液化地基上隔震结构群桩与土动力相互作用振动台模型试验研究

开展了液化场地–桩–隔震层–上部结构动力相互作用体系的大型振动台模型试验,再现饱和砂土地基液化诱发的地基震陷震害,详细阐述了隔震结构群桩基础与地基的地震响应特征和饱和土体孔压发展规律。试验结果表明：隔震结构群桩基础的角桩桩身应变幅值明显高于中间桩,中间桩顶部应变幅值又明显高于角桩;隔震结构地基液化后上部结构摇摆和基础转动反应急剧增加,进而导致群桩基础桩顶弯矩急剧增加,使得桩身最大弯矩幅值由地基液化前的桩身中上部转移到地基液化后的桩顶位移,同时隔震结构下部桩顶弯矩幅值比桩身弯矩幅值也要大得多,充分说明在土–桩–隔震层–上部结构的动力相互作用下桩顶更易造成严重的地震破坏。     

液化场地群桩基础地震反应离心机试验及损伤数值模型研究

地基液化导致桩基础破坏是地震中建筑物和公共基础设施震害的主要原因。开展离心机振动台试验探究液化场地中直、斜群桩基础地震反应，并建立动静耦合边界非线性砂土液化大变形桩基塑性损伤有限元数值模型，进行地震作用下群桩基础的塑性反应分析。研究结果表明：地震作用下，地基土液化最先出现在群桩基础周围的地基土表面处，随着地震动峰值加速度的增大，液化范围逐渐向地基深处和桩基础两侧发展；群桩基础的动弯矩在桩底、地基土表面、承台嵌固位置较大；直群桩基础桩身变形较大位置出现在桩底部和地基土表面位置处，斜群桩变形较大位置则出现在桩身中间处；地基土超孔压比在地基浅层最大，并随输入地震动峰值增大而增大；地基土受地震动影响产生液化的同时，会在桩周20倍桩径范围内产生地基隆起，远桩区域产生地基震陷；地震作用下，直、斜群桩受压损伤较小，受拉损伤严重，0.3 g强震工况直、斜群桩桩底受拉破坏。     

液化砂土地基侧向流动对群桩作用的数值分析

强震中,液化土体在重力作用下往往发生水平流动,对群桩基础造成严重破坏。因此,液化土体流动对桩的致灾机理以及可液化土与群桩基础的动力相互作用一直是岩土地震工程领域的重要研究之一。采用三维动力FE-FD耦合法及弹塑性饱和土本构模型,对群桩—可液化土体系的振动台实验进行非线性数值模拟,通过土体振动液化后在不同侧向流速下对群桩产生致灾作用的分析,讨论并得到液化土侧向流动中孔隙水压力、流动变形、土体流速对群桩基础前后桩的内力分布和侧向位移的影响规律。     

结构-群桩基础地震响应离心振动台模型试验

为研究桥梁群桩基础的大质量承台和外露桩基对桩-土动力相互作用效应的影响,分别对低承台（与土接触）和高承台群桩基础进行了离心振动台模型试验。试验中地基土采用了黏质粉土,上部结构简化为质点和杆构件,基础形式包括单桩和群桩。为模拟地震剪切波作用下土层运动效应,采用叠环式层状剪切箱实现土体的层状自由剪切,箱内壁设置橡胶膜以消除边界反射效应。在加速度为5.0g的离心环境中,选取Chi-Chi地震波作为基底激励输入,在不同输入峰值加速度下,分析了结构-群桩基础的地震响应。试验结果表明：与低承台群桩基础相比,高承台形成的群桩外露会增加上部结构和承台的惯性效应,改变桩身峰值弯矩的分布,表现为承台与桩接触处的桩身峰值弯矩下降,但桩身最大峰值弯矩改变较小。     

地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理

通过非液化和液化土层中桩基础宏观震害现象以及等幅波与真实地震波振动台模型实验中桩和土层的加速度、位移、桩土相互作用力、桩动力p-y曲线、桩身弯矩与孔压发展过程对比,研究地震引起的地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理.结果表明:非液化土层中上部结构惯性力控制着桩的反应性态,桩头加速度和桩身弯矩与土层加速度时程基本保持一致;液化过程中桩土相互作用力呈现明显增大现象,土体侧向刚度虽然衰减,但同时土层相对位移和桩土相对位移增大的影响更为强烈,即土层和桩土相对位移对桩土相互作用力增大的作用明显大于土体刚度衰减引起桩土相互作用力减小的作用;液化土层中桩土相互作用最大反应不是在土层加速度峰值时刻,而是土体相对位移达到最大时响应最大,此时土层孔压比为0.8左右;非液化土层中桩土相互关系为桩推土,惯性力是控制因素,液化土层中则为土推桩,土体位移起主要作用,而液化发展是这一转变决定性因素;常规仅考虑土体刚度衰减的拟静力方法不适合液化土层中桩基础地震响应计算分析.     

