基于ARIZ的污泥深度脱水装置创新设计

ARIZ是TRIZ理论中专门用于解决复杂问题的方法,它集成了多个TRIZ方法及工具,设定了一套从问题分析到方案优选的系统性问题思考及解决流程.针对已有常用的污泥深度脱水处理设备在应用中出现的滤布难以清洗、易堵塞、易破损及脱水后污泥含水率仍较高等问题,利用ARIZ及知识库进行创造性的思考和解决,按照流程逐步实施ARIZ的9个关键步骤,分析问题模型,最终设计出一套创新设计方案——模组式污泥高效深度减量化处理装置.利用该装置可有效解决污泥深度脱水中存在的问题.研究的结果既验证了ARIZ方法解决复杂工程问题的有效性和实用性,也可为装置的详细设计和加工提供方案支持,并为开发新型高效的污泥深度脱水设备提供了一种方案.     

Mechanism for sludge acidification in aerobic treatment of coking wastewater

This work was undertaken to investigate the cause of sludge acidification that led to disruption of the activated sludge process treating coking wastewater from a steel-making plant in Taiwan. An activated sludge reactor (ASR) with a working volume of 80 L was used as a model system to simulate the behavior of the real wastewater treatment process. Parameters that may cause acidification or inactivation of the sludge (NH(3), SCN(-), S(2)O(3)(2-) and CN(-)) were studied individually to examine for their effects on the performance of the ASR. The results show that high loading of NH(3), SCN(-) and CN(-) did not lead to pH decrease, while the ASR attained 85% COD removal and nearly 100% SCN degradation. In contrast, when the wastewater was supplemented with ca. 1,000 mg/L of S(2)O(3)(2-), the pH dropped to nearly 4.0 in 2 days and the COD and SCN removal yields were significantly lower (at 50 and 0-20%, respectively). Thus, overloading of S(2)O(3)(2-) was apparently a key factor causing sludge acidification. The results suggest that to ensure a normal functioning of the activated sludge, the influent S(2)O(3)(2-) concentration should be closely monitored and that the pH control of the ASR is indispensable when the S(2)O(3)(2-) loading is in excess.     

双层辉光离子渗金属电极结构的研究

通过对双层辉光离子渗金属技术的基本电极结构研究认为：电极结构可分为平板型、空心阴极型、不等电位空心阴极型和复合型等四种形式；通过实验证实，管状零件内表面离子渗金属的电极结构是正确的。     

Stabilization of heavy metals in ceramsite made with sewage sludge

In order to investigate stabilization of heavy metals in ceramsite made with sewage sludge as an additive, the configuration of heavy metals in ceramsite was analysed by XRD and while leaching tests were conducted to find out the effect of sintering temperature (850 degrees C, 900 degrees C, 950 degrees C, 1000 degrees C, 1100 degrees C, and 1200 degrees C), pH (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12), and H2O2 concentration (0.5molL(-1), 1molL(-1), 1.5molL(-1), 3molL(-1), and 5molL(-1)) on stabilization of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb) in ceramsite. The results indicate that leaching contents of heavy metals do not change above 1000 degrees C and sintering temperature has a significant effect on stabilization of heavy metals in ceramsite; leaching contents of heavy metals decrease as pH increases and increase as H2O2 concentration increases. XRD analysis reveals that the heavy metals exist in steady forms, mainly Pb2O(CrO(4)), CdSiO3, and CuO at 1100 degrees C. It is therefore concluded that heavy metals are properly stabilized in ceramsite and cannot be easily released into the environment again to cause secondary pollution.     

A study on corrosion‐fatigue behavior of AA7075‐T651 subjected to different surface modification treatments

Two corrosive media were used (3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution and distilled water) to examine the corrosion‐fatigue behavior of AA 7075‐T651, subjected to various surface modifications (wire‐EDM, blasting, and anodizing). An in‐situ corrosion‐fatigue device was used to test the corrosion‐fatigue durability. The apparatus is able to generate cyclic loads within a corrosive solution. The mechanical loading is simulated with the aid of finite element method (FEM). At both corrosive environments, a prolongation of the corrosion‐fatigue life was achieved by the blasting procedure, compared with the as‐machined specimens under same conditions. Anodizing had a deleterious impact in all examined cases.     

