干酪介电特性与成熟期及成熟度相关性分析

以半硬质契达干酪为研究对象,对同一加工样品在9℃贮存成熟,分别对成熟期0、15、30、45、60、90、120、150、180 d的干酪样品进行了介电特性和成熟度指标的测定,包括干酪样品总氮(total nitrogen,TN)含量、p H 4.6可溶性氮(soluble nitrogen,SN)含量及三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)溶液中SN含量的测定。测试频率选定为500、915、1 500、2 000 MHz,对测试结果进行了统计分析,建立了干酪介电特性与成熟度指标之间的相关性。结果表明:随着成熟期的延长,干酪水分含量略有减少、水分活度明显降低、p H值先降低后升高、成熟度指数p H 4.6-SN/TN和12%TCA-SN/TN均随成熟期延长而增大;介电常数ε’在所选的测试频率下与成熟期和成熟度指数的变化均呈线性相关关系;介电损耗因数ε’’在所选测试频率范围内,随成熟期的延长和成熟度的增大呈现总体下降趋势,与成熟期和成熟度在500 MHz和915 MHz频率条件下线性相关性极显著(P0.01),而在高频1 500 MHz和2 000 MHz条件下线性相关性不显著;损耗角正切值变化不明显,表明在测试频率范围介电常数ε’和介电损耗因数ε’’的变化方向一致,同时变化幅度相近。     

马铃薯渣应力松弛模型的建立及参数分析

为改善马铃薯渣机械处理方式及效果,在不同喂入量下进行了薯渣应力松弛试验.获取了应力松弛曲线并分析了弹性模量随时间变化的规律,建立了3种广义Maxwell模型用于描述薯渣应力松弛行为,得到了应力松弛时间、平衡弹性模量、衰变弹性模量、松弛时间比率等特性参数;同时分析了3种喂入量对薯渣应力松弛特性参数的影响.结果表明:可用五...     

加热条件下海蜇伞部物性学参数的变化

为了研究海蜇伞部的流变学特性,本文采用质构仪测定海蜇伞部在不同加热条件(50、80、90、100℃)下物性学参数(弹性模量E0、粘性模量η1、应力松弛时间τ1、破断强度、硬度、弹性等)。结果表明:在不同的加热温度下海蜇伞部的物性学参数变化显著,随温度的上升呈现先增大后减少的趋势。鲜活样品的各特征参数(E0、τ1、η1、破断强度)明显小于在50℃加热处理的样品。随着温度的升高,加热样品的粘性模量η1呈增大趋势;相对于其它加热样品,80℃加热的样品弹性模量E0最大。这些变化主要是由于样品失水和在加热过程中胶原蛋白状态不同所引起的。     

加热条件下海蜇伞部物性学参数的变化

为了研究海蜇伞部的流变学特性,本文采用质构仪测定海蜇伞部在不同加热条件(50、80、90、100℃)下物性学参数(弹性模量E0、粘性模量η1、应力松弛时间τ1、破断强度、硬度、弹性等)。结果表明:在不同的加热温度下海蜇伞部的物性学参数变化显著,随温度的上升呈现先增大后减少的趋势。鲜活样品的各特征参数(E0、τ1、η1、破断强度)明显小于在50℃加热处理的样品。随着温度的升高,加热样品的粘性模量η1呈增大趋势;相对于其它加热样品,80℃加热的样品弹性模量E0最大。这些变化主要是由于样品失水和在加热过程中胶原蛋白状态不同所引起的。      

转谷氨酰胺酶对Cheddar干酪力学性质的影响

通过微流变仪分析凝乳的黏弹性及流动性,利用质构仪、流变仪和低场核磁技术跟踪发酵周期测定Cheddar干酪样品质构特性、流变性和水分分布的情况,明晰转谷氨酰胺酶对Cheddar干酪凝乳及发酵过程的影响规律。结果表明,添加TGase会降低凝乳的弹性因子,随凝乳时间延长,宏观黏度指数显著升高,流动性显著降低。TGase可以增加干酪硬度、咀嚼性和剪切力;TGase可以提高干酪弹性模量(G')),损耗模量(G'),增加了干酪的黏弹性。核磁分析表明,TGase对干酪自由水的影响显著,降低了结合水的弛豫时间。     

