基于销盘试验的摩擦学数值仿真软件开发实现

利用数值仿真技术,以销盘磨损试验为研究对象,采用VB编程语言开发了一套包括接触应力仿真和磨损仿真模块的数值仿真软件.应力仿真模块中,销盘接触的各向应力仿真值与ANSYS有限元分析软件的计算结果比较,两者误差很小;销盘磨损仿真结果通过销盘滑动磨损试验给予了验证.仿真结果表明,该仿真软件在实现销盘接触应力和同工况下的磨损仿真计算是可行的.     

基于有限元方法的销盘实体接触应力仿真实现

建立了销盘实体接触的计算模型,并推导出接触应力的计算公式;利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,采用面-面接触分析,对销盘接触弹性半空间的3个应力值进行了仿真计算,并与推导的理论公式的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,在x向,ANSYS仿真值与销盘实体接触计算模型计算的应力值相差很小,在z向和xz向ANSYS仿真值稍偏大,表明利用ANSYS求解摩擦学实体表面接触问题是准确可靠的。     

钴基合金的滑动磨损行为及仿真预测

以销—盘滑动模型为对象,研究钴基合金的摩擦磨损行为,预测大尺寸接触对的磨损状况。通过自主研发的磨损试验机获得钴基合金Stellite6材料的磨损量随磨程、速度和压力的变化规律;在试验与模拟相结合的基础上,建立滑动磨损过程的预测模型,实现节点移动和单元更新过程的自动递推,完成磨损各个阶段的动态仿真,并构建实现磨损过程全自动数值仿真的平台,应用于大尺寸耳轴—轴套模型的磨损预测。结果表明,基于销—盘滑动试验,采用有限元法来离散磨损过程,通过非线性计算实现的磨损仿真结果具有较高的可靠性和有效性。     

销-盘试验的热-应力-磨损耦合模拟研究

销-盘磨损试验涉及复杂的热-应力-磨损耦合现象。基于广义Archard磨损模型和商用有限元软件ABAQUS,开发模拟销-盘磨损试验过程中热-应力-磨损耦合模拟分析的顺序耦合方法。分析销-盘试验的瞬态温度场,将温度场作为热载荷分析摩擦副的应力-磨损耦合问题;分析过程中考虑温度对摩擦副材料的力学和热学性能的影响以及广义Archard磨损系数和摩擦因数对温度和接触压力的依赖性。热传导分析考虑摩擦生热、销-盘接触传热、各个表面与空气之间的强制对流换热、自然对流换热以及热辐射。将该方法用于销-盘磨损试验的模拟,得到温度场、接触压力和磨损量的演变过程,揭示温度场对接触和磨损的影响规律,仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

渐开线微齿轮磨损仿真分析

为了进一步研究微齿轮齿面磨损机理,采用经典Archard磨损公式,结合JKR(Johnson K L,Kendall K,Roberts A D)理论与GW(Greenwood and Williamson)表面粗糙模型,首次建立了微齿轮粗糙齿面仿真模型,并提出了减轻微齿轮齿面磨损的方法。进行了考虑表面吸引力、齿面粗糙度、微凸体顶点曲率半径、材料性能等单一因素和齿面粗糙度、微凸体面密度、微凸体顶点曲率半径等多个因素对齿面磨损影响的仿真。结果表明,适当增加齿面粗糙度;增大齿面微凸体顶点曲率半径;选用描述粗糙表面的参数乘积ηβσ值较大的齿轮;增大微齿轮的弹性模量等可以提高微齿轮的耐磨性能。     

切削钛合金刀具后刀面滑动接触过程的应力分析

采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立切削钛合金时硬质合金刀具后刀面与钛合金二维滑动接触模型,从细观角度出发研究接触过程的应力变化情况。把刀具和工件表面的微凸体形状简化为半圆形,研究一对微凸体在不同滑动速度和垂直干涉量下,滑动接触表面的应力分布。结果表明,滑动速度一定时,在一定范围内随着垂直干涉量的增加,微凸体接触表面的应力分布从接触表面逐渐扩展到微凸体内部,同时应力值也不断增加。通过全面试验设计法安排试验,进行仿真计算并使用MATLAB进行回归分析。结果表明,在滑动距离相对较小时,在研究的范围内滑动速度对应力值影响可以忽略不计。     

连续采煤机履带销磨损的数值预测研究

建立了连续采煤机履带行走系统的履带销磨损的数值计算框架。首先根据地面力学理论,并应用ADAMS及其二次开发技术建立了连续采煤机专用的履带系统动力学仿真模型,然后以Archard模型为基础结合ANSYS软件开发磨损计算的通用程序,最后利用磨损过程离散和协同仿真技术实现了连续采煤机履带销-销耳的动态磨损预测。提出的方法为连续采煤机行走系统摩擦学动力学耦合设计提供了完整的思路。     