Effects of surface treatments on high cycle corrosion fatigue of metallic implant materials

Long term corrosion fatigue properties of two materials which are candidates for skeletal implants — cold worked c.p. Niobium and c.p. Tantalum — have been investigated. Fatigue properties have been compared to two implant materials in clinical use — c.p. Titanium and Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy. Constant amplitude fatigue experiments (S–N curves) were performed at ultrasonic frequency (20 kHz) with two different surface structures (ground surface and blasted and shot peened surface) in ambient air and in a corrosive fluid similar to the body fluid in the oral cavity. The endurance limit at 2×10⁸ cycles of all materials decreased by 5–20% if they were cycled in corrosive fluid instead of ambient air. The loss of fatigue strength is more pronounced for ground Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy and c.p. Ti than for ground c.p. Nb cw and c.p. Ta cw. Fracture surfaces show a more pronounced embrittlement of ground Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy and c.p. Titanium after cycling in corrosive fluid than ground c.p. Tantalum and c.p. Niobium. A beneficial influence of surface structuring by blasting and shot peening on the fatigue properties was found for all materials in both environments. Fatigue loading using ultrasonic frequency allows one to select appropriate implant materials and to determine their very-high cycle corrosion-fatigue behaviour within reasonable testing times. Though the obtained high-frequency values may not be fully representative of actual in vivo behaviour, they are regarded as useful material characterizing values.     

陶瓷膜处理炼油厂"三泥"水相的研究

采用陶瓷微滤膜对“三泥”水相进行处理．通过渗透液油含量的测定,证明此方法能明显地降低传统方法仰处理的水相的油,尤其是乳化油的含量．同时,确定了合适的膜孔径,研究了操作压力、膜面流速和操作温度对渗透通量的影响．为炼油厂“三泥”的处理提供了一种新的方法．     

Characteristics of oily sludge combustion in circulating fluidized beds

Incineration of oily sludge in circulating fluidized beds may be an effective way for its management in some cases. The objective of the present paper is to investigate combustion characteristics of oily sludge, which would be helpful and useful for the design and simulation of a circulating fluidized bed.Firstly, the pyrolysis and combustion of oily sludge were studied through some thermal analyses, which included the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the differential thermal analytical (DTA) analysis. It was found that the combustion of oily sludge might be the combustion of its pyrolysis products. Secondly, an experiment for measuring of main components of the volatile from oily sludge pyrolysis was carried out. Some mathematic correlations about the compositions of volatile from oily sludge devolatilization were achieved from the experimental results. Finally, the combustion characteristics of oily sludge was studied in a lab-scale circulating fluidized bed, which could obtain some information about the location of release and combustion of the volatiles.     

Biodegradation of total organic carbons (TOC) in Jordanian petroleum sludge

Biodegradation is cost-effective, environmentally friendly treatment for oily contaminated sites by the use of microorganisms. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the performance of bacterial isolates in degradation of organic compounds contained in oily sludge from the Jordanian Oil Refinery plant. As a result of the laboratory screening, three natural bacterial consortia capable of degrading total organic carbons (TOC) were prepared from isolates enriched from the oil sludge. Experiments were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions, with TOC removal percentage varied from 0.3 to 28% depending on consortia type and concentration. Consortia 7B and 13B exhibited the highest TOC removal percentage of 28 and 22%, respectively, before nutrient addition. TOC removal rate was enhanced after addition of nutrients to incubated flasks. The highest TOC reduction (43%) was estimated after addition of combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur to consortia 7B.

A significant variation (P < 0.005) was obser0ved between the effect of consortia type and concentration on TOC% reduction. No significant variation was observed between incubation at 10 and 18 days in TOC% reduction. This is the first report concerning biological treatment of TOC by bacteria isolated from the oil refinery plants, where it lays the ground for full integrated studies recommended for the degradation of organic compounds that assist in solving sludge problems.     

Influence of clinoptilolite rock on chemical speciation of selected heavy metals in sewage sludge

The chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in Torun municipal sewage sludge is investigated with addition of a natural sorbent (clinoptilolite rock). The total contents of the heavy metals in the sludge are substantially lower than the corresponding limits established by European or Polish legislation excepting nickel only. But the metals concentrations excepting lead exceed significantly the natural background (average contents in soils and in the Earth's crust) in dozens. Application of the sequential chemical extraction indicated that the metals in the sewage sludge are bound mainly (over 50%) in the residual fraction. The metals form the following order by parts of the mobile form: Ni> Cd> Cr> Cu> Pb. Addition of the clinoptilolite to the sludge leads to the metals contents fall in all four fractions of the sequential procedure. Concentrations of mobile forms of cadmium, chromium, copper and nickel decrease by 87, 64, 35 and 24%, respectively, as a result of addition of 9.09% of the clinoptilolite. The total decreases of the metals amount after 9.09% clinoptilolite addition to the sludge are around 11, 15, 25, 41 and 51% for copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium and lead, respectively.     