可液化场地桥梁群桩基础地震响应振动台试验研究

针对上覆黏土层、下部饱和砂层结构的可液化场地条件,采用2×2低承台群桩—独柱墩结构,完成了可液化场地群桩–土–桥梁结构地震相互作用振动台试验。试验表明:在小幅震动阶段孔压仅有少量积累,孔压积累主要发生在强烈振动段;孔压随震动幅值增大、持时延长而变得更高;最强烈液化作用滞后于峰值加速度时刻。砂层加速度反应受场地液化影响较大;随着砂层液化的发展,土层位移峰值时刻与输入地震波峰值时刻、土层加速度峰值时刻之间表现出明显的时滞特征,而土层位移对桩的弯矩反应起着越来越明显的作用,且液化砂层位移对桩土相互作用力影响效应已凸显;完全液化砂层的承载力并未全部丧失;无论砂层液化与否,桩与砂层加速度反应规律保持一致;地震中土层分界附近桩的加速度、弯矩出现突变。振动台试验无疑为可液化场地桥梁群桩抗震性能研究提供必要铺垫。     

群桩基础水平动力响应简化边界元频域解答

在水平振动或地震作用下,建立圆形桩与土的动力相互作用简化边界元模型,采用动力相互作用因子对群桩基础顶部的惯性响应和运动响应进行分析。桩身运动方程考虑了群桩动力相互作用以及由土体位移引起的被动桩效应,得到了频域内固定群桩基础顶部的水平动力响应的弹性解答。结果表明,简化边界元模型通过土体位移系数,考虑了沿桩身长度方向的土体相互作用,较为准确地得到了桩身运动弯矩,将其运用到群桩基础的计算中,可以用于评估动力作用下群桩基础的桩顶水平阻抗和桩土运动响应。     

水平地基液化后大变形对桩基础的影响

通过对震害调查结果的分析,表明（１）震动液化能够引起水平地基产生较大的侧向变形;（２）可液化水平地基中桩的水平位移的大小和方向,主要受已液化土层侧向变形的大小和方向控制;（３）可液化水平地基的侧向变形,可分为液化前较小的震动变形。液化后震动引起的大中变形以及地震后的永久侧向变形三种情形。可液化水平地基中桩基础的设计,应该考虑这三种不同工作状态下的抗震要求;（４）上部结构－桩－地基的相互作用和响应会因上述三种情况而异,有必要发展新的能够考虑可液化地基侧向变形影响的动力分析方法。     

群桩场地液化土单一流速横向流动数值分析

采用三维动力FE-FD耦合法及弹塑性饱和土本构模型,对群桩—可液化土体系的拟做振动台实验进行非线性数值模拟,得到液化土横向流动中孔隙水压力、流动变形对群桩基础前后桩的内力分布和横向位移的影响规律。     

非液化土-群桩基础-结构体系相互作用动力响应振动台试验研究

为深入研究非液化场地中桩-结构体系地震响应和土-结构动力相互作用问题,进行了含有一定深度的松砂层非液化场地土-结构体系动力相互作用大型振动台试验,分析非液化场地和群桩基础的加速度地震响应特征,并对土体侧向变形规律以及桩基弯矩分布进行了分析。结果表明：当输入0.05g拍波时,土体与桩基对加速度反应表现出放大作用,且距离结构较远处土体对加速度放大作用更加明显;当输入0.3g汶川地震卧龙台地震记录时,加速度只在远离桩基的土体中加速度反应有一定放大;桩身最大弯矩均超过60N·m,并且桩基弯矩幅值呈现出桩顶弯矩小(靠近桩顶处)、下部弯矩大(靠近桩端处)的规律,且在土层交界面附近弯矩存在突变;上部结构加速度反应自上而下有一定程度的减小,地震动Arias强度值减小明显,刚性场地上的结构地震动Arias强度是位于土体上结构的3~4倍,说明土体的耗能作用明显。     

