并发程序中数据竞争检测方法

针对数据竞争检测过程中的误报和漏报问题，提出一种静态数据竞争检测方法。首先，使用控制流分析自动构造线程内和线程间函数调用图；然后，收集线程内变量访问事件信息，定义竞争产生条件并分析检测出所有可能的竞争；其次，为了提高检测的准确率，进行别名变量和别名锁的分析降低漏报和误报；最后，通过控制流分析来抽象访问事件之间的时序关系，并结合程序切片技术对访问事件的发生序关系进行判断，以此避免因忽略线程交互带来的误报。依据该方法，使用Java语言在Soot软件分析框架下实现了一个数据竞争检测工具。在实验中，对JGF和IBM Contest基准测试套件中的raytracer和airline等程序进行数据竞争检测，并与目前已有的数据竞争检测算法和工具（HB算法和RVPredict）进行对比。实验结果表明，与HB算法和RVPredict工具相比，该方法检测到的数据竞争总数分别增加了81%和16%，数据竞争检测的准确率分别提升了约14%和19%，有效地避免了数据竞争检测中的漏报和误报现象。     

An empirical, path-oriented approach to software analysis and testing

Error flow analysis and testing techniques focus on the introduction of errors through code faults into data states of an executing program, and their subsequent cancellation or propagation to output. The goals and limitations of several error flow techniques are discussed, including mutation analysis, fault-based testing, PIE analysis, and dynamic impact analysis. The attributes desired of a good error flow technique are proposed, and a model called dynamic error flow analysis (DEFA) is described that embodies many of these attributes. A testing strategy is proposed that uses DEFA information to select an optimal set of test paths and to quantify the results of successful testing. An experiment is presented that illustrates this testing strategy. In this experiment, the proposed testing strategy outperforms mutation testing in catching arbitrary data state errors.     

Predicting pilot error: Testing a new methodology and a multi-methods and analysts approach

The Human Error Template (HET) is a recently developed methodology for predicting design-induced pilot error. This article describes a validation study undertaken to compare the performance of HET against three contemporary Human Error Identification (HEI) approaches when used to predict pilot errors for an approach and landing task and also to compare analyst error predictions to an approach to enhancing error prediction sensitivity: the multiple analysts and methods approach, whereby multiple analyst predictions using a range of HEI techniques are pooled. The findings indicate that, of the four methodologies used in isolation, analysts using the HET methodology offered the most accurate error predictions, and also that the multiple analysts and methods approach was more successful overall in terms of error prediction sensitivity than the three other methods but not the HET approach. The results suggest that when predicting design-induced error, it is appropriate to use a toolkit of different HEI approaches and multiple analysts in order to heighten error prediction sensitivity.     

用于IP网络的差错复原编解码器

随着因特网的飞速发展,基于IP网络的视频通信越来受到重视,但由于IP网络属于易于发生差错的信道,因此,基于IP网络的视频业务必须要到信道差错的影响,为了抗信道差错,差错复原技术已成为易发生差错信道下视频编码的重视组成部分,针对IP网络时常发生拥塞和带宽经常变动而造成的数据分组丢失,时延和抖动问题,提出了用于IP网络的差错复原技术综合应用解决方案,该方案通过综合运用多种差错原复技术,大大提高了压缩码流的抗差错能力和解码器和差错复原能力,同时应用该方案实现了具有差错复原性能的H．263、H．26L视频编码解器。利用Internet网络模型对编解码器的差错复原能力进行了实验,实验结果表明,该视频编解码器具有良好的差错复原性能,重图象的主客观质量得到了明显的改善。     

一种基于污点分析的文件型软件漏洞发现方法

基于黑盒测试思想的Fuzzing是漏洞分析的主要方法,但效率较低且不能分析未知格式.基于污点分析,提出一种针对文件型软件的漏洞发现新方法.利用污点分析寻找输入中能导致执行流到达脆弱点的字节,再改变这些字节产生新输入;同时根据污点信息产生特征码.利用插桩工具实现了原型系统,对三个真实漏洞进行了测试.实验结果表明该方法能有效发现漏洞,生成的测试用例远小于Fuzzing,且不依赖输入格式;特征码的误报率漏报率均较低.     

