精铸型壳的增材制造技术研究进展

增材制造技术用于精密铸造领域,可以满足市场对精密铸件的短周期、个性化、多样化、柔性制造的需求.增材制造技术可以制作树脂模型代替蜡模进行精密铸造,但更高效的方法是用增材制造技术直接制备精铸型壳.目前可用于制备精铸型壳的增材制造技术主要有三维打印法(3DP)、选择性激光烧结法(SLS)、光固化成形法(SLA)以及浆料挤出法...     

RLS耐热铸造不锈钢燃烧器精密制造

RLS燃烧器是石油高新加热装备中的最核心关建零部件,铸件材质为耐热铸造不锈钢。燃烧器的内部形为状环状,是一个有8条细长窄缝的环形封闭室的压力容器,它的结构比较特殊,铸件壁厚也不均。而使用硅溶胶精密铸造工艺铸造,受熔模精密铸造工艺的局限性,模具制造、蜡件制造、模壳制造、铸件清理的制造工艺难度太大,产品的成功率很低。本文通过对铸件的铸造工艺性分析,汽腔被分割设计成汽腔芯和汽腔体,巧妙设计了汽腔芯的8条细长窄缝模具和制模工艺。通过先分后合工艺方法,解决了耐热铸造不锈钢燃烧器环形封闭汽室的细长窄缝蜡件和铸件的制造问题,使产品满足了要求。     

Forming Mechanism of Gaseous Defect in Ti-48A1-2Cr-2Nb Exhaust Valves Formed with Permanent Mold Centrifugal Casting Method

A method combining theoretical analysis with experiment is adopted and the flowing process of Ti-48AI-2Cr-2Nb alloy melt poured in a permanent mould during the centrifugal casting process has been analyzed. A mathematical model of the filling process is established and the forming mechanism of internal gaseous defect is summarized. The results of calculation show that the melt fills the mould with varying cross-section area and inclined angle. The filling speed of the cross-section is a function of filling time. The cross-section area is directly proportional to the filling speed and the inclined angle is inversely proportional to the filling speed at a given rotating speed of the platform. Both of them changes more obvious near the mould entrance.The gaseous defect can be formed in several ways and the centrifugal field has an important influence on the formation of the defect. In addition, the filling process in centrifugal field has been verified by wax experiments and the theoretical analysis are consistent with experimental results.     

Forming mechanism of gaseous defect in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb exhaust valves formed with permanent mold centrifugal casting method

A method combining theoretical analysis with experiment is adopted and the flowing process of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy melt poured in a permanent mould during the centrifugal casting process has been analyzed. A mathematical model of the filling process is established and the forming mechanism of internal gaseous defect is summarized. The results of calculation show that the melt fills the mould with varying cross-section area and inclined angle. The filling speed of the cross-section is a function of filling time. The cross-section area is directly proportional to the filling speed and the inclined angle is inversely proportional to the filling speed at a given rotating speed of the platform. Both of them changes more obvious near the mould entrance. The gaseous defect can be formed in several ways and the centrifugal field has an important influence on the formation of the defect. In addition, the filling process in centrifugal field has been verified by wax experiments and the theoretical analysis are consistent with experimental results.     

Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金精密铸造浇注系统优化研究

利用数值模拟方法,研究了重力场和立式离心场下,不同浇注系统（顶-底、螺旋、径向和树形系统）Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金铸件的充型和凝固过程及缩孔缺陷分布规律,并通过实际铸造实验,对铸件的机械性能及缩孔缺陷进行了检测。结果表明,重力场下的顶-底浇注系统氧含量波动范围大,不同浇注系统对合金力学性能影响不大,缩孔的模拟结果与实际铸造情况都吻合较好。相比而言,重力场下由于金属液的紊流更容易形成夹杂、钛豆、缩孔等缺陷,而离心场下由于离心力的作用,形成缩孔等缺陷的数量相对较少。     

Effect of bubble based degradation on the physical properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Resin composite and new approach in bubbles reduction

In this study the effect of bubble based degradation on the physical and structural properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)/epoxy resin composite samples were investigated and new method based on vacuum shock was presented. For this purpose, with two different methods samples with and without bubble based degradation were fabricated and effect of degradation on the value of electrical conductivity and the amount of Electromagnetic (EM) waves absorption were investigated. Which vacuum shock technique can improve above mentioned properties about 58319.594 and 63.921 percentage for sample without degradation in comparison with destroyed sample due to the bubbles based voids effect. Moreover, the main factors in the bubbles formation and migration during the manufacturing process and their behavior in the matrix with the help of optical and SEM images were examined and their effect on structural properties of composite samples with Micro Raman Spectroscopy was evaluated.     