One-dimensional wave equation analyses for pile responses subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions

This paper presents a numerical one-dimensional wave equation analysis technique for piles and pile groups subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions in liquefiable zones. The so-called Earthquake Wave Equation Analysis for Piles (EQWEAP) procedure is introduced for piles subjected to horizontal earthquake excitations. Disregarding the effects of kinematic soil–pile interaction, the seismic responses of piles can be obtained by approximating the free-field ground response analysis, the ultimate earth pressure model, and the ground displacement profiles. The nonlinearities of the concrete piles were modeled using the approximate tri-linear moment–curvature relationships. A case study and application concerns were presented. Although the analysis is in one dimension, it is found to be effective and able to provide a rapid estimation in foundation design when seismic pile behaviors are of interest. The advantages of this analysis are the time efficiency of the seismic design of pile foundations and the relative simplicity of the analysis. In addition, it suggests alternative modeling for the dynamic analysis adopting the commonly known static models and/or methods.     

Lateral response of pile foundations in liquefiable soils

Liquefaction has been a main cause of damage to civil engineering structures in seismically active areas.The effects of damage of liquefaction on deep foundations are very destructive. Seismic behavior of pile foundations is widely discussed by many researchers for safer and more economic design purposes. This paper presents a pseudo-static method for analysis of piles in liquefiable soil under seismic loads. A freefield site response analysis using three-dimensional(3D) numerical modeling was performed to determine kinematic loads from lateral ground displacements and inertial loads from vibration of the superstructure. The effects of various parameters, such as soil layering, kinematic and inertial forces,boundary condition of pile head and ground slope, on pile response were studied. By comparing the numerical results with the centrifuge test results, it can be concluded that the use of the p-y curves with various degradation factors in liquefiable sand gives reasonable results.     

倾斜液化场地桩基地震响应离心机试验研究

 倾斜液化场地中群桩地震响应受液化土层侧向流动和桩土相互作用影响和控制,故倾斜液化场地中桩基抗震性能问题是一个极其复杂问题。基于动态土工离心机试验来探讨考虑倾斜液化土侧向流动特点的群桩地震响应规律。试验设计不同地震强度下2个50 g典型土工离心模型试验,以研究倾斜液化场地中桩土加速度、位移、桩身弯矩和土体超孔隙水压力响应特性。试验提出倾斜饱和土层的制备方法,再现倾斜液化场地中桩基础在强震作用下的破坏程度、状态和机制,并进一步对比分析试验结果,取得较好的成果,此为倾斜液化场地桩基础的抗震设计提供可靠依据,对确保液化场地桩基础的抗震稳定性和安全性具有重要意义。     

Shaking table test and theoretical analysis of the pile–soil–structure interaction at a liquefiable site

Pile foundations are widely used to support high‐rise buildings, in which piles transmit foundation loads to soil strata with higher bearing capacity and stiffness. This process alters the dynamic characteristics of the pile–soil–structure system in seismically active areas, especially at a liquefiable site. A series of shaking table tests on liquefiable soils in pile group foundations of tall buildings were performed to evaluate the liquefaction process and dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The soil was composed of two layers: the upper layer was a clay layer and the lower layer was saturated sand. These layers were placed in a flexible container that was excited by El Centro earthquake events and Shanghai Bedrock waves at different levels. The test results indicate that the pore pressure ratio is gradually enhanced as the amplitude of the input acceleration increases. The liquefied sand has a filtering effect on the vibration with a high frequency and an amplified effect on the vibration with a low frequency. With increased excitation, contact pressure and strain amplitudes of the pile increase, whereas the peak acceleration magnification coefficient decreases. The seismic responses of a structure with pile–soil–structure interaction are generally smaller than those on a rigid foundation.     

