Primers for Bonding Polyolefin Substrates with Alkyl Cyanoacrylate Adhesive

Polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, are among the most commonly-utilized plastics in the world, but, because of their non-polar surfaces, are among the most difficult to bond with adhesives. A surface treatment is required before adhesive application to achieve good adhesion.

Alkyl cyanoacrylates are widely used instant adhesives, e.g. Super Glue^®, for bonding a variety of substrates, such as metal, plastics, glass, wood, and leather. It would be desirable to bond polyolefins with these adhesives because of their availability and ease of use. Amines and ammonium carboxylates, possessing long alkyl chains, were evaluated as adhesion promoting primers for alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesives on polyolefins.

Among trialkyl amines, trialkylammonium carboxylates, and tetraalkylammonium carboxylates, trialkylammonium carboxylate primers produced an adhesive bond so strong that the failure occurred at the polyolefin substrate. Trialkylammonium carboxylate primers also demonstrated excellent performance retention over prolonged atmospheric exposure prior to application of the adhesive. Trialkyl amines and tetraalkylammonium carboxylates also promoted adhesion but lost maximum effectiveness on exposure to the atmosphere. The cause of the deterioration in amine primer effectiveness over prolonged exposure was identified to be trialkylammonium bicarbonate formation and/or diffusion of the primer into the polyolefin surface.     

Primers for adhesive bonding to polyolefins

When polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) are coated with about 100 nm of triphenylphosphine (TPP) or cobalt acetylacetonate (CaAcac₂) primers, adhesive bonds can be made using ethyl cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesive. These bonds are sufficiently strong so that the bond strength exceeds the bulk shear strength of the polyolefin, and are sufficiently durable as to withstand immersion in boiling water for long periods of time. The dependence of adhesive bond performance on primer thickness, application solvent, aging of primed surface, and the durability of bond, are explained on the basis of a model where the primer dissolves in the polymer surface and facilitates interpenetration of the polyolefin and the monomeric CA. The primer catalyzes cure of the CA, resulting in entanglement of adhesive and adherend chains. This model is tested using infrared (IR) spectroscopic, x-ray spectroscopic (XPS), and microscopic (SEM) analysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

THF hydrate crystal growth inhibition with small anionic organic compounds and their synergistic properties with the kinetic hydrate inhibitor poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)

Small, cationic tetraalkylammonium ions (particularly for alkyl=butyl or pentyl) are known to inhibit tetrahydrofuran (THF) and natural gas hydrate crystal growth and have been used as synergists for commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor polymers (KHIs), such as N-vinylcaprolactam polymers, for a number of years. The ability for small, organic anionic molecules to inhibit (THF) hydrate crystal growth and their potential as KHI synergists in blends with poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) have been investigated. Several series of sodium alkyl carboxylates, sulphates and sulphonates were synthesised. It was found that none of these molecules were capable of inhibiting THF hydrate crystal growth as well as the best tetraalkylammonium salts. Alkyl carboxylates appeared to be more effective as inhibitors than the sulphonates or sulphates. The most effective anionic THF hydrate crystal growth inhibitors had butyl or pentyl groups, with alkyl branching at the tail (i.e. iso- rather than n-isomers) being advantageous. Anionic carboxylate molecules, particularly with isopentyl or isobutyl groups, showed some kinetic inhibition synergy with poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) lowering the onset and catastrophic hydrate formation temperatures in high pressure (78 bar) constant cooling experiments with Structure II hydrates by 1–2 °C when dosed at 2500 ppm compared with using 2500 ppm polymer alone. This synergism was however less than the best tetraalkylammonium salts (alkyl=n-butyl or n-pentyl) at the same test conditions. Sodium butyl sulphonate and sodium 4-methylpentanoate did not prevent hydrate agglomeration with 3.6% brine and decane at 25% water cut in stirred sapphire cells when dosed at 20,000 ppm based on the aqueous phase, whereas 10,000–20,000 ppm active material of several commercially available anti-agglomerants gave fine transportable slurries and no hydrate deposits at the same conditions.     

