妇产科护理促进护患交流

妇产科护士把握好护士角色,可以和患者进行心理交流和沟通,从而改善护患关系,促进病人早日康复.     

Smoking and pregnant teens. What nurses can do to help

Valerie is a typical 17-year-old girl--active in high school sports and very social with a large group of friends. She became sexually active when she was 15, and, like many of her friends, occasionally smoked at parties or after school. After she missed two periods in a row, Valerie thought she should call a health care provider. When she learned she was pregnant, she was forced to face another challenge: could she quit smoking?     

Substitution laws, insurance coverage, and generic drug use

This study examined the role of various policies (drug product substitution laws) that are usually motivated by cost containment objectives of insurers in facilitating entry by generic firms. Using data for six Canadian provinces over the years 1981-1988, we evaluated the impact of specific aspects of substitution laws on the level of generic use. We find that formularies and the passage of time are not significant determinants of substitution levels. Legal liability, mandatory product selection, deductible and co-payment schemes, and consumer awareness were found to be important variables. Price responsiveness of generic drugs is indicated but the evidence is not strong.     

Mood, self-awareness, and willingness to help.

Two experiments using female subjects investigated the effects of mood and self-focused attention on the willingness to help another. Experiment 1 induced a positive, negative, or neutral mood and also two kinds of high self-awareness (by either the mirror procedure or requiring essays) as well as a low self-awareness condition. Experiment 2 used a different technique to induce the three moods and also established either high or low attention to the self with the mirror procedure. In both studies, self-awareness did not interact significantly with mood in affecting the subjects' reported feelings, although there were indications in Experiment 2 of an intensification of the negative mood under self-focus. Furthermore, in both studies self-awareness operated together with the positive mood to increase the subjects' effort in behalf of the supplicant, whereas the joint operation of self-focus and negative mood was much weaker. Also in the second experiment, self-awareness raised the frequency of positive ideas about the self in the happy subjects and increased the frequency of negative self-ideas in the negative mood group. In a multiple regression analysis, these frequencies of positive and negative ideas about the self, but not a mood index, successfully predicted the amount of work the subject did for the supplicant. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The use of pilastin for treating patients with chronic suppurative otitis media

Gas gangrene is caused by multiple species of Chlostridium, generally as a complication of traumatismus producing necrotic infections. This kind of infection is rare and specially uncommon in childhood. A case of post-traumatic Chlostridium perfringens infection is presented in a two year old girl after an open fracture of the hand. In order to reveal the extension of the process different examinations were performed including radiography of the hand, angiography and infrared thermography. These studies are describen and correlated, specially the angiography and the infrared thermography as a non-invasive method, as well as the treatment and evolution.     

Condom use as a dependent variable: measurement issues relevant to HIV prevention programs

The value of condoms in efforts to slow the spread of HIV infection has been well established in the literature. Behavioral science faces the challenge of promoting condom use through intervention programs. As these programs are evaluated, multiple issues should be considered in relation to measuring participant use of condoms for the purposes of preventing HIV infection. Lack of attention to these issues is likely to create a large number of Type I and Type II errors. Ten common sources of error are described and corresponding recommendations for eliminating these errors are offered. A review of published studies shows that there is little consistency relevant to controlling for these sources of error. Incorporation of standardized methodology will allow for more accurate program evaluation and benefit researchers by facilitating comparisons across studies.     

HIV, confidentiality, and duty to protect: A decision-making model.

Mental health professionals are confronted with complex issues surrounding confidentiality and duty to protect when treating clients with HIV. These professionals need to consider various factors when applying Tarasoff principles to protect potential victims, including the foreseeability of harm, the identifiability of the victim, and appropriate protective action. Professional ethical guidelines and legal mandates also need to be considered. The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical and legal dilemmas faced by clinicians and to introduce a decision-making model that takes into account individual state laws. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Caregivers of Turkish schizophrenic patients: causal attributions, burdens and attitudes to help from the health professionals

