Damage-Free Hole Making in Fiber-Reinforced Composites: An Innovative Tool Design Approach

Drilling is an inevitable machining technique that facilitates the assembly of composite parts. Drilling with the traditional tools causes significant damage to the composite parts. The forces that are produced during drilling are mostly accountable for the damage or rejection of the parts. Therefore, the main aim of the present investigation is to reduce the forces and subsequent damage that is induced during drilling operation. Thus, new tool geometry has been conceptualized, designed, developed, and implemented to investigate the drilling behavior of sisal-epoxy and nettle-epoxy laminates. A comparative analysis has been made to compare the performance of the developed tool with the widely used twist drill. The performance has been compared based on the forces and associated drilling-induced damage. It was found that the developed tool geometry gives better results than the traditional twist drill in terms of minimization of forces and damage as well.     

The influence of strength characteristics of diamond grits on drilling tool performance

The paper presents the results of investigation of the effect of strength characteristics (strength, strength uniformity, thermal stability) of diamond grits on wear of impregnated drill bits and expenditure of energy for rock destruction by such tools. The influence of strength characteristics of diamond grits on the drilling tool performance has been verified experimentally. The field tests have demonstrated that the better the strength characteristics of the grits the larger the average meterage drilled per bit and the rate of penetration.     

CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)传动轴因性能优越广泛应用于汽车、航空航天、船舶、冷却塔风机等轻量化领域,但其钻削过程中容易出现毛刺、分层等缺陷。为了揭示CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制,选择双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻对CFRP管面钻孔,利用分步钻削盲孔和通孔的方法,分析了损伤部位的受力情况,揭示了入口撕裂、出口毛刺和分层产生原因。根据实验结果,发现双锋角钻头钻孔时入口撕裂损伤较大,损伤位置在钻头与管面接触最低点,且主要是那部分水平缠绕CFRP管的纤维,原因是水平缠绕的纤维屈曲变形最大,对切削力更加敏感。双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻的横刃对孔最终出口分层没有影响,主切削刃的切削行为决定孔最终出口分层。相同钻头钻孔时,轴向力不是唯一影响分层因子的因素,还需考虑切削热。相比双锋角钻头,三尖二刃钻因锋利的外缘尖角能有效划断纤维,使出口分层较小。     

Experimental thrust forces and delamination analysis of GFRP laminates using candlestick drills

Drilling is usually performed using twist drills while assembling the composite components. However, it is necessary to adopt appropriate tool as the risk of delamination damage is high. Many researchers have performed experimental and theoretical study concerning drilling-induced delamination damage in composites utilizing special drills. The article performed drilling experiments of glass fiber reinforced plastic laminates utilizing candlestick drills. Ten candlestick drills with different drill tip geometries were compared in thrust forces and push down delamination. The results revealed the drilling behavior of the outer cutting edges and the outer drill tips for candlestick drill, and also indicated that the push down delamination depended on exit thrust force instead of maximum thrust force. What is more, thrust forces and push down delamination were significantly reduced when holes were produced using reasonable candlestick drill tip geometry. Finally, the analysis was useful for selecting appropriate candlestick drill tip geometry and conducting candlestick drill tip geometry optimization.     

Study of the Effect of Tool Wear on Hole Quality in Drilling CFRP to Select a Suitable Drill for Multi-Criteria Hole Quality

In recent years the use of carbon fiber composites in aerospace industries has been on the rise due to their unique properties like high specific strength, high stiffness, and fatigue characteristics. The machining behavior of these materials differs from machining homogenous metals because the drill bit encounters fiber and matrix alternatively which have widely different properties. Among the various machining operations, drilling is very common to facilitate assembly using fasteners to others parts in the structure. Rapid wear of the tool due to the abrasive carbon fibers is an important reason for damage occurrence. This results in frequent drill changes affecting the production cycle and increasing the final cost. Drill geometry is an important factor which decides the quality of the drilled hole. Hole quality is decided by a number of parameters like fiber pullout, delamination, surface finish, etc., among others. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the performance of the different drills available based on the quality of the holes they produce and drill life time. Three tool geometries are evaluated for thrust force, tool wear, surface roughness, fiber pullout, hole oversize, and eccentricity. Recommendations are given to aid in the selection of appropriate drill for the desired hole quality parameter.     

