基于故障诊断性能优化的主元个数选取方法

主元分析 (PCA)作为一种有效的多元统计监测方法,在化工过程的产品质量控制与故障诊断等方面得到广泛应用.其中主元个数作为PCA监测模型的关键参数,其选取直接决定了PCA的故障诊断性能.传统的主元个数选取方法主观性较大,且一般不能考虑故障诊断的要求.通过对主元空间和残差空间中临界故障幅值的分析,提出一种基于故障检测与识别性能优化的主元个数选取方法.并且能够对故障的检测类型、幅值等重要信息进行预测和估计.通过对双效蒸发过程的仿真故障检测,证实了该主元个数选取方法的上述优点.     

一种基于改进局部熵PCA的工业过程故障检测方法

针对工业过程的多模态和非高斯特性,提出一种基于改进局部熵主元分析(ILEPCA)的故障检测方法。引入k近邻的均值对局部概率密度函数进行改进,构造改进的局部熵数据剔除多模态和非高斯特性。对改进的局部熵数据建立主元分析(PCA)模型,根据核密度估计计算控制限。对于测试数据,运用改进的局部熵算法预处理后,向PCA模型上投影,计算统计量。通过比较统计量与控制限来进行故障检测。把该方法应用到数值例子和半导体过程故障检测,仿真结果表明,与PCA、核主元分析(KPCA)和局部熵PCA (LEPCA)相比,ILEPCA算法在具有多模态和非高斯特性的工业过程故障检测中具有明显的优越性。     

基于故障敏感主元的多块PCA故障监测方法

为了解决传统主元分析(PCA)故障监测方法中主元选择不合理问题,提出一种基于故障敏感主元的多块PCA故障监测方法。该方法基于正常工况数据集进行PCA分解,得到投影方向与特征值;定义一种故障敏感程度系数作为新的主元排序准则,以选择出每个变量方向上故障监测最敏感的主元;并建立相应的子模型,计算其监测统计量,利用贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)对监测结果进行融合。通过对田纳西伊斯曼(TE)过程和高炉炼铁过程中的应用仿真,结果表明所提方法有效地选取了主元,并且提升了故障监测模型的精度。     

基于核主角的故障检测方法

基于主元分析（PCA）的统计检测方法已经被广泛应用于各种化工过程的故障检测和识别.移动主元分析（moving principal component analysis,简称MPCA）算法基于PCA,根据主元子空间的变化来判断故障是否发生.然而,基于主元分析的统计检测方法是线性方法,无法有效应用于非线性系统.因此,提出一种适合于非线性系统的故障检测方法——基于核主角(kernel principal angle,简称KPA)的故障检测方法,其基本思想与MPCA相似,主要内容包括构建特征子空间和核主角测量两部分.TE过程故障检测仿真实验证明,基于核主角的故障检测方法优于传统的多元统计检测方法（cMSPC）和MPCA.     

基于主元分析的FPSO故障检测与诊断

应用基于主元分析的故障诊断方法对浮式油轮生产储油卸油系统(FPSO)进行故障检测与诊断研究.选取FPSO油气水分离系统的18个主要过程监控变量为研究对象,通过对系统历史数据进行预处理分析,建立主元模型;利用主元模型对仿真实时数据进行故障检测,应用SPE统计法和Hotelling统计法判断系统是否发生故障;使用贡献图法实现故障分离.研究结果表明:基于主元分析的故障诊断方法可以准确地对FPSO生产过程的早期故障进行检测和诊断;且对于系统的细小扰动,动态主元分析法的故障诊断能力优于主元分析法.     