Effect of Deposition Conditions on Structure and Properties of Plasma-Polymerized Silica Primers

Plasma polymerized silica (PP-SiO₂) has been investigated as a surface pretreatment for adhesive bonding of metals. Strength and durability of adhesive joints prepared from PP-SiO₂ coated substrates using aerospace and automotive adhesives is excellent. However, epoxy adhesive systems based on primary amine curing agents do not perform well without further chemical derivatization of the PP-SiO₂. This work discusses the relationship between deposition conditions and primer structure as determined by FTIR and XPS and shows that curing agents containing primary amines are capable of catalyzing hydrolysis of silica in the near-interface regions in the presence of water. This hydrolysis does not occur with dicyandiamide-cured adhesives.     

Aging effect in the adhesion of a PC/CPVC arrangement for application in thermo-solar collectors

This work studies the aging of materials in a polycarbonate/chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PC/CPVC) arrangement, used in a flat plate thermo-solar collector. Typically, PC is used as an absorbing surface and CPVC in entrance and exit heads of the flow, which in this case is water. In this study, two types of methacrylate adhesives were used to bond both plastics, denominated MP and SK. The experiment comprised a study of adhesion behavior between these polymers and the adhesives, in contact with distilled water at different temperatures and different time intervals, simulating the corresponding operating conditions of a thermo-solar collector. Results showed that the SK adhesive did not fail under these conditions, while the MP adhesive underwent evident aging and adhesive failure. In addition, the PC presented a reduction in its mechanical strength when it was subjected to higher temperatures and periods of hygrothermal exposure, probably due to physicochemical deterioration caused by hydrolysis.     

Effect of Plasma-Polymerized Primers on the Durability of Aluminum/Epoxy Adhesive Bonds

The durability of aluminum/epoxy adhesive joints prepared from substrates pretreated by plasma etching and then deposition of plasma-polymerized primers was determined using the wedge crack testing method. Plasma etching and polymerization were conducted using both direct current (DC) and microwave (2.45 GHz) driven plasma systems. Plasma-polymerized primers were deposited using trimethysilane (TMS) and hexa-methyldisiloxane (HMDSO) to form siloxane-like and silica-like films, respectively. Plasma etching with argon and argon/hydrogen plasmas was used as a substrate pre-treatment. In some cases etching with an oxygen plasma was used as a post-treatment to give a silica-like surface to siloxane-like films deposited from TMS. Adhesive joints were prepared using two different epoxy adhesives, Cytec FM-300 and FM-123-2. Differences in initial adhesion were observed for primer films with chemical differences. Siloxane-like primer films were not wetted by the adhesive and resulted in poor wedge test results. Silica-like primer films were not wetted by the adhesive and resulted in poor wedge test results. Silica-like primer films deposited onto aluminum substrates resulted in wedge specimens with good adhesion and durability. The initial crack was cohesive within the adhesive. However, crack growth occurred at the interface between the adhesive and silica-like primer. Durability of the wedge specimens was essentially invariant of the type of microwave plasma pretreatment for grit-blasted aluminum substrates that were coated with silica-like primers before bonding with FM-123-2.     

Improving the adhesion strength of polymers: effect of surface treatments

Abstract

To improve their adhesion strength, polymeric surfaces are usually modified through different treatments. This study investigates the effect of mechanical, chemical, and energetic treatments on the bonding strength of ethylene propylene diene methylene (EPDM), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) materials. Three adhesives based on different chemical compositions, namely silicone, polyurethane, and modified-silane (MS) polymer, were considered. Results show that the effect of the applied treatments on the adhesion strength of EPDM surfaces is insignificant. Only a slight improvement is obtained in the case of polyurethane-based adhesive, while the failure modes remained adhesive. As for PVC, most treatments were effective in the case of the silicone-based adhesive, especially grit blasting, primer, and UV/ozone treatments. Only UV/ozone treatment improved the adhesion strength and altered the failure mechanisms of this material when polyurethane and MS-based adhesives are used. The adhesion of ABS increased and the failure modes changed from adhesive to cohesive for most treatments. Particularly, a significant improvement is obtained when primer coating and UV/ozone radiation are applied. This comparative study paves the way for the design of polymeric joints with highly enhanced adhesion performance.     