Paraffin wax passivation layer improvements in electrical characteristics of bottom gate amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistors

In this research, paraffin wax is employed as the passivation layer of the bottom gate amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs), and it is formed by sol–gel process in the atmosphere. The high yield and low cost passivation layer of sol–gel process technology has attracted much attention for current flat-panel-display manufacturing. Comparing with passivation-free a-IGZO TFTs, passivated devices exhibit a superior stability against positive gate bias stress in different ambient gas, demonstrating that paraffin wax shows gas-resisting characteristics for a-IGZO TFTs application. Furthermore, light-induced stretch-out phenomenon for paraffin wax passivated device is suppressed. This superior stability of the passivated device was attributed to the reduced total density of states (DOS) including the interfacial and semiconductor bulk trap densities.     

A cost‐effective approach for rapid manufacturing a low pressure wax injection mold with high surface finish and high dimensional accuracy

Investment casting process is considered as an economic method for mass production of metal parts. Improvement of mold surface quality and geometric accuracy in the fused deposition rapid tooling is a major concern. In this paper, a new technique is proposed for rapid manufacturing a low pressure wax injection mold with high surface finish and high dimensional accuracy. Wax patterns produced from this mold have not only better dimensional accuracy but also better surface finish. The average relative error of dimension of wax patterns can be reduced from 1.76% to 0.66%. Surface roughness improvement rate of wax patterns of up to 85.71% can be achieved. Advantages of this technique include low manufacturing cost, simple manufacturing process and flexible process capability.     

Aerogel-filled metals: a syntactic cellular material

A new filler material is presented and tested to produce light-weight aluminium alloy composites: the pore space between nano-structured silica-aerogel granulates is infiltrated with Al-alloy melts. Since these filler materials have vanishing density (100?kg m^?3), they need not to be removed from the final cast product. Their shape, size and volume fraction determine the materials' properties. Different methods were used to prepare metal-aerogel syntactic foam composites: centrifugal casting, squeeze and suction casting. The last method gave the best results, using an Al–11Si melt. We produced circular and rectangular bars up to 500-mm length. The composite material has a density of around 900?kg m^?3, a yield stress of 8?MPa and absorbs 8?kJ kg^?1 mechanical energy.     

激光选区熔化成形高强铝合金晶粒细化抑制裂纹研究现状EI北大核心CSCD

高强铝合金(2×××,7×××等)因具有比强度高、加工性好等优点而被航空航天、汽车等领域广泛应用。随着大推重比飞行器设计及汽车轻量化技术的发展,轻质结构材料的需求日益增加,同时零部件也面临着“薄壁化、中空化、复合化”的发展趋势,高强铝合金的传统加工方法越来越难以满足要求。近年来,激光选区熔化成形(selective laser melting,SLM)作为一种常见的金属增材制造技术(additive manufacturing,AM)在复杂零部件成形领域受到关注,有望成为进一步拓宽高强铝合金应用领域的新兴技术。然而,SLM成形高强铝合金因易产生周期性热裂纹和粗大柱状晶不良组织等问题而发展缓慢,晶粒细化是克服增材制造高强铝合金这一固有热裂问题的关键所在。本文综述了近年来SLM成形高强铝合金显微组织和力学性能调控等方面的研究进展,归纳了不同体系合金的力学性能,重点阐述了抑制SLM成形高强铝合金中热裂纹形成的主要策略,包括SLM工艺参数优化以及通过微合金化或添加纳米颗粒细化晶粒等方法。指出当前研究存在的主要问题是合金成分的改变对材料综合性能以及热处理制度的影响规律尚不清晰等,并展望了未来的发展趋势,如SLM成形新型高强铝合金成分设计与综合性能评价、利用后处理工艺等手段进一步提升合金综合性能以及专用晶粒细化剂的设计与细化机制探究等。     