改进的PCA方法在化工过程故障诊断中的应用研究

主元分析(PCA)方法作为一种基于信号处理的数据驱动方法,已广泛应用于工业过程故障诊断中。但由于PCA本身的缺陷,对故障类型的识别方面存在不足。为此,引入人工神经网络(ANN)方法,与PCA方法相结合,增强了故障识别能力。以田纳西伊斯曼过程为例,验证了改进后的PCA方法在化工过程故障识别和诊断中应用的有效性。     

基于加权互信息主元分析算法的质量相关故障检测

质量相关的故障检测已成为近几年研究热点,它的目标是在过程监测中,对质量相关的故障检测率更高,对质量无关的故障少报警或不报警。传统主元分析算法的故障检测会对所有故障均报警,不能达到上述要求。另外,在实际工业生产中,质量变量通常难以实时获得,需要后续分析或延时得到。为此,提出一种融合贝叶斯推断与互信息的加权互信息主元分析算法。首先利用贝叶斯推断的加权方法将度量过程变量和质量变量之间相关关系的互信息进行融合,选出包含质量变量信息量最大的一组过程变量。然后对过程变量利用主元分析（principal component analysis,PCA）进行统计建模,再次根据加权互信息选出包含质量变量信息量最大的主元,建立统计量进行故障检测。最后,通过实验验证该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于加权互信息主元分析算法的质量相关故障检测

质量相关的故障检测已成为近几年研究热点,它的目标是在过程监测中,对质量相关的故障检测率更高,对质量无关的故障少报警或不报警。传统主元分析算法的故障检测会对所有故障均报警,不能达到上述要求。另外,在实际工业生产中,质量变量通常难以实时获得,需要后续分析或延时得到。为此,提出一种融合贝叶斯推断与互信息的加权互信息主元分析算法。首先利用贝叶斯推断的加权方法将度量过程变量和质量变量之间相关关系的互信息进行融合,选出包含质量变量信息量最大的一组过程变量。然后对过程变量利用主元分析(principal component analysis,PCA)进行统计建模,再次根据加权互信息选出包含质量变量信息量最大的主元,建立统计量进行故障检测。最后,通过实验验证该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于加权差分主元分析的化工过程故障检测

针对工业生产过程的多模态和非线性特性,提出了一种新的基于加权差分主元分析的故障检测算法。首先选取原始数据样本的最近邻xf以及xf的前k个近邻,分别计算出xf的前j个近邻样本的均值mj和权值wj,利用加权差分的方法对原始数据进行预处理,剔除多模态和非线性特征;然后利用主元分析法(PCA)计算出负载矩阵P以及SPE和T2检测指标的控制限,建立PCA模型;最后将待检测数据运用加权差分法预处理后投影到PCA模型上计算检测指标,通过检测指标是否超过控制限进行故障检测。将该方法应用于数值例子和半导体生产过程来验证其有效性。     

PCA和PPCA在化工分离过程监控中的应用比较

在利用主元分析(PCA)作统计监控时,没有主元与变量之间的生成模型,出现了检测指标量度不一致且只能离线故障识别等缺陷.而概率主元分析(PPCA)则在确定主元和误差的概率函数后,利用期望最大化(EM)算法建立了过程的生成模型,克服了PCA的不足.最后通过PCA和PPCA在化工分离过程监控中的应用比较,证明PPCA监控法方便、有效.     

Improved process monitoring using the CUSUM and EWMA-based multiscale PCA fault detection framework

Process monitoring techniques are of paramount importance in the chemical industry to improve both the product quality and plant safety. Small or incipient irregularities may lead to severe degradation in complex chemical processes, and the conventional process monitoring techniques cannot detect these irregularities. In this study to improve the performance of monitoring, an online multiscale fault detection approach is proposed by integrating multiscale principal component analysis (MSPCA) with cumulative sum (CUSUM) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts. The new Hotelling's T² and square prediction error (SPE) based fault detection indices are proposed to detect the incipient irregularities in the process data. The performance of the proposed fault detection methods was tested for simulated data obtained from the CSTR system and compared to that of conventional PCA and MSPCA based methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed EWMA based MSPCA fault detection method was successful in detecting the faults. Moreover, a comparative study shows that the SPE-EWMA monitoring index exhibits a better performance with lower values of missed detections ranging from 0% to 0.80% and false alarms ranging from 0% to 21.20%.     