The purpose of this study was to examine the causal attributions, difficulties, perceived and expected help behaviour of health care professionals, and hope for the future well-being of the caregivers of Turkish schizophrenic patients in order to form guidelines for forming a collaboration with the families of schizophrenic patients. Sixty caregivers were interviewed by using a semi-structured interview schedule. The responses of the caregivers were categorized within the guidelines of the literature in this area. The caregivers attributed schizophrenia mainly to psychosocial causes, namely stressful events (50%), family conflicts (40%) and patients' characteristics (28%). The most frequently reported difficulties were family conflicts and disruptions of family life, subjective burden (48%), and financial costs due to the patient (27%). The number of difficulties reported by caregivers was related to the duration of the patient's illness. Caregivers perceived pharmacological treatment (42%), interest and support given to the caregiver (28%), and the hospitalization of the patient (20%) as helpful. THeir expectations of help were in similar areas. About half of the caregivers were optimistic about the future well-being of their relatives. Optimistic and pessimistic caregivers differed in the educational level of the caregiver and the duration of the patient's illness. The results suggested that the families of schizophrenics need support of professionals and the establishment of networks focusing on the caregivers and their relationships with their ill relatives and with health care institutions.     

Seeking help in the shadow of doubt: The sensemaking processes underlying how nurses decide whom to ask for advice.

Although scholars often assume that individuals seek out experts when they need help, recent research suggests that seeking help from experts can be costly. The authors propose that perceiving potential help providers as accessible or trustworthy can reduce the costs of seeking help and thus encourage individuals to seek help from experts. They further predict that perceptions of potential help providers’ expertise, accessibility, and trustworthiness are shaped by their experience, formal roles, and organizational commitment. They investigated their theoretical model in a study of 146 nurses on the front lines of healthcare. They found that the decision to seek out help depends on help-seekers’ perceptions of experts’ accessibility and trustworthiness, and that these perceptions are predicted by experience, formal roles, and affective organizational commitment. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Removal of the caudae epididymides to create infertile boars for use in estrus detection programs

Epididymectomies (removal of the caudae epididymides) were performed to create infertile boars. The simplicity of this procedure allowed for it to be easily performed on physically or chemically restrained boars that weighted 30 kg. Benefits of the use of epididymectomy, rather than vasectomy, to render boars infertile include low cost, simplicity, reduced surgical time, and minimum need of surgical instruments and materials. Epididymectomized boars are used in swine breeding management programs.     

Students' evaluations of a university counseling center and their intentions to use its programs.

Two representative samples of 801 university students were telephoned in 1977 and asked to evaluate a university counseling service and to indicate how likely they would be to participate in a variety of developmental workshops. Results indicate that both groups of Ss used the service with more regularity and with greater satisfaction than did students in the 1960s. Ss were most inclined to participate in workshops that assisted them in career planning, negotiating the university system, and coping with financial and academic concerns. Ss most receptive to specific services tended to be younger and undergraduate, to have lower GPAs, to live in a residence hall, and to be Black. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What surgeons need to know to help patients receive quality medical care in managed care settings

BACKGROUND: Americans spend more than $3,300 per person per year on health care, an amount businesses, government, and citizens alike consider too high. MATERIAL REVIEWED: Managed care attempts to offer services at a lower cost, about 10% below that of indemnity insurance, and attempts to controls costs by modifying decisions historically made by physician and patient. Many techniques have been used to modify the decision-making process, with varying effects on quality. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons can help sustain easily accessible, high-quality care through various personal behaviors and through choosing their managed care partners well.     

Counseling patients to quit smoking. What to say, when to say it, and how to use your time to advantage

Helping patients stop smoking is one of the most important--and frustrating--services primary care physicians can provide. Many physicians are reluctant to spend time talking about tobacco use with patients who show little or no interest in changing their habits. Fortunately, specific technique have been identified that can make the task easier. This article from the distinguished Nicotine Dependence Center of the Mayo Clinic looks at the "best practices" for dealing with nicotine dependence.     

Psychologist distress and impairment: The availability, nature, and use of colleague assistance programs for psychologists.

Psychologists regularly grapple with a variety of stressors that may lead to distress or impairment. But, what services are available to assist psychologists in confronting these challenges? All 59 state and provincial psychological associations (SPPAs) were surveyed to examine the programs and resources available for distressed or impaired member psychologists. The SPPAs' decision to offer such programs, as well as the nature, extent, use, and implications of the limited services currently available, is reviewed and discussed. Recommendations are made for how SPPAs may more adequately meet the needs of their members and the public they serve. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)