地震地区高速铁路桩基础设计考虑

主要说明台湾高速铁路工程南部段自里程TK188至TK343长约155km松软冲积层中桩基础设计中几个需详细考虑的因素特殊地盘效应、群桩效应、桩帽侧向阻抗及土壤液化地层滑移等。同时利用前期桩载重试验结果探讨桩身向上土壤抗拉拔力与桩身向下土壤正摩擦力的比例。基本上桩基础分析属土壤与基桩互制的行为分析,本文也说明由试验结果所得到的土壤p-y,t-z及q-w曲线如何应用于桩基础设计及分析土壤弹簧对桩基础及桥柱设计的敏感度,以便将设计分析经验供今后类似工程参考。     

钢管桩逆作复合基础竖向承载性能试验研究

为了研究砂性土中钢管桩复合基础的承载特性,设计了模型桩系列试验。结果表明:对于单桩复合基础,封桩前阶段的荷载全部直接由承台底砂土承担,封桩后阶段桩体达到极限承载力之前,桩体分担的荷载占荷载增量的73.5%～92%,当桩的承载能力达到极限后,随着荷载的继续增加,桩分担的荷载比例较之前衰减明显,而土体分担的荷载比例增加。钢管桩八桩复合基础中,桩身轴力在桩身上部的衰减梯度明显小于中下部,角桩衰减速率最大,边桩次之;桩身摩阻力自上而下逐渐发挥,桩顶以下1.55 m处摩阻力达到最大;每级荷载作用下,角桩的侧阻力大于边桩。钢管桩群桩复合基础的竖向承载力远大于相对应的高承台群桩承载力。     

Seismic performance of group pile foundation with ground improvement during liquefaction

A pile foundation with ground improvement under the footing is a composite foundation with the objectives of enhancing the seismic performance and rationalizing the substructure by combining the pile foundation with ground improvement. Although the effectiveness of this method has been confirmed in previous studies for application to soft grounds, the applicability of this method to liquefiable grounds has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, therefore, centrifuge model tests and finite element analyses were conducted to clarify the effectiveness of this method and to ascertain the improvement in strength (stiffness) when the method is applied to a liquefiable ground. Firstly, in order to investigate the effect of an improved ground on the behavior of the pile foundation during liquefaction, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted for three cases with different strengths of the improved ground. Then, three-dimensional soil–water coupled finite element analyses of the centrifuge model experiments were performed to validate the applicability of the analytical method. After that, parametric studies, in which the strength of the improved ground and the input ground motion were changed, were conducted using the same analytical model. The results confirmed that the horizontal displacement of the pile heads was reduced by the improved ground even in the liquefiable ground, and that the effect of this reduction was more remarkable in cases of high stiffness of the improved ground. Furthermore, it was possible to reduce the bending moments at the pile heads by applying the ground improvement. However, since the bending moment at the boundary between the improved ground and the natural ground became the local maximum, there was an optimum stiffness of the ground improvement at which the maximum bending moment of the piles was reduced. This is because improving the ground around the pile heads has the same effect as extending the footing. It was thus concluded that the behavior of the pile foundation is similar to that of a composite foundation comprised of a caisson and group piles.     

刚性桩复合地基支承路堤稳定破坏机理的离心模型试验

对上软下硬成层土地基中刚性桩复合地基支承路堤,进行了单排桩和群桩条件下路堤稳定破坏机理的离心模型试验,研究了不同桩体抗弯刚度和强度,不同桩体加固位置,不同桩间距和桩端嵌入硬土层深度条件下桩体的受力与变形性状,破坏模式以及路堤的失稳破坏机理.离心机试验结果表明,不论是在单排桩还是群桩条件下,桩身最大弯矩作用点均产生于软硬土层交界面附近;在群桩条件下,桩体越靠近路堤中心桩身弯矩越小;当桩身抗弯刚度与强度较高,桩距较大且桩下端嵌入较硬土层足够深度时,可产生桩间土体沿桩的绕流甚至因产生绕流而导致路堤失稳破坏;当桩身抗弯刚度与强度较低时,在单排桩条件下,桩体会首先在软硬土层交界面处发生弯曲破坏,并可在路堤失稳前在桩身上部发生第二次弯曲破坏,而在群桩条件下,坡脚附近部分桩体首先在软硬土层交界面附近发生弯曲破坏,并可能伴随桩体受拉破坏而使桩断为上下两段,最后由于部分桩体发生整体倾覆破坏或者再次发生弯曲破坏而导致路堤发生失稳破坏;针对路堤具体的破坏情况有针对性地增大桩身抗弯强度,减小桩间距或增加桩端嵌入硬土层深度均可提高路堤的稳定性.