Review of life cycle assessment on polyolefins and related materials

Abstract

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a sustainability measurement tool that identifies the environmental impacts of a product. The uniqueness of the LCA lies in its methodology, which aggregates all environmental burdens throughout the product’s life cycle, providing many variables for optimisation of the product (or process). Having occupied a major market share, the environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing and disposal of polyolefins are quite high. The main theme of this paper is to review the reported LCA studies on polyethylenes and polypropylenes including recycled plastics, biobased materials, which are competing with polyolefins, and polyolefin composites. The widely claimed green product ‘recycled plastic’ is analysed in detail from an LCA perspective, and key points, which determine its sustainability, are discussed. The environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing of polyolefins and their bioalternatives are highlighted. The few published studies of polyolefin composites on different applications are also discussed.     

The Effect of Different Surface Pretreatment Methods on Nano-adhesive Application in High Strength Steel and Aluminum Bonding

Epoxy adhesives (single and two components) modified with SiO₂ nano-particles were used in this investigation to glue aluminum alloy and also two types of high strength steel (dip-galvanized steel DP 600 and micro-alloyed steel ZStE340). To improve the adhesion between metal surfaces and adhesives, the metal surfaces were pretreated with: a self-indicating pretreatment (SIP^*); corundum blasting; corundum blasting + a SIP coating; and a Pyrosil^® treatment + SurALink^® primer (PG 15 for epoxy adhesive). A single-lap shear tension test, done in accordance to DIN EN 1465, was used to determine the adhesive strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used to analyze fractures that took place in the samples. The results showed that the adhesion strength of glued samples, containing the nano-particles modified adhesive, had significantly higher strength than unmodified ones. Pretreatment of the metal surfaces affected the adhesion, using nano-adhesives, only slightly. The adhesive strength values for single component epoxy resins were higher than those for two component epoxy resins. It was found that steel samples fractured adhesively at the steel surfaces. Aluminum treated samples indicated after pretreatment an increase in adhesive strength and the fracture occurred adhesively at the aluminum surfaces. Aluminum glued with two-component adhesives and pretreated with corundum blasting plus a SIP coating showed a mixed fracture mode; adhesively at the aluminum surface and cohesively in the adhesive layer.     

Incorporation of inorganic fillers into experimental resin adhesives: Effects on physical properties and bond strength to dentin

This study investigated the effect of different monomeric systems and inorganic fillers on the physical properties of experimental resin adhesives and on the immediate and 6-month bond strength to dentin. Two, 2-step self-etch adhesive systems were prepared: two primers (constituted of GDMA-P, ethanol, water, and HEMA or PEG(400)-UDMA) and two adhesives (constituted of Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA or PEG(400)-UDMA). Next, the adhesives were allocated into three groups according to filler incorporated: unfilled (control), silica (SiO₂), or ytterbium trifluoride (YbF₃). Degree of conversion (DC, after 30 and 60 s of light-activation), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), and flexural strength (σ) and modulus (E_f) tests were performed for all adhesives. A microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test to dentin was evaluated after 24 h (immediate) and 6 months (6-month) of water storage using a universal testing machine (DL500, EMIC). Data were analyzed using statistical tests (α=5%). The adhesives showed similar DC at a same light exposure time, although light-activation for 60 s improved conversion of monomers. The unfilled HEMA-containing adhesive showed higher WS, SL, σ and E_f compared to others. The incorporation of fillers into the adhesives did not affect negatively the immediate µTBS results; however, after 6 months the presence of SiO₂ impaired in complete premature failures, and the presence of YbF₃ reduced the µTBS in the PEG(400)-UDMA-based group. The unfilled HEMA-containing group also reduced bond strength after 6 months of water storage. In conclusion, depending on the resin matrix composition, YbF₃ seems to be a good option for reinforcing adhesive systems.     