基于主元分析法的冷水机组传感器故障检测效率分析

冷水机组是一个高度非线性的复杂系统,其自控系统传感器故障会导致冷水机组的运行偏离正常状态和能耗浪费。采用冷水机组正常运行数据,通过多元统计方法中的主元分析法建立训练矩阵,利用平方预测误差进行故障分析工作。引入不同程度故障,分析主元分析法的检测效率。结果表明,主元分析法故障检测效果明显,但对于不同传感器的不同程度故障,故障检测的误判率存在一定的差异。     

基于WPRKPCA的非线性化工过程微小故障检测

传统核主元分析法（KPCA）是一种广泛应用的非线性化工过程故障检测方法,但是其未充分利用过程数据的概率分布信息,往往难以有效检测过程中的微小故障。针对传统KPCA方法的局限性,本文提出了一种基于加权概率相关核主元分析（WPRKPCA）的非线性化工过程微小故障检测方法。与传统KPCA方法监控核成分的变化不同,该方法利用Kullback Leibler散度（KLD）度量核成分的概率分布变化,进而建立基于KLD成分的统计监控模型,以充分挖掘过程数据所包含的概率信息。进一步考虑到不同KLD成分承载故障信息的差异性,该方法设计了一种基于核密度估计的指数加权策略,根据KLD成分描述故障信息程度的差异分配相应的权值,以加强监控模型对微小故障检测的灵敏性。在一个数值例子和连续搅拌反应器（CSTR）系统上的仿真结果表明,本文所提方法具有比传统KPCA方法更好的微小故障检测性能。     

A non-Gaussian pattern matching based dynamic process monitoring approach and its application to cryogenic air separation process

Principal component analysis (PCA) based pattern matching methods have been applied to process monitoring and fault detection. However, the conventional pattern matching approaches do not specifically take into account the non-Gaussian dynamic features in chemical processes. Furthermore, those techniques are more focused on fault detection instead of fault diagnosis. In this study, a non-Gaussian pattern matching based fault detection and diagnosis method is developed and applied to monitor cryogenic air separation process. First, independent component analysis (ICA) models are built on the normal benchmark and monitored data sets along sliding windows. The IC subspaces from the benchmark and monitored data are then extracted to evaluate the non-Gaussian patterns and detect process faults through a mutual information based dissimilarity index. Further, a difference subspace between the two IC subspaces is computed to characterize the divergence of the dynamic and non-Gaussian patterns between the benchmark and monitored data. Subsequently, the mutual information between the IC difference subspace and each process variable direction is defined as a new non-Gaussian contribution index for fault identification and diagnosis. The presented approach is applied to a simulated cryogenic air separation plant and the monitoring results are compared against those of PCA based pattern matching techniques and ICA based monitoring method. The application study demonstrates that the developed non-Gaussian pattern matching approach can effectively monitor the complex air separation process with superior fault detection and diagnosis capability.     

基于非线性主元分析和符号有向图的故障诊断方法

Nonlinear principal component analysis（NLPCA）fault detection method achieves good detection results especially in a nonlinear process.Signed directed graph（SDG）model is based on deep-going information,which excels in fault interpretation.In this work,an NLPCA-SDG fault diagnosis method was proposed.SDG model was used to interpret the residual contributions produced by NLPCA.This method could overcome the shortcomings of traditional principal component analysis（PCA）method in fault detection of a nonlinear process and the shortcomings of traditional SDG method in single variable statistics in discriminating node conditions and threshold values.The application to a distillation unit of a petrochemical plant illustrated its validity in nonlinear process fault diagnosis.     