污泥样品中稀土元素的检测方法研究

取稀土工业园区的污水处理设施和受影响河流的的污泥样品,分别采用三种样品预处理方法(敞开式酸溶法、石墨加热消解和微波消解法)进行对比研究,结果表明:石墨消解法前处理污泥样品后,使用ICP-MS测定其中稀土元素(Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu),其方法简便快捷,检出限低,准确度好。     

Metal sorption on soils as affected by the dissolved organic matter in sewage sludge and the relative calculation of sewage sludge application

To evaluate the influences of sewage sludge-derived organic matters on metal sorption and on the resultant sludge loading estimates, a batch experiment was conducted to compare the sorption of Ni, Cu and Pb in sewage sludge filtrates (1:20 sewage sludge to water) on eight soils and the adsorption of metals in a reference solution which had the same matrix as the sewage sludge filtrate except dissolved organic material (henceforth referred to as reference solution). Metal sorption could be well fitted by linear isotherm and the dissolved organic matter in sludge significantly depressed the sorption (p<0.01). The main factor controlling sorption of Ni on different soils was dominated by soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sorption of Cu and Pb was by soil organic matter (SOM). The parameters obtained from the sorption isotherm equations were then used to estimate sludge loadings into the soils. When the sorption parameters derived from the reference solution were used for calculation, that is the effect of dissolved organic matter was not considered, the calculated safe application rates are approximately 47.8, 51.4, 34.2, 31.3, 21.7, 46.3, 187.1 and 27.6 t-sludge/ha for the Beijing, Jiangxi, Xiamen, Jilin, Guangdong, Wuhan, Gansu and Xinjiang soils, respectively. However, when the sorption parameters derived from the dissolved organo-metallic complexes are used for calculation, the corresponding application rates are reduced to approximately 6.0, 3.4, 1.9, 10.0, 6.3, 3.6, 7.3 and 3.5 t-sludge/ha, respectively. By this study we can get a conclusion that the effect of sewage sludge derived dissolved organic matter on heavy metal sorption and soil properties should be considered in the course of regulating the safe application rates of sewage sludge to soil.     

Inhibition of sulfate reduction by iron, cadmium and sulfide in granular sludge

This study investigated the inhibition effect of iron, cadmium and sulfide on the substrate utilization rate of sulfate reducing granular sludge. A series of batch experiments in a UASB reactor were conducted with different concentrations of iron (Fe²⁺, 4.0–8.5 mM), cadmium (Cd²⁺, 0.53–3.0 mM) and sulfide (4.2–10.6 mM), the reactor was fed with ethanol at 1 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L and sulfate to yield a COD/SO₄²⁻ (g/g) ratio of 0.5. The addition of iron, up to a concentration of 8.1 mM, had a positive effect on the substrate utilization rate which increased 40% compared to the rate obtained without metal addition (0.25 g COD/g VSS-d). Nonetheless, iron concentration of 8.5 mM inhibited the specific substrate utilization rate by 57% compared to the substrate utilization rate obtained in the batch amended with 4.0 mM Fe²⁺ (0.44 g COD/g VSS-d). Cadmium had a negative effect on the specific substrate utilization rate at the concentrations tested; at 3.0 mM Cd²⁺ the substrate utilization rate was inhibited by 44% compared with the substrate utilization rate without metal addition. Cadmium precipitation with sulfide did not decrease the inhibition of cadmium on sulfate reduction. These results could have important practical implications mainly when considering the application of the sulfate reducing process to treat effluents with high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals such as iron and cadmium.     

Distribution of extractable fractions of heavy metals in sludge during the wastewater treatment process

Sludge samples were collected from different treatment steps of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Beijing City, PR China, to investigate the distributions of total and chemical fractions of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Mo in different sludges. The highest total concentrations were found for Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mo in digested sludge (DS), Ni and Cr in thickened sludge (TS), Zn in dewatering sludge (DWS), and Cu in active sludge (AS). The lowest concentrations were observed in AS, except for Cu in TS. Significant differences of total metal concentration were observed between AS and TS (or DS), suggesting that sludge thickening and digesting treatments significantly influenced the total metal concentrations. Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, and Pb distributed principally in the residual fraction in all sludges, while Zn and Mn presented in a highly available fraction. For same metal in different sludges, the portion of easily mobile fraction decreased significantly along the wastewater treatment process, and metals in AS presented in the highest available fraction. Organic matter contents, TN, and TP of sludges exhibited a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of exchangeable and reducible fraction of Pb, Mo, Cr, Cu, and Fe, while sludge pH demonstrated significant negative correlations with the concentrations of these metals.     