A new error handling algorithm for controller area network in networked control system

An effective error handling mechanism plays an important role to ensure the reliability and robustness of the application of controller area network (CAN) in controlling dynamic systems. This paper addresses a new online error handling approach or named per-sample-error-counting (PSeC) technique that tends to replace native error handling protocol in controller area network (CAN). The mechanism is designed to manage transmission errors of both sensor and control data in networked control system (NCS) used in controlling dynamic system such that the stability of the feedback system is preserved. A new parameter denoted as maximum allowable number of error burst (MAEB) is introduced in which MAEB is selected based on available bandwidth of the CAN network. MAEB serves as the maximum number of attempt of re-transmission of erroneous data per sample which allows the maximum transmission period to be known and guaranteed for time-critical control system. The efficacy of the proposed method is verified by applying the algorithm on the fourth order inverted pendulum system simulated on Matlab/Truetime simulator and the performance is benchmarked with the existing CAN error management protocol. The simulation run under various systems conditions demonstrate that the proposed method results in superior system performance in handling data transmission error as well as meeting control system requirement.     

Shape from incomplete silhouettes based on the reprojection error

Traditional shape from silhouette methods compute the 3D shape as the intersection of the back-projected silhouettes in the 3D space, the so called visual hull. However, silhouettes that have been obtained with background subtraction techniques often present miss-detection errors (produced by false negatives or occlusions) which produce incomplete 3D shapes. Our approach deals with miss-detections, false alarms, and noise in the silhouettes. We recover the voxel occupancy which describes the 3D shape by minimizing an energy based on an approximation of the error between the shape 2D projections and the silhouettes. Two variants of the projection – and as a result the energy – as a function of the voxel occupancy are proposed. One of these variants outperforms the other. The energy also includes a sparsity measure, a regularization term, and takes into account the visibility of the voxels in each view in order to handle self-occlusions.     

Formal Verification Techniques Based on Boolean Satisfiability Problem

This paper exploits Boolean satisfiability problem in equivalence checking and model checking respectively. A combinational equivalence checking method based on incremental satisfiability is presented. This method chooses the candidate equivalent pairs with some new techniques, and uses incremental satisfiability algorithm to improve its performance.By substituting the internal equivalent pairs and converting the equivalence relations into conjunctive normal form (CNF)formulas, this approach can avoid the false negatives, and reduce the search space of SAT procedure. Experimental results on ISCAS‘85 benchmark circuits show that, the presented approach is faster and more robust than those existed in literature.This paper also presents an algorithm for extracting of unsatisfiable core, which has an important application in abstraction and refinement for model checking to alleviate the state space explosion bottleneck. The error of approximate extraction is analyzed by means of simulation. An analysis reveals that an interesting phenomenon occurs, with the increasing density of the formula, the average error of the extraction is decreasing. An exact extraction approach for MU subformula, referred to as pre-assignment algorithm, is proposed. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that it is more efficient.     

捷联式惯导系统误差解析解研究

该文在一定的假设条件下利用捷联惯导系统的三维误差状态模型求解出了单通道误差状态方程的解析解,列表给出了各误差源对于某一特定误差状态的动态影响.然后利用某型导弹的弹道数据通过对两种误差模型在同一条件下进行仿真的方法验证了单通道误差状态方程解析解的正确性.单通道误差模型对分析各种误差源对系统的影响,确定在满足系统精度要求的条件下主要误差源的选择范围,进行系统精度分配提供了十分方便直观的方法.     

On Performance Improvement of a Speaker Verification System Using Vector Quantization, Cohorts and Hybrid Cohort-World Models

This paper presents the use of distance normalization techniques in order to improve speaker verification system performance. These techniques provide a dynamic threshold that compensates for the trial-to-trial variations and replaces the fixed threshold used in the classical speaker verification approach. Two methods are described: the cohort model normalization and a new and original hybrid cohort-world model normalization. These methods are compared from the point of view of storage space requirements and computational effort. Two algorithms are proposed: one uses existing user models, and the other creates new models. The algorithms were evaluated using the YOHO database and a proprietary database. The results showed that using these methods, the errors of false rejection are significantly reduced for a constant false acceptance error, when the cohort size is increasing. The algorithms also involve fewer computational resources than other algorithms, making them more suitable for commercial application.     