GMM and optimal principal components-based Bayesian method for multimode fault diagnosis

Principal component analysis (PCA) serves as the most fundamental technique in multivariate statistical process monitoring. However, other than determining contributions to a fault from each variable based on the pre-selected major principal components (PCs), the PCA-based fault diagnosis with an optimal selection of PCs is seldom investigated. This paper presents a novel Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and optimal principal components (OPCs)-based Bayesian method for efficient multimode fault diagnosis. First, the GMM and Bayesian inference is utilized to identify the operating mode, and then local PCA model is established in each mode. Second, given that the various principal components (PCs) may contain distinct fault signatures, the behavior of each PC in local PCA is examined and the OPCs are selected through stochastic optimization algorithm. Based on the OPCs, a Bayesian diagnosis system is then formulated to identify the fault statuses in a probability manner. Performance of GMM–OPC Bayesian diagnosis is examined through a numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman challenge process. The efficiency and feasibility are demonstrated.     

电厂过程监测与故障诊断的一种MSPC方法

讨论了大型电站具有随机时变特性过程的状态监测与故障诊断。基于多变量统计过程（MSPC）理论的主元素分析（PCA）技术,分辨故障事件的原因与结果。为适应随机时变特性的过程特点,将典型的PCA与改进的递推和快速滑动窗型PCA算法进行了比较。给出了递推快速滑动窗型算法（MWPCA）,通过与典型的PCA算法在故障诊断应用中的比较,表明了新算法对过程特性变化的自适应能力和计算效率。给出了在现代电站过程中应用FMWPCA算法将诊断与过程特性变量结合的图示方法应用实例。     

Fault detection, identification and diagnosis using CUSUM based PCA

In this paper, a cumulative sum based statistical monitoring scheme is used to monitor a particular set of the Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP) faults that could not be properly detected or diagnosed with other fault detection and diagnosis methodologies previously reported.T² and Q statistics based on the cumulative sums of all available measurements were successful in observing these three faults. For the purpose of fault isolation, contribution plots were found to be inadequate when similar variable responses are associated with different faults. Fault historical data is then used in combination with the proposed CUSUM based PCA model to unambiguously characterize the different fault signatures. The proposed CUSUM based PCA was successful in detecting, identifying and diagnosing both individual as well as simultaneous occurrences of these faults.     

基于部分信息融合的分布式故障诊断策略在分布式发电系统中的应用

将模型的故障监测框架和基于数据的学习方法相结合,提出了一种新的故障监测方法,实现了串级工业过程中的故障监测和定位。首先,对串级工业系统进行分析,得出整个系统的划分方法,并提供了构建子系统的条件。然后,采用分布式主元分析(PCA)方法在实际测量数据集中提取子系统的特征信息,用于TS模糊推理的建模。再提出基于二级贝叶斯的模糊模型实现故障的非线性识别。通过比较模型输出和每个子系统的实际测量值构造残差监测故障,实现定位。最后,通过固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)系统仿真实验,验证了所提出的故障监测模型的有效性和可行性。     

基于约翰逊转换的鲁棒化工过程监控方法

化工厂中一个小故障可能导致大事故,从而造成生命财产损失和环境破坏。为了防止小故障演变成大事故,化学工业需要有效的过程监控来及时检测故障和诊断故障原因。传统化工过程监控方法主元分析法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)假设数据服从高斯分布,实践中有时并不满足该条件。此外,其使用方差、协方差捕捉数据非线性变化时,鲁棒性较差。本工作提出一种改进的主元分析法—基于约翰逊转换的鲁棒过程监控方法。首先引入约翰逊正态转换(Johnson Transformation)使过程数据服从高斯分布;其次使用鲁棒性强的斯皮尔曼相关系数(Spearman Correlation Coefficient)矩阵代替传统主元分析法的协方差矩阵提取特征向量,构造特征空间;最后将过程数据投影到特征空间,使用T2和SPE统计量实施过程监控。将此方法应用于TE过程故障案例,并与PCA和核主元分析法(Kernel Principal Component Analysis, KPCA)对比,验证了此方法的有效性。