Failure analysis of drillstring in petroleum industry: A review

Understanding the failure analysis of drillstring and its components i.e., drill collar and drilling bit is one of the essential issues in the oil and gas industry for the high cost of oil well drilling. Different ways such as air drilling, percussion drilling and downhole hydraulic ultra-high pressure (UHP) jet assisted drilling have been often used to improve the rate of penetration (ROP), minimize the cost of drilling per foot and diminish well deviation. Nevertheless, these drilling ways aggravate the working conditions of the downhole drilling tools materials and hence their properties cannot meet the demands of these conditions and consequently causing a risk drillstring failure. The unfavorable geological conditions and the repeated impact for breaking the rock may also cause severe bit bouncing and violent vibration. Tooth loss, tooth fracture, tooth wear and microcracks in addition to drill pipe fatigue from bending stress caused by buckling load are realistic examples of failure modes which occurred in the drilling tools. This study comprehensively describes the reasons causing these failure modes in order to manage risks and achieve high performance of wells and borehole sections. The role of working parameters i.e., bottom hole temperature and solid content on the drilling tools' life time, and the role of predrill predictions of pore pressure or wellbore stability on the drilling process are presented.     

基于CFRP层合板钻削轴向力时变曲线的钻头几何形状分析

为探索能够实现碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）层合板低损制孔的钻头几何形状,采用4种不同几何形状的钻头,对T800级CFRP层合板进行钻孔实验研究,分析了钻头几何形状对钻削轴向力的影响,探讨了钻削轴向力与分层损伤之间的关系。结果表明:轴向力归零速度与出口分层因子有较好的正相关性,可采用钻削轴向力归零速度来表征钻头几何形状对CFRP层合板钻孔的适用性能。同时,实验发现切削区域具有多阶段几何特征的钻头,在钻出工件底部时轴向力是分阶段缓慢归零,出口分层因子较小。      

Neural network approach for estimating the residual tensile strength after drilling in uni-directional glass fiber reinforced plastic laminates

The drilling of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) often results in damage around the drilled hole. The drilling induced damage often serves to impair the long-term performance of the composite products with drilled holes. The present research investigation focuses on developing a predictive model for the residual tensile strength of uni-directional glass fiber reinforced plastic (UD-GFRP) laminates with drilled hole which has not been developed worldwide till now. Artificial neural network (ANN) predictive approach has been used. The drill point geometry, the feed rate and the spindle speed have been used as the input variables and the residual tensile strength as the output. The results of the predictive model are in close agreement with the training and the testing data.     

双顶角钻头钻削CFRP复合材料的刀具磨损机制

为了研究碳纤维增强树脂基(CFRP)复合材料切削中刀具在不同部位的磨损机制和规律,以典型的硬质合金双顶角钻头作为研究对象,主要研究对出口分层影响较大的横刃和对最终制孔成型影响较大的第二主切削刃的磨损机制及规律。通过减小磨损测量间隔,并引入切削刃钝圆半径以及后刀面磨损带宽度,表征了横刃和第二主切削刃在加工中的衰变过程。基于显微刃口观测和钝圆半径变化,揭示横刃易崩刃和第二主切削刃磨损后又受到重新刃磨的磨损机制,获得了此类型钻头不同部位的磨损规律。同时,基于上述的磨损表征,研究不同切削部位磨损量对钻削轴向力和力矩的影响,横刃轴向力与横刃钝圆半径变化相关性较小,而钻削最大力矩与第二主切削刃后刀面磨损变化规律相一致。     

多维冲击提高PDC钻头破岩效率的机理研究

在一维冲击辅助破岩技术基础上发展出了更加高效的多维冲击破岩技术,但相应的破岩机理研究却不够深入。为揭示多维冲击提高PDC钻头破岩效率的机理,建立了冲击-切削破岩分析模型,模型将一维和多维冲击作用视为不同角度的单齿冲击问题,通过有限单元法探讨了轴向、扭向和多维冲击作用下岩石的损伤演化和岩屑形成过程,并进一步计算和分析了冲击角度范围为0°~90°的破岩比功,通过现场试验对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:一维与多维冲击的岩石破碎机理不同,多维冲击破岩过程同时受到挤压和剪切裂纹的影响;不同冲击速度矢量存在不同的最优冲击角度使破岩比功最低;多维冲击器提速幅度高于一维冲击钻井工具;研究结果有助于传统冲击钻井工具与结构优化的技术升级。     