往复式压缩机小头瓦磨损故障动力学仿真研究

以对置式往复式压缩机为对象,研究建立小头瓦磨损动力学仿真模型,分析小头瓦在磨损故障下的响应规律。采用非线性接触碰撞建模方法,建立小头瓦-十字头销运动副的动力学模型,通过改变小头瓦与十字头销之间间隙,仿真计算小头瓦在不同磨损状态下的接触碰撞参数,分析小头瓦与十字头销、十字头与中体之间接触碰撞力的变化特点,得出小头瓦在磨损故障下的响应规律,指导提取小头瓦在磨损故障下的敏感特征。通过实验验证了仿真研究成果的正确性,为小头瓦磨损故障提供了一种早期预警和诊断方法。     

直流磁场下销盘摩擦副接触面的磁感应强度和磁吸力分析

为了研究磁场对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,通过试验检测了销盘接触时的磁吸力,利用电磁场有限元软件分析计算了销盘摩擦副在接触区域的磁感应强度大小和分布及磁吸力的大小。试验和仿真结果表明:磁感应强度和磁吸力都随线圈电流的增大和气隙的缩小而增大,并且与材料的磁化特性有关;销盘上的磁场分布不均匀,当盘旋转进行摩擦磨损试验时,盘上各点将产生动态磁化现象;由于销和盘之间的微凸峰接触存在漏磁,故在磁场仿真时可用一个极小的间隙来表示其实际磁接触状态;在销和盘接触时,可用试验得到的最大磁吸力值根据麦克斯韦公式计算出接触面的平均磁感应强度。     

耦合基体变形与微凸体相互作用的结合面刚度模型

针对螺栓结合面,提出一种新的弹塑性接触刚度建模方法。该模型不仅延续了微凸体具有连续光滑接触特性的思想,还揭示了基体变形和微凸体相互作用的耦合关系,提出一种新的弹塑性接触刚度建模方法。首先,根据多尺度理论和数理统计方法,建立了具有连续光滑接触特性的结合面法向接触模型;然后,通过建立单个微凸体-基体系统模型和多微凸体接触模型,探究了基体变形和微凸体相互作用的作用机理和耦合关系,并对结合面接触模型进行修正;最后,对比仿真结果和已有实验数据,验证了修正模型的正确性,并分析了基体变形和微凸体相互作用的影响程度。仿真结果表明：基体变形不仅影响了微凸体的接触变形,还会进一步引起微凸体间相互作用的发生;微凸体相互作用使得微凸体高度分布发生偏移,导致结合面局部高度平面下移;相比于基体变形,微凸体相互作用对接触刚度的影响显著,但表面粗糙度的影响依旧占主导地位。     

Effects of Contact on the Abrasiveness of a Thin Boron Carbide Coating

Boron carbide (B₄C) has been studied under dry sliding conditions for use as a potential finite-life run-in coating. Such a coating has been found to polish its mating surface during dry sliding wear, thereby providing fatigue resistance to the coated part. Employing such run-in coatings requires a complete understanding of the changes that occur in the coating abrasiveness during the polishing process. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the changes in the contact conditions of such a system needs to be obtained. This study presents the role that contact plays in changes of the overall coating abrasiveness. By performing sliding wear experiments using various contact conditions, i.e. ball-on-disc, pin-on-disc and cone-on-disc, we directly investigated the effects of macro-scale contact conditions on the coating abrasiveness. It was found that the rate at which the coating abrasiveness decreased was independent of the macro-scale contact conditions. These findings were further validated by investigating the coating abrasiveness results that were obtained by performing spiral track wear experiments. Through the use of a three-dimensional thermomechanical asperity contact model, it was found that the coating abrasiveness was controlled by the actual micro-scale contact conditions. This study supports the classic Greenwood–Williamson model, which states that the number of micro-scale contacts and the total actual area of contact remains constant for a given load.     

A model of friction for a pin-on-disc configuration with imposed pin rotation

A friction model is developed by considering the Coulomb friction model, a probabilistic approach of wear prediction, the kinematics of the pin-on-disc configuration and the elastic theory of bending. The model estimates the magnitude and direction of the frictional force, the pin torque, the probability of asperity contact and the real area of contact distinguishing between the part due to elastic and plastic asperity contacts respectively. Therefore, the proposed model is suitable for the prediction of adhesive wear. It can be applied to metal contacts for conductance characterisation through the plastically deformed asperities which is of great interest for electrical contact resistance studies.     

A Wear Model of Plane Sliding Pairs Based on Fatigue Contact Analysis of Asperities

Wear modeling is essential to predict and improve wear resistance of machine parts. This article presents a fatigue wear model of plane sliding pairs under dry friction. The wear model is constructed through developing a dynamic contact model of surfaces and proposing a mean fatigue damage constant of asperities. It is simpler and more practical than existing fatigue wear models because it describes the quantitative relationship between the wear behaviors of the plane sliding pairs and the main factors including the load and sliding speed, material property, friction property, and surface topography of the pairs. Furthermore, the wear model can predict the wear of each component of the sliding pairs. Reasonability and applicability of the wear model are validated via pin-on-disc wear tests. The wear model is applicable to predict the wear of the plane sliding pairs, which is characterized by friction fatigue of contact surfaces. The wear model can also be used to guide the tribological design of sliding pairs in machinery.     