Conditioning and preconditioning of the variational data assimilation problem

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) centres use numerical models of the atmospheric flow to forecast future weather states from an estimate of the current state. Variational data assimilation (VAR) is used commonly to determine an optimal state estimate that miminizes the errors between observations of the dynamical system and model predictions of the flow. The rate of convergence of the VAR scheme and the sensitivity of the solution to errors in the data are dependent on the condition number of the Hessian of the variational least-squares objective function. The traditional formulation of VAR is ill-conditioned and hence leads to slow convergence and an inaccurate solution. In practice, operational NWP centres precondition the system via a control variable transform to reduce the condition number of the Hessian. In this paper we investigate the conditioning of VAR for a single, periodic, spatially-distributed state variable. We present theoretical bounds on the condition number of the original and preconditioned Hessians and hence demonstrate the improvement produced by the preconditioning. We also investigate theoretically the effect of observation position and error variance on the preconditioned system and show that the problem becomes more ill-conditioned with increasingly dense and accurate observations. Finally, we confirm the theoretical results in an operational setting by giving experimental results from the Met Office variational system.     

基于全状态预设性能的受限指令反演控制器设计

针对输出预设性能较多的研究现状,基于一类输入和状态受限的非线性系统,重点分析全状态预设性能,提出一种基于全状态预设性能的受限指令反演控制器设计方法.采用自适应反演方法,构建受限指令滤波器,解决“计算膨胀”的问题;为补偿输入和状态误差,引入伪控制减缓方法;最后分析全状态预设性能,对系统瞬态性能进行重点分析.采用Lyapunov理论对控制器进行稳定性分析,仿真实例表明了所提出方法的正确性和有效性.     

高分辨率影像配准误差对土地覆盖分类和变化检测的影响

近年来高分辨率影像技术发展迅速,土地专题信息的提取对高分辨率数据处理的质量提出了更高的要求,针对配准误差对影像处理和应用的影响研究,有助于专题信息提取过程中遥感数据处理质量控制指标的确定。选取北京市通州区不同时相的IKONOS影像作为实验数据进行模拟研究,在实验研究中通过产生具有不同配准误差的图像,从影像融合、土地覆盖分类和变化检测等角度,分析不同的配准误差对遥感应用的影响。结果表明:随着配准误差的增大,融合图像的可分辨性降低,配准误差增加到3个像元时,土地覆盖分类精度降低2~3%,土地覆盖变化检测中增加了5%的伪变化信息,虚检率增大。     

An integrated approach to hypersonic entry attitude control

This paper presents an integrated approach based on dynamic inversion(DI)and active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)to the entry attitude control of a generic hypersonic vehicle(GHV).DI is frstly used to cancel the nonlinearities of the GHV entry model to construct a basic attitude controller.To enhance the control performance and system robustness to inevitable disturbances,ADRC techniques,including the arranged transient process(ATP),nonlinear feedback(NF),and most importantly the extended state observer(ESO),are integrated with the basic DI controller.As one primary task,the stability and estimation error of the second-order nonlinear ESO are analyzed from a brand new perspective:the nonlinear ESO is treated as a specifc form of forced Li′enard system.Abundant qualitative properties of the Li′enard system are utilized to yield comprehensive theorems on nonlinear ESO solution behaviors,such as the boundedness,convergence,and existence of periodic solutions.Phase portraits of ESO estimation error dynamics are given to validate our analysis.At last,three groups of simulations,including comparative simulations with modeling errors,Monte Carlo runs with parametric uncertainties,and a six degrees-of-freedom reference entry trajectory tracking are executed,which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed integrated controller over the basic DI controller.     

