it was 3.5 h. The actual optimized system provided excellent removal of phosphorus, COD, and ammonia with efficiencies of 93% (7.4 to 0.5 mg P∕L), 90% (420 to 43 mg COD∕L), and 98% (22.1 to 0.4 mg N∕L), respectively. However, the effluent nitrate concentrations were relatively high (10 mg N∕L), due to a slower endogenous nitrate respiration rate.     

钼铼生产废水处理工程实例

钼铼生产废水具有高氨氮、含油和重金属的特点,采用"气浮-芬顿法-沉淀-脱氨-电絮凝"工艺处理钼铼生产废水,原水氨氮20~40g/L,COD 500~1 000 mg/L,出水氨氮<10 mg/L,COD<100mg/L,重金属<0.5mg/L,达到GB 8978-1996一级排放标准。本工程具有处理效果好和运行稳定的优势,具有较好的社会与环境效益。     

生物法处理冷轧高浓度含铬废水的中试研究

概述了微生物法应用于冷轧高浓度含铬废水处理的中试装置和工艺流程.选用彩涂和硅钢高浓度含铬废水作为废水来源,试验了微生物对不同含铬废水中Cr6 、T-Cr以及COD的去除效果.中试结果表明,生物法除铬工艺可适用于上述两种含铬废水的处理,二者出水中Cr6 的平均浓度分别为0.02 mg/L和0.04 mg/L,T-Cr平均浓度分别为0.71 mg/L和0.74 mg/L,满足废水排放标准(Cr6 ＜0.5 mg/L,T-Cr＜1.5 mg/L).同时,对于含较高浓度COD(＞3 g/L)的含铬废水,该工艺可去除60%以上的COD;对于含较低浓度COD(＜3 g/L)的含铬废水,COD去除率低于25%,投加絮凝剂是提高该废水COD去除率的有效途径之一.     

Contrasting the Benefits of Primary Clarification versus Prefermentation in Activated Sludge Biological Nutrient Removal Systems

The potential benefits prefermentation can provide to biological nutrient removal are measured and compared to the costs of excess oxygen consumption and sludge production incurred by an activated sludge system that utilizes prefermentation, instead of primary clarification. Prefermentation was found to produce superior performance in regards to enhanced biological phosphorus removal. A lower soluble orthophosphorus effluent value [3.2?mg/L for the prefermented activated sludge (PAS) train versus 4.6?mg/L for the control train with primary clarification (PCAS)] and a higher percent phosphorus (% P) content of the biomass (9.0% for the PAS train versus 7.8% for the PCAS train) were both found to be statistically significant (P values of 4.26×10?5 and 0.0082, respectively). In addition statistically significant improvements in denitrification rates and reduced observed yields were observed due to prefermentation. However statistically significant increases in solids inventory and in particular oxygen uptake rates offset these improvements. Waste activated sludge production was slightly higher in the PAS train but was not found to be statistically significant.     

Effect of Dynamic Loading on Biological Nutrient Removal in a Pilot-Scale Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Bioreactor

A pilot-scale liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) bioreactor was employed for biological nutrient removal from municipal wastewater at the Adelaide Pollution Control Plant, London, Ontario, Canada. Lava rock particles of 600?μm were used as a biomass carrier media. The system generated effluent characterized by <1.0?mg NH4–N/L, <6.0?mg NO3–N/L, <1.0?mg PO4–P/L, <10?mg TN/L, and <10?mg SBOD/L at an influent flow of 5?m3/d, without adding any chemicals for phosphorus removal and secondary clarification for suspended solids removal. The impact of the dynamic loading on the LSCFB effluent quality and its nutrient removal efficiencies were monitored by simulating wet weather condition at a maximum peaking factor of 3 for 4 h. The achievability of effluent characteristics of 1.1 mg NH4–N/L, 4.6 mg NO3–N/L, 37 mg COD/L, and 0.5 mg PO4–P/L after 24 h of the dynamic loading emphasize the favorable response of the LSCFB to the dynamic loadings and the sustainability of performance without loss of nutrient removal capacity.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钢丝黄铜镀层中铝磷锰铁镍砷锡锑铅

提出了一种用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)快速测定钢丝黄铜镀层中铝、磷、锰、铁、镍、砷、锡、锑和铅元素含量的分析方法。利用稀氨水和过氧化氢将黄铜层从钢丝上剥离下来,取出钢丝后在镀层液中加入盐酸酸化,选择309.271, 178.284, 257.610, 238.204, 231.604, 189.042, 189.989,206.833和182.205 nm波长的光谱线分别作为铝、磷、锰、铁、镍、砷、锡、锑和铅的分析谱线,在优化的试验条件下用ICP-AES测定试液中铝、磷、锰、铁、镍、砷、锡、锑和铅含量。其信号强度与铝、磷、锰、铁、镍、砷、锡、锑和铅的质量浓度分别在0.05~15.0、 0.05~1.0、 0.05~15.0、 0.05~15.0、 0.05~20.0、 0.05~1.0、 0.05~1.0、 0.05~1.0和0.05~15.0 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.009, 0.015, 0.001, 0.010, 0.002, 0.003, 0.009, 0.007和0.010 mg/L。方法可用于钢丝黄铜镀层中铝、磷、锰、铁、镍、砷、锡、锑和铅含量的测定,回收率在96%~107%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.46%~4.1%之间,不同方法间测定值一致。     

Cell Immobilized FOG-Trap System for Fat, Oil, and Grease Removal from Restaurant Wastewater

Cell immobilized lipase-producing bacteria on three different matrices were incorporated in a fat-, oil-, and grease (FOG) trap system for restaurant wastewater treatment. During a 16-day laboratory-scale experiment for the treatment of synthetic FOG wastewater containing soybean oil, no significant difference (two-tailed t test at 95% confidence interval) in the FOG removal between two systems was observed at FOG influent ≤ 1,000?mg/L. However, the typical trap showed lower FOG removal efficiency than the matrix-based system when the influent FOG concentration was increased to ≥ 5,000?mg/L. In addition, the matrix-based trap system was able to sustain a stable high FOG removal, with <100?mg/L effluent, even at 10,000 mg/L influent FOG. Based on FOG heights measured and mass balance calculations, 97.4 and 99.5% of the total FOG load for 16 days were removed in a typical trap and matrix-based system, respectively. About 93.6% of the removal in the matrix-based was accounted to biodegradation. The 30-day full-scale operations demonstrated a distinguishably better performance in the matrix-based system (92.7±9.06% of 1,044.8±537.27?mg FOG/L) than in the typical trap system (74.6±27.13% of 463.4±296.87?mg FOG/L) for the treatment of barbeque restaurant wastewater. Similarly, matrix-based system revealed higher chemical oxygen demand removal (85.9±11.99%) than the typical trap system (60.4±31.26%). Characterizations of the influent, emulsified, adsorbed and effluent FOG indicated that straight saturated fatty acids constituted the cause of clogging problems in the FOG-trap and piping system.