空心管坯电磁离心过程的数值模拟

用有限元法模拟了铸造合金的流动和热量传输过程中瞬态速度场和温度场的分布,研究了电磁场强度和离心机转速对电磁铸造空心管坯的影响.结果表明,电磁搅拌引起的熔体相对运动是凝固过程中晶粒细化的主要原因.最优的电磁搅拌条件:转速1200 r/min,磁场强度为0.08 T,磁场持续加载25 s.在一定的转速和磁场强度条件下电磁离心铸造的温度场和凝固时的温度梯度对凝固组织有重要的的影响.合金液的外层,温度梯度达到最大值,铸件的温度下降得快,容易形成细小的等轴晶.     

Experimental study on moldability and segregation of Inconel 718 feedstocks used in low-pressure powder injection molding

Moldability and segregation of feedstock are linked to the rheological behavior of the powder-binder mixture. In this study, the impact of binders on viscosity and segregation of feedstocks was investigated. The experiments were conducted on several feedstocks obtained by mixing Inconel 718 powder with paraffin wax-based binder systems. The viscosity of feedstocks was measured by a rotational rheometer while the segregation within green parts was evaluated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. It was demonstrated that the variation in solid loading within a molded part can be measured with a sensitivity of at least ±0.25?vol% of powder. The results indicated that the predominant powder-binder separation appears clearly at the top and the bottom of the molded part. It was also shown that the viscosity profiles of feedstocks and the intensity of segregation depends significantly on the binder constituents used in feedstock formulation. The mixture containing only paraffin wax produced the best trade-off between high moldability and low segregation for an injection process requiring an extended time range between injection and solidification of the part (e.g. up to 10?min). For a short processing time (e.g. <1?min spent in molten state), the feedstocks containing paraffin wax with stearic acid or small amount of ethylene vinyl acetate can be also considered as good candidates for LPIM process because their viscosity and segregation potential are relatively low.     

Evolution behavior of δ phase in Cu12Sn2Ni alloy and the corresponding effects on alloy property

With the increase of tin content in tin bronze, the rise of δ phase made the strength, hardness of tin bronze increase and the ductility decrease sharply, that difficult to process. In this paper, the Cu12Sn2Ni alloy was prepared by centrifugal casting, the microstructure and phase formation before and after heat treatment were observed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the as-cast sample microstructure was composed of equiaxed grains rather than coarse dendrites. centrifugal casting inhibits tin diffusion to form metastable phase β′-Cu_13.7Sn. The as-cast sample had good deformability and its tensile strength and elongation were 381.9 MPa and 12.4 %, respectively, which are higher than the mechanical properties of gravity casting. The tensile strength and elongation of the sample after furnace cooling at 620 °C/8 min are 439.5 MPa and 24.4 %, respectively, the increase was 16.6 % and 85.07 %, compared with the as-cast samples, due to the solid solution strengthening, the second phase strengthening and the homogenization of the microstructure.     

电磁场对离心铸造Hastelloy C凝固组织的影响

研究了Hastelloy C电磁离心铸管的凝固组织。结果表明，电磁离心铸造有利于等轴晶的生成，且随着磁场强度增加，等轴晶含量增多。这种柱状晶－等轴晶转变（CET）可解释为：电磁场作用下，熔体流动，对枝晶产生冲刷进而折断。此外，电磁场可以细化微观组织，一次枝晶间距随着磁场强度增加而减小，其结果与Jackson-Hunt模型相一致。     

Numerical simulation of the casting process of titanium removable partial denture frameworks

The objective of this work was to study the filling incompleteness and porosity defects in titanium removal partial denture frameworks by means of numerical simulation. Two frameworks, one for lower jaw and one for upper jaw, were chosen according to dentists recommendation to be simulated. Geometry of the frameworks were laser-digitized and converted into a simulation software (MAGMASOFT). Both mold filling and solidification of the castings with different sprue designs (e.g. tree, ball, and runner-bar) were numerically calculated. The shrinkage porosity was quantitatively predicted by a feeding criterion, the potential filling defect and gas pore sensitivity were estimated based on the filling and solidification results. A satisfactory sprue design with process parameters was finally recommended for real casting trials (four replica for each frameworks). All the frameworks were successfully cast. Through X-ray radiographic inspections it was found that all the castings were acceptably sound except for only one case in which gas bubbles were detected in the grasp region of the frame. It is concluded that numerical simulation aids to achieve understanding of the casting process and defect formation in titanium frameworks, hence to minimize the risk of producing defect casting by improving the sprue design and process parameters.     