基于贝叶斯统计的测量系统误差控制方法仿真

针对传统误差控制方法存在耗时较长、误报率较高以及误差控制精度较低等问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯统计的测量系统误差控制方法。通过含有区间灰数的模糊子集所处的故障状态,得到测量系统产生误差的条件,利用贝叶斯网络推理算法以及相关的区间运算规则,对规划模型求解,获取测量系统产生误差的概率以及相关部件的重要特征信息。根据求解结果以及相关的空间交汇原理构建待测点坐标、待测距离以及有关于经纬仪观测角的数据模型,通过分析测量系统产生误差的原因,选取满足误差存在条件的数据对网络进行训练,令其逼近非线性函数,完成对测量系统误差的有效控制。实验结果表明,所提方法能够快速、准确地对测量系统产生的误差进行控制。     

Speech fragment decoding techniques for simultaneous speaker identification and speech recognition

This paper addresses the problem of recognising speech in the presence of a competing speaker. We review a speech fragment decoding technique that treats segregation and recognition as coupled problems. Data-driven techniques are used to segment a spectro-temporal representation into a set of fragments, such that each fragment is dominated by one or other of the speech sources. A speech fragment decoder is used which employs missing data techniques and clean speech models to simultaneously search for the set of fragments and the word sequence that best matches the target speaker model. The paper investigates the performance of the system on a recognition task employing artificially mixed target and masker speech utterances. The fragment decoder produces significantly lower error rates than a conventional recogniser, and mimics the pattern of human performance that is produced by the interplay between energetic and informational masking. However, at around 0 dB the performance is generally quite poor. An analysis of the errors shows that a large number of target/masker confusions are being made. The paper presents a novel fragment-based speaker identification approach that allows the target speaker to be reliably identified across a wide range of SNRs. This component is combined with the recognition system to produce significant improvements. When the target and masker utterance have the same gender, the recognition system has a performance at 0 dB equal to that of humans; in other conditions the error rate is roughly twice the human error rate.     

Syntax-directed correction of syntax errors

The systematic approach to compilation represented by syntax-directed compilers makes possible a similarly systematic approach to the automatic correction of syntax errors. This paper describes the syntax-directed syntax error correction system EXPL. Techniques for pinpointing the locations of syntax errors, generating sets of possible corrections and for choosing the best correction from such a set are presented. A particularly promising approach involves the use of semantic information to assist in the elimination of inappropriate syntactic corrections.     

Error-Detection-Based Quantum Fault-Tolerance Threshold

A major hurdle in building a quantum computer is overcoming noise, since quantum superpositions are fragile. Developed over the last couple of years, schemes for achieving fault tolerance based on error detection, rather than error correction, appear to tolerate as much as 3–6% noise per gate—an order of magnitude higher than previous procedures. However, proof techniques could not show that these promising fault-tolerance schemes tolerated any noise at all; the distribution of errors in the quantum state has correlations that conceivably could grow out of control. With an analysis based on decomposing complicated probability distributions into mixtures of simpler ones, we rigorously prove the existence of constant tolerable noise rates (“noise thresholds”) for error-detection-based schemes. Numerical calculations indicate that the actual noise threshold this method yields is lower-bounded by 0.1% noise per gate.     

基于AADL的混合关键系统随机错误与突发错误安全性分析

许多复杂的嵌入式系统都是混合关键系统(mixed-criticality system,简称MCS).MCS通常需要在指定的关键性(criticality)等级状态下运行,但是它们可能会受到一些危害的影响,这些危害可能会导致随机错误和突发错误,进一步导致执行线程中止,甚至导致系统故障.目前的研究仅集中于对MCS的可调度性分析,未能进一步分析系统安全性,未能考虑线程之间的依赖关系.本文以随机错误和突发错误为研究对象,提出一种集成故障传播分析的基于架构的MCS安全分析方法.使用架构分析和设计语言(Architecture Analysis and Design Language,简称AADL)刻画构件依赖关系.为了弥补AADL的不足,创建新的AADL属性(AADL突发错误属性),并提出新的线程状态机(突发错误行为线程状态机)语义来描述带有突发错误的线程执行过程.为了将概率模型检查应用于安全分析,提出模型转换规则和组装方法,从AADL模型推导出PRISM模型.建立了两个公式,分别获得定量安全属性以验证故障发生的概率,以及定性安全属性以生成相应的正例来求出故障传播路径来进行故障传播分析.最后,以动力艇自动驾驶仪(power boat autopilot,简称PBA)系统为例,验证了该方法的有效性.