月壤钻进取心过程钻具热特性研究

我国探月三期工程采用回转冲击钻对月表月壤进行预计深度为2米的采样作业，采样过程中钻头由于钻削产生的切削热完全由钻具本身导热传递。由于月球的超高真空度以及苛刻的温度环境，导热效率相较于地面钻探低。同时，由于钻进工况的未知性，钻具可能会形成局部高温区域，这会使钻具的整体性能降低，尤其对钻具的取心性能影响最大。通过EDEM软件，建立不同形状及颗粒大小的月壤颗粒微元模型，组成月壤仿真模型，基于高温小颗粒群法，开展钻进过程月壤热特性仿真研究，研究温升颗粒的分布规律，并根据这一分布规律建立温升颗粒数量与温升之间的关系式。另外，在模拟月壤钻进实验中，在原有的取芯钻具上补充若干温度测量点，通过光纤光栅传感技术，开展钻具热特性实验研究，获得了钻头不同位置区域的温升规律，以及回转转速、进给速率对钻具温度的影响规律。温升颗粒数量模型以及常规热特性实验均能实现钻具温升情况的预测，为后续钻具在拟实月球环境及恶劣工况下的热安全性研究提供依据。     

Investigations on Drilling of Bidirectional Cotton Polyester Composite

Cotton fiber composites are currently used in the interior parts of automobiles, insulation boards, fiber boards, and various parts of high-friction mechanical assemblies. These composites are subjected to machining operations. Drilling is an indispensable machining operation for assembly of different parts. The present work aimed to carry out experimental and analytical investigations on drilling of bidirectional cotton polyester composite. Influence of feed, spindle speed, and drill point angle on machining characteristics like thrust force, torque, and delamination factor was studied by conducting experiments derived from Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array. To determine the significance of each drilling process parameters and their interactions, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted. Modeling of drilling parameters was carried out through multiple regression analysis and their optimization for minimizing cutting forces and machining induced damage was carried out using signal to noise ratio analysis.     

某油田钻具失效统计分析

对某油田2002-2004年钻具失效情况进行了系统调查,查清了不同钻具的失效形式和失效次数。通过统计分析发现钻铤断裂次数最多,占钻具失效总数的比例最大。对钻铤断裂机理和受力状态进行了分析,认为钻铤断裂性质主要属于早期疲劳失效。对钻铤标准和实际使用状况进行了分析,找出了钻铤标准中存在的问题。对钻铤断裂原因从螺纹接头结构应力、残余应力和材料韧性等方面进行了分析,指出了导致钻铤断裂的产品质量问题。通过使用工况和钻井参数对钻铤的受力状态进行了分析,指出了使用操作对钻铤断裂的影响。最后对该油田依据上述结论采取措施后2009-2011年钻具失效情况进行了统计分析,发现钻具失效事故大幅度减少。     

通用下部钻具三维小挠度静力分析的数学模型及应用

随着钻井技术的进步,以控制井眼轨道为目的的下部钻具组合发展迅速。在原来的普通增斜、降斜和稳斜钻具的基础上,发展了多种类型的导向钻具、带偏心弯接头的防斜钻具、带柔性接头防斜钻具和两稳定器间变刚度的增斜钻具等多种新型下部钻具组合。为了更好地应用这些新钻具,建立了适用于对普通下部钻具、导向钻具、带偏心弯接头和柔性接头的下部钻具进行三维小挠度静力学分析的数学模型,包括(1)微分方程,(2)钻头、稳定器、弯角、变截面、切点和井壁的边界条件,(3)钻头的侧向力和钻头转角。用该理论编写了应用软件。作为软件的部分功能,对几套钻具进行了增斜率随井斜角变化的预测, 并进行了初步分析。     

钻柱声传输信号多载波调制激励分析

在随钻声遥测技术中,周期性钻柱结构产生的多重回波极易造成严重的码间干扰和较高误码率,为此,根据钻柱信道的多径传输特性,基于短钻杆条件下多载波传输的实验分析,建立了多节钻杆与管箍的周期性信道有限差分模型。考虑地面噪声和信道内多径回波干扰,利用最小均方自适应均衡,基于“4钻杆—3管箍”信道结构进行了多载波调制性能仿真分析。仿真结果表明,与单载波PSK（Phase-Shift-Keying）调制相比,OFDM（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）多载波调制可使误码率平均降低约50%;在非周期性结构下其传输性能受信道变化敏感,但相同条件下仍优于PSK调制,且通过子载波相位补偿可有效改善误码率、提高传输性能。     

钻杆扭矩法预测冲击地压的研究

钻杆扭矩法是通过测试钻孔过程中钻机对钻杆输出扭矩的大小来判断煤矿冲击地压危险性的方法,具备许多传统方法不可替代的优点,是一种很有发展的预测预报方法。该文建立了钻屑过程中钻杆的力学模型,得出钻杆扭矩与煤体应力、煤体性质及钻进速度的关系,分析表明:钻屑过程中,煤体应力增大时,钻杆扭矩增大,钻屑推进力减小;钻屑推进速度增加时,钻杆扭矩增加,钻屑推进力增大;煤体强度增大时,钻杆扭矩增加,钻屑推进力增大。利用钻杆扭矩测试装置,测试了不同煤体应力条件下钻屑扭矩的变化规律。理论和实验结果均表明:使用相同的钻机及钻具,按照指定速度对同一性质的煤层打钻时,钻杆扭矩随着煤体应力的增大而增大,钻杆扭矩变化规律与煤体应力及钻屑量具有较好的一致性,通过测试钻杆扭矩的变化规律,得出钻孔处煤体应力场的分布化规律,进而预测煤层冲击危险性。研究结果为煤矿动力灾害预测预报提供一定的理论与实验基础。     