铸件凝固过程的宏观及微观模拟仿真研究进展

面向市场经济,迎接全球化竞争的挑战,为国民经济的发展作贡献,就要十分重视制造业特别是铸造行业的发展。但是,我国铸造行业与国外相比有很大差距,它制约着国民经济的发展。世界各国在铸造成形加工技术的发展趋势方面,认识是一致的,即：一是大型工程中特大型铸件的关键铸造技术;二是向精确成形技术方向发展;三是用计算机模拟仿真逐步代替传统的经验性研究方法。铸造过程计算机模拟仿真是改造传统铸造产业的必由之路,是当今世界各国专家学关注的热点。铸造充型凝固过程的数值模拟可以帮助工程技术人员优化工艺设计,缩短试制周期、降低生产成本、确保铸件质量,已成为铸造领域最热门的研究课题之一。目前,凝固过程的流场、温度场数值模拟及缩孔缩松预测已应用于实际生产,应力分析、微观组织模拟等方面的基础研究及实用化进程都取得了很大进展。     

Aqueous electrophoretic deposition as a method for producing an investment casting shell mould ceramic face-coat. Part 1: formation of a carbon-filled investment casting wax electrode material

Aqueous electrophoretic deposition (EPD), using a zircon, i.e., zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) suspension, has been investigated as an alternative to the conventional slurry dip-coating process for producing the face-coat of investment casting ceramic shell moulds. This is because EPD has the potential to (a) increase dimensional tolerances in the resultant casting, and (b) form a uniform face-coat on the entire mould-surface of complex shell moulds, including the small and/or complex cavities that are a problem for conventional dip-coating. Part 1 of this work addresses the formation of carbon-filled investment casting wax composite electrode materials. A carbon black powder and a micronised graphite powder were used as the alternative fillers in a water-emulsified pattern wax, an unfilled pattern wax and an unfilled runner wax. The runner wax composites exhibited consistently higher resistivities for both filler types and across the range of filler concentrations. Electrical resistivities of 1200 and 240 Ω cm were attained for the 16 vol% micronised graphite-filled and carbon black-filled straight pattern wax composites, respectively. The higher conductivity values associated with the use of carbon black filler are attributed to its high-surface area and hierarchical agglomerated structure. Rheologically, the micronised graphite-filled runner wax and water-emulsified pattern wax composites followed the Krieger–Dougherty model, which is helpful given that investment casting waxes are invariably injection moulded. In summary, these results confirm, in conjunction with Part 2, the feasibility of developing EPD as a promising technique for forming the investment casting shell mould ceramic face-coat.     

Importance of the Casting Process. Comparative Survey of the Commonly Used Ni-Cr Dental Alloys

Mobile or fixed dental prostheses are a common and important part of life. Many noble metal-based alloys have been used in prosthodontics, and they need a correct evaluation of their technical, biological, and clinical properties. The present study proposes a new approach for the manufacturing process. We emphasize the key role of each step for combined process of heating, casting and spin for completing works of Ni-Cr alloys with improved physical-chemical properties, as a protocol for quality of the obtained physiognomic dental restorations. The differences in composition distribution between cast and raw materials were investigated by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while the surface morphology was inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Important aspects related to crystal lattice were revealed through the x-ray diffraction (XRD) method and they are closely related to the centrifugal casting process.     

离心加速场中金属凝固过程温度场分布数值分析

采用有限差分法及MathCad软件首次模拟了二维柱坐标系下自硬砂型离心铸造凝固过程,并就转速、浇温、铸型预热温度、铸型类别等工艺参数对铸件温度场分布的影响规律进行了研究。模拟结果表明,由于采用自硬砂型和灰铁盖,铸件的上下表面首先凝固,然后逐渐向金属液中间推进;随转速、铸型蓄热系数的增加,铸型预热温度与浇注温度的降低,金属凝固加快;在其它条件相同的情况下,型温对温度场的影响最大,转速其次,浇温最小。