Simulating sliding wear with finite element method

Wear of components is often a critical factor influencing the product service life. Wear prediction is therefore an important part of engineering. The wear simulation approach with commercial finite element (FE) software ANSYS is presented in this paper. A modelling and simulation procedure is proposed and used with the linear wear law and the Euler integration scheme. Good care, however, must be taken to assure model validity and numerical solution convergence. A spherical pin-on-disc unlubricated steel contact was analysed both experimentally and with FEM, and the Lim and Ashby wear map was used to identify the wear mechanism. It was shown that the FEA wear simulation results of a given geometry and loading can be treated on the basis of wear coefficient−sliding distance change equivalence. The finite element software ANSYS is well suited for the solving of contact problems as well as the wear simulation. The actual scatter of the wear coefficient being within the limits of ±40–60% led to considerable deviation of wear simulation results. These results must therefore be evaluated on a relative scale to compare different design options.     

On the wear debris of polyetheretherketone: fractal dimensions in relation to wear mechanisms

It has been recognized that wear debris contains extensive information about wear and friction of materials. Investigation of wear debris is important for tribological research. In order to find out an effective way that is able to diagnose and predict the wear state of polymers, the authors investigated the relationship between the wear debris morphology and the wear behaviour of the bulk material. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was employed as the model material. Its sliding wear and friction properties were measured by means of a pin-on-disc apparatus. At a constant sliding velocity of 1 m s⁻¹, the specific wear rate was independent of load under lower loading conditions (1–4 MPa) but increased with a rise in load under higher loading conditions (4–8 MPa). The coefficient of friction was insensitive to the variation of contact pressure. The possible mechanisms involved were analysed on the basis of the wear debris morphology as well as the wear performance. Fractal geometry, which describes non-Euclidean objects, was applied to the quantitative analysis of the boundary texture of the wear debris due to the fact that the qualitative assessment of the wear debris morphology was not effective enough to reflect the geometrical variation of the fragmental shapes. The experimental results demonstrated that the wear debris were fractals, and could be characterized with the fractal dimensions which were determined by the slit island method. In addition, it was found that the fractal dimension of the wear debris was closely related to the wear behaviour of PEEK, and can be regarded as a measure of wear rate.     

轴瓦轮廓修形对发动机连杆轴承磨损性能的影响

为了消除发动机连杆轴承在做功行程中两端出现的偏磨损,减少轴承的摩擦功耗,建立了某发动机曲轴系柔性多体动力学分析模型并进行了动力学仿真计算。根据连杆轴瓦内孔变形量仿真结果对轴瓦表面轮廓进行了修形设计。计算结果表明：对轴瓦轮廓修形后,轴承的润滑性能变化较小,最大油膜压力及最小油膜厚度随曲轴转角的变化趋势及数值大小均与原圆柱轮廓基本接近,消除了做功行程中的轴瓦偏磨问题,轴承的粗糙接触摩擦功耗无论是最大值还是平均值均降低,轴瓦表面粗糙接触压力沿轴瓦宽度方向分布均匀。     

Friction reduction by water-soluble ammonium thiometallates

Lubricant bases for metalworking applications make extensive use of water-soluble additives to reduce friction and wear. In order to do such task, these additives must form a lubricating film that separates the contact surfaces thus imparting good surface finishes to the worked parts. This paper presents a study on the tribological performance of aqueous solutions of ammonium thiomolybdate and ammonium thiotungstate. Tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer for a steel–aluminum contact while keeping load, entrainment speed, sliding distance, temperature, and concentration of the additive constant to study the lubrication effect of these two salts. Chemical analysis of the wear track indicates the presence of an in-contact-formed solid film enriched with MoS₂ and WS that reduces friction markedly.     

Modeling of fretting wear evolution in rough circular contacts in partial slip

This paper presents a numerical model that maps the evolution of contact pressure and surface profile of Hertzian rough contacting bodies in fretting wear under partial slip conditions. The model was used to determine the sliding distance of the contacting surface asperities for one cycle of tangential load. The contact pressure and sliding distance were used with Archard's wear law to determine local wear at each surface asperity. Subsequently, the contact surface profile was updated due to wear. The approach developed in this study allows for implementation of simulated and/or measured real rough surfaces and study the effects of various statistical surface properties on fretting wear. The results from this investigation indicate that an elastic–perfectly plastic material model is superior to a completely elastic material model. Surface roughness of even small magnitudes is a major factor in wear calculations and cannot be neglected.