氯化钠添加量对Cheddar干酪品质和介电特性的影响

以不同氯化钠(NaCl)添加量(0%、1%、2%、3%)的切达干酪(Cheddar cheese)为材料,对其90 d成熟期内的理化指标和成熟变化进行质构特性分析和介电特性测试,研究NaCl添加量对切达干酪成熟发育的影响。结果表明,NaCl添加量对干酪的理化指标有显著影响。NaCl添加量增加,干酪水分含量和水分活度下降、脂肪含量增加,并具有显著的相关性。低添加量NaCl对干酪成熟度的促进作用明显高于高添加量,NaCl添加量为1%、2%对干酪蛋白水解为指标的成熟度有显著加速作用;高NaCl添加量(3%)对干酪成熟过程的蛋白质水解有显著的抑制作用;切达干酪相对介电常数与NaCl的添加量无显著的相关性,而干酪介电损耗因子随NaCl添加量的增加而上升。并且,NaCl添加量对切达干酪成熟期内的硬度、咀嚼性有显著影响。     

非热诱导猪肉盐溶蛋白凝胶力学特性研究

以超高压技术和TGase协同诱导猪肉盐溶蛋白凝胶形成,利用压缩试验和应力松弛试验,研究压力水平和TGase对其凝胶力学特性的影响。结果表明:最大力、滞后损失和永久弹性模量随压力水平的不断增大呈上升趋势,弹性度先增大后稳定;凝胶最大力、滞后损失和弹性度随TGase添加量的增加都呈现先增大后稳定的趋势,永久弹性模量则呈现直线上升趋势;可以采用Maxwell三元件模型来表达猪肉盐溶蛋白凝胶的松弛流变特性。     

反复加载下PVC建筑膜材的应力松弛行为

为进一步研究膜材的松弛性能,对PVC膜材的反复应力松弛性能进行了测试,并讨论了初始松弛应力、松弛次数、单次松弛时间对残余应力、反复应力松弛率和反复应力松弛速率的影响。分析结果表明:残余应力随松弛次数和初始松弛应力的增加而增加,随单次松弛时间的增加而降低;反复应力松弛率随初始松弛应力和单次松弛时间的增加而增加,随松弛次数增加而降低;反复应力松弛速率随单次松弛时间和松弛次数的增加而增加,随初始松弛应力的增加而减少。     

烟丝压缩过程中应力松弛模型的建立

为了揭示烟丝压缩后应力松弛规律及获得烟丝的流变学参数,以烟丝为研究对象,利用烟丝流变测试仪对烟丝进行蠕变-应力松弛试验,构建表征堆积烟丝应力松弛过程的数学模型,分析了不同条件下烟丝被压缩后的应力松弛行为,并求解了该过程中烟丝的流变学参数。结果表明：(1)堆积烟丝具有良好的压缩黏弹性力学性质,在应力松弛过程的前5 s松弛速率最快,松弛过程持续约60 s后应力衰减速率变缓,最终存在平衡应力。(2)烟丝压缩过程中堆积烟丝流变特性可用五元件广义Maxwell模型描述,相关系数R2>0.994。(3)考察样品量和压缩载荷对烟丝应力松弛行为的影响,对获得的流变特征进行分析发现,随着样品量和压缩载荷的增大,平衡应力呈增大趋势。样品量越大,应力松弛时间比率α越小,压缩载荷越大,应力松弛时间比率α越大。该规律的表达为进一步研究不同条件下烟丝应力松弛特性与宏观烟支质量间的关系提供了基本方法。     

荔枝应力松弛特性及其损伤的试验研究

为探讨荔枝的应力松弛特性及其在压缩松弛条件下的损伤规律,对其进行了不同试验条件的压缩应力松弛和损伤统计试验,确定了荔枝应力松弛模型并分析了试验因素对模型参数和荔枝损伤的影响等。结果表明:荔枝的应力松弛特性可用五元件Maxwell模型描述,模型拟合R2达到0.98;试验范围内,变形量对模型弹性模量影响不显著,而加载方向对其影响最大;试验因素均影响模型松弛时间和粘性系数;模型弹性模量与松弛时间之间无显著相关,但各自都显著相关;对损伤影响显著的因素依次为压缩变形量、加载方向、松弛时间和加载速率;变形量、松弛时间和加载速率分别每增加1 mm、10 s和10 mm/s,荔枝吸收的能量分别平均增加3.3 m J、0.26 m J和0.2 m J;荔枝的粘性系数与其吸收的能量无显著相关;随着压缩变形量增加,荔枝吸收的能量和损伤度也不断增加;荔枝损伤度与其吸收的能量近似二次曲线关系。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the