强研磨性地层中PDC钻头井底热-流-固三场耦合研究

PDC（polycrystalline diamond compact， 聚晶金刚石复合片）钻头在强研磨性地层中破岩时，其钻齿在刮切破碎岩石的同时与岩屑、岩石剧烈摩擦，产生的局部高温加快了钻齿的磨损失效，这会极大地缩短整个钻头的使用寿命。因此，探究温度对PDC钻头磨损的影响并改进其水力结构对提升单个钻头的进尺深度和降低钻井经济成本有显著意义。为此，通过钻齿切削实验来验证其温度与磨损之间的关系，并在考虑井底钻井液流动状态及其与钻齿之间对流换热的基础上，建立了PDC钻头井底热?流?固三场耦合模型，分析了井底钻井液与PDC钻头之间的相互作用，同时针对原有的PDC钻头水力结构提出了优化措施。结果表明：1）在钻齿切削过程中温升现象十分明显，说明温度是影响PDC钻头磨损的重要因素；2）PDC钻头井底流场呈热?流?固耦合状态，且钻井液流动状态对其钻齿换热的影响大，这为钻头水力结构的优化提供了方向；3）通过调整喷嘴的流量及角度等水力结构，降低了钻齿的平均温度，可有效改善PDC钻头的磨损情况。研究结果对强研磨性地层中钻头的优化设计有重要指导意义。     

Bottomhole assembly analysis by finite difference differential method

This paper presents a three‐dimensional finite difference differential method for bottomhole assembly (BHA) analysis under static loads. The analysis is required to optimize the BHA configurations for drilling directional boreholes in the petroleum industry. The optimization of BHA configurations ensures the controlled cruising of the drill bit to drill the hole along a planned trajectory. The model incorporates the contact response between drillstring and wellbore wall, the upper tangent point problem, stabilizer configurations, bent sub model and other considerations for numerical solutions. The overall formulations are presented in a matrix format within convenient coordinate systems developing a transformation matrix. Key solution algorithms for computer programming are then described in detail. One analytical solution for beams under weight and torque is used to verify the method. Also the analytical solutions of three other simple BHA configurations are used for verification. The verified method is then applied in a series of parametric investigations to characterize the responses of typical BHAs. The BHA responses studied include the side force at bit and lateral deformation of the assembly along its length with varying weights on bit and hole inclination angles for typical building, dropping and holding assemblies. BHAs with bent sub are analyzed with various tool face angles and bent angles. The effect of wellbore curvature on side forces is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parametric optimization studies on drilling of sandwich composites using the Box–Behnken design

This study was carried out to investigate the parametric influence on the performance of drilling newly made sandwich composites. Sandwich composite was prepared by using steel and jute as reinforcements and polyester as the matrix material. Drilling experiments were carried out by considering input factors such as spindle speed, feed rate of the spindle, point angle of the drill and tool diameter. Three output factors, namely thrust force developed during drilling, surface roughness of the drilled hole and damage at the entrance surface, were studied. All output factors were optimized by using the Box–Behnken approach, and the best machining conditions were taken on the basis of the desirability approach. Confirmatory experiments were conducted and compared against the Box–Behnken model. The comparison showed only a minor error, and hence the optimization is satisfactory.     

φ139.7 mm×10.54 mm G105钻杆刺穿失效分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相检验、扫描电镜断口分析及能谱分析等手段对某规格为φ139.7 mm×10.54 mm的G105钻杆的刺穿原因进行了分析。结果表明:钻杆刺穿的实质是早期疲劳失效;蹩钻、跳钻等钻柱振动引起钻杆上产生的严重交变应力是导致钻杆失效的主要原因;钻井液中的溶解氧对钻杆外表面造成氧腐蚀并形成腐蚀坑,促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生;钻铤直接过渡到钻杆,截面变化突然,使应力集中加剧,也是导致钻杆发生疲劳失效的原因之一。建议在钻井液中添加除氧剂和缓蚀剂,并适当降低钻压,调整钻井参数,避免钻柱剧烈振动。