ZL205A合金大型筒体类铸件偏析缺陷控制技术研究

以ZL205A合金大型筒体类铸件偏析缺陷为研究对象,研究了偏析缺陷产生的部位和原因,采用铸造数值模拟技术及铸件实物浇注试验对比研究了浇注工艺对铸件偏析缺陷的影响,结果表明,采用低压浇注工艺可明显降低铸件偏析缺陷。此外,通过采用退让性较佳的树脂砂芯,释放了凝固末期凝固残余热应力,避免了热节区域出现高热内应力,减少了铸件的偏析缺陷。     

ZL205A铝合金线状偏析的形成机理及判据(英文)

采用实验和数值模拟方法,对ZL205A铝合金筒形壳体铸件在低压铸造时出现的线状偏析的形成机理及预测模型进行研究。利用数值模拟技术对该铸件在凝固期间的传热进行分析,通过大量实际低压铸造获得ZL205A合金铸件中产生的线状偏析信息、铸件低压铸造过程的温度场以及线状偏析形成部位凝固参数的变化规律,提出了ZL205A合金低压铸造过程线状偏析的形成机理和判据。研究表明,ZL205A合金铸件的线状偏析是由于铸件在凝固后期,浇注系统尚能进行补缩,此时铸件局部形成热裂,高浓度的溶质在补缩压力的作用下对该热裂填充而最终在该部位形成线状偏析。根据分析得出形成机理,得到消除线状偏析的工艺控制方法。采用线状偏析判据对其它铸件的线状偏析进行模拟预测,预测结果与实际浇注结果的对比表明,该判据能够较为准确地预测ZL205A合金筒形壳体铸件的线状偏析位置。     

ZL205A合金铸件中偏析的形成机理与预防措施

通过对ZL205A合金圆筒形铸件的3种铸造工艺的比较,分析了ZL205A合金铸件中线性偏析的形成条件、形成机理、预防措施。经优化浇注系统后,采用中空的砂芯等方式消除铸件热节和应力,成功消除了铸件的线性偏析。     

铸造工艺对ZL205A大型回转体铸件偏析缺陷的影响

ZL205A合金大型回转体铸件的偏析缺陷严重影响了其使用性能。采用ProCAST软件,对不同浇注工艺下的回转体铸件浇注充型过程和凝固过程温度场分布进行了模拟,并将优化工艺在回转体铸件生产中进行了验证。结果表明,低压铸造浇注系统中立筒直径为80mm,缝隙长度为35mm,缝隙宽度为25mm时为最佳,可有效降低铸件凝固时的温度梯度,实现顺序凝固,有效改善铸件的偏析缺陷。     

ZL205A铝合金大型锥体铸造工艺研究

以实际生产过程中发现的铝铜系ZL205A锥体铸件的流线缺陷为研究对象,根据锥体铸件的结构特点和使用要求,并结合ZL205A的工艺特性和流线缺陷的机理分析,提出了新的铸造工艺设计方案.结果表明:通过合理优化浇注系统和浇注工艺,控制浇注速度.提高浇注温度,以减少初期注入型腔底部合金液温度过快损失,可有效减少流线缺陷的产生,产品合格率由最初的50%提高到85%以上.     

熔模铸造ZL205A铸件偏析形成机理及解决措施

以航空发动机反推装置用预冷器引气段ZL205A合金熔模铸件为研究对象,采用OM、SEM、EDS等手段,研究了ZL205A合金铸件中点状、带状以及线状等不同形貌偏析缺陷的形成规律及机理。结果表明,点状偏析形成主要原因是由于合金中Ti、Zr等原子团簇聚集;而带状及线状偏析主要是由于凝固过程中形成的Al2Cu共晶偏析导致。通过调整合金的熔炼工艺以及铸造工艺,该铸件偏析程度大幅度减轻。     

反重力铸造对ZL205A合金充型性能及凝固组织的影响

以“⊥”型和棒状试样为例,研究了反重力条件下,铸造工艺参数对ZL205A合金铸件充型性能和凝固组织的影响。结果表明,对于平均壁厚小于3 mm的薄壁铸件,由于差压铸造充型过程比低压铸造平稳,所以铸件成形更好,但无法成形尖角结构;提高浇注温度或铸型预热温度,均能使差压铸造薄壁ZL205A合金铸件的充型性能得到改善,且提高浇注温度效果更明显。与低压铸造相比,差压铸造可显著细化ZL205A合金晶粒度,适当提高浇注温度与铸型温度,均能进一步细化晶粒,且提高浇注温度使晶粒细化效果更显著。对于有一定截面厚度的ZL205A合金铸件,差压铸造时,当截面厚度超过一定量时,充型性能受铸型温度及浇注系统设计的影响较小,提高铸型温度,铸件产生孔洞类缺陷的几率显著增加。     

ZL205A铝合金基座低压铸造工艺改进

针对ZL205A铝合金基座铸件出现的缩松、缩孔及气孔等缺陷,分析了原低压铸造工艺,检测了压铸件的品质与力学性能,分析了缺陷产生原因。通过开设排气排渣通道、提高浇注温度、降低浇注速度、增加顶部安装边、使用冷铁和石墨及铬铁矿砂对铸件进行整体激冷等工艺措施,解决了基座铸件内部的缺陷,生产出了合格的ZL205A中大型基座铸件。     

ZL205A合金壳体铸件线性偏析缺陷形成机理研究

在对ZL205A合金壳体铸件探伤时发现,部分铸件有宏观形貌与裂纹相似的线性偏析组织,取样分析发现该偏析组织微观形貌为枝晶状,通过电子探针分析确定其成分为CuAl2。本文根据ZL205A合金壳体铸件线性偏析的特征,分析了CuAl2在晶界、在铸件壁厚过渡处偏析的原因,探讨了CuAl2的偏析结晶机理以及线性偏析的解决措施。     

差压铸造ZL201A合金壳体铸件“白色裂纹”状偏析的研究

差压铸造ZL201A合金某壳体铸件探伤时,发现部分铸件上存在"白色裂纹"状偏析组织,经取样观察并采用能谱分析、X射线衍射等检测手段对其进行了成分分析,结果表明,在铸件中偏析的主要元素为Cu和Ti。由于在薄厚交替处的补缩存在困难,热应力较大,所以易产生偏析等铸造缺陷;"白色裂纹"状偏析处聚集的合金是Cu,而Ti的熔点较高,在熔炼过程中由于搅拌不均匀等工艺问题,导致了在合金内部存在Ti的显微聚集区,也是造成偏析的另一原因。应该从熔炼和浇注两方面着手,如使用质量较好的中间合金,减少回炉料的用量,加强搅拌,适当提高浇注温度并改善浇注系统的退让性等,可防止此类缺陷的生成。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.