Mixtures of Nonionic Surfactants made from Renewable Resources with Alkyl Sulfates and Sodium n-Alkanecarboxylates: Comparison of Mixing Behavior using Rubingh’s Treatment

Binary aqueous mixtures of (1) alkyl glucopyranosides (glycosides), (2) alkyl maltopyranosides (maltosides), or (3) alkyl N-methyl glucamines with (1′) sodium alkyl sulfates or (2′) sodium n-alkyl carboxylates were investigated in an effort to evaluate physiochemical properties for mixtures of surfactants from renewable resources. Solutions at various concentrations and mixture ratios were tested and evaluated to determine critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). The greatest reduction in CMC was found for surfactants with long and intermediate hydrophobe lengths. In agreement with other studies, an increase in hydrophilic group size and flexibility decreased the electrostatic repulsion of ionic-nonionic mixed micelles as evidenced by a more negative Rubingh’s β parameter. However, at low hydrophobe length, carboxylate and glycoside headgroup mixtures produced mixed micelle interactions displaying synergism at low nonionic surfactant mole fractions and slight antagonism at high nonionic mole fractions. The asymmetry in interaction produces an S-shaped CMC curve and demonstrates that the one-parameter Rubingh model is insufficient in describing both synergism and antagonism for this binary mixture.     

Chemical interactions in the system anodized aluminum—primer—adhesive

Chemical interactions in the primed aluminium/adhesive interphase were examined using IR reflectance spectroscopy. For the case of epoxy primers and polyurethane adhesives, a new absorption was detected and was attributed to an isocyanate group, formed by reaction between the epoxide primer and the polyurethane adhesive. When polyurethane adhesive was applied on a polyurethane primer, such a primer-adhesive interaction was not noticed.     

A novel silane system as a primer for orthodontic bonding—A pilot study

AimTo determine the adhesion strength (measured as shear bond strength, SBS) of orthodontic brackets using two experimental silane-based primer systems and compare and contrast their effect.Materials and methodsSixty acid-etched premolars were randomly assigned into 4 study groups (n=15). In group 1, brackets were bonded without primer but using Transbond XT adhesive; in group 2, Transbond XT primer was applied and bracket bonded; in group 3, an experimental silane-based primer of 1.0 vol% of 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (ACPS) was applied before bonding; in group 4, an experimental silane-based primer of 1.0 vol% of ACPS+0.5% bis-1, 2-(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTSE) was used. The adhesion strength (measured as shear bond strength) was recorded using a universal testing machine. Failure types were classified according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Contact angles of the primers were measured on an enamel slab.Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc analysis.ResultsThe mean adhesion strength results were high in group 4: 15.8±1.6 MPa followed by group 3: 12.5±1.5 MPa, group 2: 11.9±1.1 MPa and the lowest in group 1: 08.1±0.7 MPa. A significant difference in adhesion strength was observed between all the groups except for group 3 and group 4 (p<0.01).The ARI score was distributed largely to 0 and 1. One instance of enamel fractures was recorded in group 1. The contact angle measurements suggested that the lowest value with the experimental primer containing (ACPS+BTSE) was, <5° followed by Transbond XT, 41.86±4.56°.ConclusionThe experimental silane primer systems were hydrophilic in nature and demonstrated higher adhesion strength compared to traditional orthodontic primers.     

Adhesion promotion of thick polyphosphate-poly(allylamine) films onto polyolefin substrates by plasma polymers

The adhesion of thick poly(allylamine)-polyphosphate layers (1 μm) deposited by the wet-chemical layer-by-layer (LbL) technique onto polyethylene or polystyrene (each 100 μm) was very low. To promote the adhesion of these LbL deposited layers, the polyolefin substrates were oxidized at the surface by short exposure to the oxygen plasma (2 or 5 s) and subsequently coated with an interlayer of plasma-deposited poly(allylamine) or poly(allyl alcohol) (100 nm). The plasma polymer interlayers have improved strongly the adhesion between polyolefin substrates and polyphosphate coatings. Such phosphate coatings are interesting for life sciences (nucleotide formation) but also for fire retardancy in combination with N-rich compounds such as melamine. The intention was to prefer chemical hydrogen bonds for adhesion promoting because of their high binding energy. Therefore the introduced oxygen-containing groups at the polyolefin surface could interact with the OH or NH₂ groups of the adhesion-promoting plasma polymer interlayer. These groups were also able to interact strongly with the poly(allylamine)-polyphosphate topcoating. The coated polyolefins were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and atomic force spectroscopy, and 90° peel test.     