Study of speciation of metals in an industrial sludge and evaluation of metal chelators for their removal

Leachability and mobility of metals were evaluated in sludge obtained from electroplating industry, using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid test (DTPA). Sequential leaching procedure was used to determine the chemical fractionation of metals. Further, removal of metals from sludge using various chelators (EDTA, citric acid, siderophore) was evaluated. The leaching test indicated that nickel in the sludge sample exceeded 5 ppm concentration. This categorized the sludge, as a toxic waste. The mobility of the metals in the sludge was in the following order: Ni, Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb. Metals were found to be associated with various fractions of sludge. The metal concentration in the sludge was very high as compared to normal abundance and thus not within the range to be used as a fertilizer. The low removal of metals from the sludge by various chelators may be due to overloading of metals and use of aged sludge rather than artificially contaminated one for the study. The results of this study bring forth the prospect of the use of siderophores for bioremediation, because it is biodegradable and ecofriendly. This can be achieved with further optimization of the method, exploration of more potent siderophores and by inclusion of metal bound sludge fraction specific treatments.     

Alkali pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge

The objective of this research was to develop an alkali pretreatment process prior to anaerobic digestion (AD) of pulp and paper sludge (PPS) to improve the methane productivity. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution were used to pretreat PPS, and then followed by AD of PPS and monosodium glutamate waste liquor (MGWL).Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in completely mixed bioreactors, 1 L capacity with 700 mL worked. Optimal amount of sodium hydroxide for organics solubilization in the step of pretreatment was 8 g NaOH/100 g TS_sludge. Under this condition, the PPS flocs structure was well disrupted resulting in the void rate and fiber size decreased after pretreatment, and SCOD increased up to 83% as well as the peak value of VFA concentration attained 1040 mg acetic acid/L during AD. The AD efficiency of PPS with and without pretreatment was evaluated. The highest methane yield under optimal pretreatment condition was 0.32 m³ CH₄/kg VS_removal, 183.5% of the control. The results indicated that alkali/NaOH pretreatment could be an effective method for improving methane yield with PPS.     

铝合金电阻点焊电极寿命及其表面特征分析

为了研究采用不同焊接电源时,铝合金电阻点焊的电极寿命、电极头磨损行为及其对焊接质量的影响,运用图形分析方法对电极头磨损行为进行了定量分析.基于对电极压印的分析,定义了3种电极头表面特征参数:相对半径(Rr)、边缘聚集度(EC)和偏心度(ECC).研究表明:铝合金电阻点焊采用逆变直流电源与交流电源比较,前者电极寿命约为后者的1/4;焊点的剪切强度随着Rr和EC的增加而下降;电极头中部残存接触区的存在有助于维持较好的焊接质量.     

混凝土腐蚀监测用参比电极制作及电化学性能研究

参比电极对监测混凝土中钢筋的电位至关重要。使用凝胶作为电极内部电解质、水泥浆作为渗透层,制成Ag/AgCl凝胶参比电极。在混凝土模拟液中测试了电极电位的稳定性、电极的温度系数以及氯离子含量对电位的影响,通过动电位和恒电流极化测试了电极的抗极化性能,并在混凝土中进一步研究了电极电位的时变特性。结果表明,电极电位有良好的稳定性和可靠性,电极温度系数较小,氯离子含量对电极电位的影响可以忽略,电极抗极化性能优良。研制的电极可用于实时监测混凝土内部钢筋的腐蚀电位,为钢筋混凝土构件寿命预测提供参考。     

铝及铝合金表面处理研究进展

铝合金耐磨性差、特殊条件下耐蚀性差的缺点限制了它的进一步利用,对铝合金进行表面处理长期以来一直是扩大铝合金使用范围地行之有效的方法.文章综述了铝合金的各种表面处理方法,比较了它们的优缺点,指出表面氧化是铝合金表面处理的主流,复合处理、纳米化处理将是今后铝合金表面处理的主要研究方向.     

Ethyl silicate for surface protection of concrete: Performance in comparison with other inorganic surface treatments

The protection of concrete surface from environmental aggressions is often a basic issue for the enhancement of its durability. Due to the unsatisfactory long-term performance of many organic products and the subsequent need for frequent re-application, growing interest has been recently addressed toward inorganic materials. In the present study, ethyl silicate, widely used for the consolidation of weathered stones in architectural restoration and recently investigated for surface treatment of reinforced concrete structures, is compared with some inorganic products based on sodium silicate and nanosilica, generally used for the protection of concrete floors. Performance and effectiveness of the treatments are investigated in terms of morphology and microstructure; water absorption rate; water contact angle; chloride, carbonation and abrasion resistances. The results obtained highlight ethyl silicate, among the products investigated, as the most effective protection treatment for reinforced concrete structural elements.