Effect of proanthocyanidin incorporation into dental adhesive on durability of resin–dentin bond

BackgroundProanthocyanidin has shown to have beneficial effects on dentin bonding via its collagen cross-linking and protease inhibitory effects.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of incorporation of 1–3% PA into a dental adhesive on durability of resin–dentin bond.Materials and methodsThe experimental adhesive was first formulated by combining 50 wt% comonomer mixtures with 50 wt% ethanol. PA was then added to the ethanol-solvated adhesive to yield three groups of adhesives at concentrations of 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% and 3.0 wt%. The PA-free adhesive served as control. Flat dentin surfaces from forty extracted third molars were etched with 32% phosphoric acid and the specimens were randomly assigned to one of the four adhesive groups. Two layers of experimental adhesives were applied to etched dentin and light-cured for 20 s after solvent evaporation. Composite build-ups were performed using Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE). The bonded teeth were divided into three subgroups for different methods of storage: (1) 24 h indirect water exposure (IE), (2) 6 M IE and (3) 6 M direct water exposure (DE). After the designated period of water storage, the bonded teeth were sectioned into 0.9 mm×0.9 mm beams for bond strength testing. Bond strength data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and Tukey׳s tests (α=0.05). Interfacial nanoleakage was examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey׳s tests were used to examine the effects of PA concentration and water exposure on bond strength and percentage of nanoleakage (α=0.05).ResultsTwo-way ANOVA showed that the factors, water exposure and PA concentration had a significant effect on bond strength (p<0.001). Interaction between the two factors was also significant (p<0.001). Bond strength of all four adhesives decreased with PA concentrations and ageing. Type of water exposure had no effect on the bond strength of PA-incorporated adhesive; while direct water exposure significantly reduced the bond strength of PA-free adhesive. Conversely, the factors, water exposure and PA concentration showed a significant effect on nanoleakage percentage (p<0.001). Interaction between the two factors was not significant (p>0.05).ConclusionIncorporation of proanthocyanidin into a dental adhesive did not prevent resin–dentin bond degradation over time.     

Durability of Adhesive Bonds to Zinc-Coated Steels: Effects of Corrosive Environments on Lap Shear Strength

The effects of corrosive environments on adhesive bonds to electro-galvanized, zinc/aluminum alloy coated, coated electro-galvanized, and cold-rolled steels have been investigated. Bonds prepared using a rubber-modified dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive, an epoxy-modified poly(vinyl chloride)-based adhesive, an acrylic-modified poly(vinyl chloride)-based adhesive a one-part urethane adhesive, and a two-component epoxy-modified acrylic adhesive were exposed under no-load conditions to constant high humidity or cyclic corrosion exposure for 50 days or 50 cycles (10 weeks) respectively.

Over the course of this study, exposure to constant high humidity had little effect on lap shear strength for any of the systems studied. Bond failures were initially cohesive, and with few exceptions remained so.

Bond strength retention under the cyclic corrosion exposure conditions employed was strongly dependent on adhesive composition and on substrate type. On galvanized substrates, lap shear strengths for the poly(vinyl chloride)-based adhesives were reduced by 90–100% during the course of the corrosion exposure, and a change in the mode of bond failure (from cohesive to interfacial) was observed. On the coated electro-galvanized steel substrate, the poly(vinyl chloride)-based adhesives showed about 50% retention in lap shear strength and a cohesive failure throughout most of the corrosion test. The dicyandiamide-cured epoxy adhesive used in this study generally showed the best lap shear strength retention to zinc-coated substrates; bonds to cold-rolled steel were severely degraded by corrosion exposure. The performance of the acrylic and urethane adhesives were intermediate to the dicyandiamide-cured epoxy and poly(vinyl chloride)-based adhesives in strength retention.     

Carbon-Dioxide-Based Microsortation of Postconsumer Polyolefins and its Effect on Polyolefin Properties

Postconsumer polyolefin flake has been sorted using liquid carbon dioxide as a float-sink medium. This separation of PP and LDPE from HDPE was conducted at ambient temperature and a pressure that yielded a CO₂ specific gravity of 0.955, causing the HDPE to sink and the LDPE and PP to float. Although this process provided a high-purity (99+%) HDPE product stream, the effect of immersing the plastics in liquid carbon dioxide at these conditions was not previously measured. Therefore, six HDPE samples, two LDPE samples, and five PP samples were exposed to high-pressure carbon dioxide for 20 min. After this exposure, the polyolefins did not foam when the carbon dioxide was rapidly vented from the vessel. The weight reduction averaged 0.17%, which was attributed to the dissolution of low-molecular-weight additives or contaminants present on the surface of the plastics. No significant change in the melting point or latent heat of melting was observed, indicating that the degree of crystallinity was not affected by the exposure to carbon dioxide. No reduction was observed in the temperature at which the onset of thermal degradation occurred, because of the low solubility and degree of extraction of thermal stabilizers during the immersion in carbon dioxide. These results indicated that no deleterious effects on the polyolefin properties were associated with this separation technique.     

Effect of adhesive air-drying time on bond strength to dentin: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of air-drying time on the adhesion (bond) strength of adhesives to dentin in previously published studies and to conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the differences in the bond strength obtained after the different air-drying times.MethodsAn electronic search was performed using the Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus databases. The included studies were laboratory studies that investigated the effect of adhesive air-drying time on adhesion (bond) strength of resin-based adhesives to coronal dentin. Studies which evaluated the effect of adhesives air-drying time on physical and mechanical properties of adhesives, interfacial properties, bond strength to root dentin, enamel, or bond strength of indirect composite restoration or orthodontic bracket, were excluded. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, version 2.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). The results of the meta-analysis were subjected to a further one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey post hoc multiple comparison using R-software, version 3.4.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).ResultsThirteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review, while only five studies were included in meta-analysis. The effect of adhesive air-drying time on the bond strength was significant in eight studies (61.5%), material-dependent in four studies (30.8%), and not significant in one study (7.7%). Eight studies (61.54%) presented a medium-risk of bias, three studies (23.08%) presented a low-risk of bias, and two studies (15.38%) presented a high-risk of bias. The analysis of micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of adhesives showed statistically significant difference between different air-drying times (p<0.05). The highest mean μTBS values were: 52.9 ± 11.38 MPa (obtained after air-drying of adhesives for 30 s), followed by 48.26 ± 9.77 MPa (15 s), and 37.76 ± 1.45 (25 s), while the lowest mean μTBS was 33.98 ± 2.30 MPa and 35.79 ± 6.63 MPa (5 s) obtained after 10 s and 5 s respectively.ConclusionThe air-drying time of adhesives is crucial to the adhesion strength to coronal dentin. Adhesive air-drying for shorter durations (5–10 s) may be insufficient to obtain adequately durable bonding to dentin, instead, Air-drying should be performed for longer durations (15–30 s), considering the pressure and distance of air-drying source.     

Studies on Effective Bond Strength of Kendu Fruit Adhesive

Certain investigations on the effective bond strength of gum adhesive extracted from kendu (Diospyros cordifolia Roxb) fruit have been studied with respect to different interfaces such as general-purpose wood-wood, teakwood-teakwood, plywood-plywood, glass-glass, PMMA-wood, PVC-PVC. LDPE-LDPE, HDPE-HDPE, and PMMA-PMMA. The effects of different parameters such as curing temperature, curing time, thickness of specimens, and presolvent treatments on the bond strength of kendu fruit adhesive (KFA) are investigated. The bond strengths of KFA under different hazardous environments such as boiling water, saline water, and kerosene oil, acidic as well as alkaline solutions for the teakwood-teakwood interface have also been examined. A comparative account of studies of the effective bond strength of KFA with three different commercial synthetic adhesives such as Varnicol, Quickfx, and Araldite is reported. The KFA shows a superior bond strength for general-purpose wood-wood adhesion. Its bond strength is also comparable with synthetic adhesives for certain plastic-plastic as well as teakwood-teakwood adhesions. The retention of effective bond strength of KFA in various hazardous atmosphere remarkably encourages an industrial-grade adhesive formulation through proper R&D investigations. Adequate modifications and informations are required for an improved adhesive formulation from this natural adhesive to meet the industrial standard.