Rotary ultrasonic machining of macor ceramic: An experimental investigation and microstructure analysis

Macor ceramic has been well recognized as a classic engineering material that possesses wide industrial usage owing to its excellent and versatile properties. However, its fruitful and productive processing is still unanswered. The present article attempts to experimentally investigate the influence of numerous process variables on machining characteristics in rotary ultrasonic machining of macor ceramic. The impact of different input factors, namely spindle speed, feed rate, coolant pressure, and ultrasonic power, has been evaluated on the process responses of interest, i.e., surface roughness (SR) and chipping thickness (CT). The experiments are designed by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) through a central composite rotatable design. The variance analysis test was performed with a view to observe the significance of the considered parameters. Microstructure analysis of the machined samples revealed and confirmed the presence of dominating brittle fracture that caused the removal of material along with a slight plastic deformation of the work surface. The multi-response optimization of machining responses was carried out by utilizing the desirability approach. At optimized parametric setting, the obtained experimental values for SR and CT were found to be 0.523?µm and 0.156?mm, respectively.     

烧结NdFeB永磁材料力学性能及超声波加工的研究

对烧结NdFeB永磁材料力学性能进行了试验研究,并对其进行了超声波加工试验,试验结果表明了超声波加工的可行性.找寻了加工参数对加工效果的影响规律,建立起两者之间的关系.实验结果对实际生产具有一定的指导意义.     

Surface characteristics of titanium with rotary EDM

Experimental investigations have been carried out on electro-discharge machining of titanium in respect of surface finish, out-of-roundness and overcut using rotating copper-tungsten tool electrode. An attempt has also been made to compare the results with stationary electrode. It is concluded that rotation of electrode improves out-of-roundness, surface roughness, overcut and out-of-roundness increase with increase of current with both rotating and stationary electrodes.     

深油井超声探测用的压电陶瓷换能器的研究

超声压电陶瓷换能器可以探测5000m以下深处的地质结构和油井固实程度。用于压电陶瓷换能器的PT－PSN陶瓷性能参数是，Tc=380℃,kt=45%,εr=420,tanδ=1.5%，Qm=2200，Ec=733V/mm。经实验测量和现场试验表明，在温度高达200℃时压电陶瓷换能器的性能稳定，测量精度高。     

Investigation of multiple process parameters in abrasive water jet machining of tiles

This paper discusses the optimization of an abrasive water jet machining process with multiple characteristics, using the Taguchi orthogonal array and grey relational analysis (GRA). The machining process variables, such as mesh size, nozzle diameter, abrasive flow rate, water pressure, stand-off distance, and feed rate, were optimized with respect to multiple performance characteristics, namely, the surface roughness and the kerf angle. Experiments were performed using an L₁₈ orthogonal array, and the optimum machining process variables were determined, using GRA. Analysis of variance was used to identify the most significant factor in the machining performance. A confirmatory test was performed to verify the improvement of the performance characteristics. The microstructure of the machined surfaces was also examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the surface roughness and kerf angle were minimized under optimal machining conditions.     

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的非线性研究进展

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器是目前大功率超声设备中应用最广的一种换能器,其在大功率工作状态下会呈现出明显的非线性特征。综述了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性方面的研究进展。首先介绍了国内外在压电陶瓷非线性方面的重要理论及实验研究成果,着重阐述了大功率领域常用的硬压电陶瓷的非线性研究工作,其次对夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的结构及工艺所引起的非线性进行了简要分析和论述,最后介绍了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性建模方面的研究进展。     

齿轮超声加工大振幅纵弯谐振变幅器的设计

为了使纵弯谐振变幅器的输出振幅满足齿轮超声加工的要求,设计了一个带有级联变幅杆的变幅器.利用Mindlin中厚板理论,根据变幅杆各段的力和位移耦合条件、变幅杆与齿轮的力和位移耦合条件、边界条件,推导出变幅器的频率方程和位移方程,实现了变幅器的设计,并求得变幅器的振幅分布曲线.通过理论求解、有限元软件ANSYS进行模态分析和谐响应分析、变幅器谐振特性试验分析变幅器的动力学特性,得出三者的结果一致,齿轮分度圆处的振幅为12μm,较常用的变幅器有了较大的提高,满足了齿轮超声加工的需求.     

Y形旋转超声波马达的设计与动态特性分析

为了探索和丰富旋转超声波马达的结构,使其满足响应精准且速度快以及控制简便的要求,设计了Y形旋转超声波马达,并对其结构及动态特性进行了分析。Y形旋转超声波马达将3组压电陶瓷片的横向振动复合成驱动足端面对转子的微幅驱动,通过摩擦耦合在惯性作用下推动转子顺时针或逆时针旋转。运用Workbench软件中的Design Exporation组件对Y形旋转超声波马达定子组件的结构尺寸进行了优化设计,提升了定子组件的性能。构建优化后Y形旋转超声波马达定子组件的有限元仿真模型,并通过模态分析获得了定子组件工作所需的固有振型,通过谐响应分析获得了定子组件的幅频特性曲线,通过瞬态分析获得了1个激励周期内定子组件的振动模态,验证了Y形旋转超声波马达的驱动机理。结果表明,Y形旋转超声波马达压电陶瓷片表面施加电压的最佳频率为20 739 Hz,对应的驱动足端面的振幅为6.95 μm。Y形旋转超声波马达结构简单且具有对称性,能效利用率高,对拓宽超声波马达的应用领域有重要参考价值。     

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the single discharge of electrochemical discharge machining

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is one of the non-traditional processes which employs physical and chemical phenomena to remove the material from the non-conductive workpiece. Moreover, some technical augmentations have been added to the mentioned process to achieve a more efficient machining method. Typically, ECDM includes numerous electric discharges, but study on a single discharge, with/without application of external augmentation, leads to understanding the complicated nature of the ECDM process and the effect of technical augmentation. In this research, the ECDM process is studied in the mode of single discharge. Also, ultrasonic vibration, as a technical augmentation, is added to the process (UAECDM) and related effects are studied. For this purpose, special configuration and equipment are used to apply ultrasonic vibration and generate only single discharge. Material removal and tool wear are two important characteristics of drilling process which can be considered to determine the machining efficiency. The current signal is used to determine the current variation and discharge(s) condition. Results showed that the application of ultrasonic vibration changed the current signal pattern to increase discharge numbers in constant condition. Also, ultrasonic vibration increased the material removal up to 35%, while tool wear reduced between 3% and 14%.     

Decision support for design of reconfigurable rotary machining systems for family part production

To remain competitive in currently unpredictable markets, the enterprises must adapt their manufacturing systems to frequent market changes and high product variety. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs) promise to offer a rapid and cost-effective response to production fluctuations under the condition that their configuration is attentively studied and optimised. This paper presents a decision support tool for designing reconfigurable machining systems to be used for family part production. The objective is to elaborate a cost-effective solution for production of several part families. This design issue is modelled as a combinatorial optimisation problem. An illustrative example and computational experiments are discussed to reveal the application of the proposed methodology. Insight gained would be useful to the decision-makers managing the configuration of manufacturing systems for diversified products.     

Characterization of microstructure in laser surface modified alumina ceramic

Surfaces of alumina ceramic compacts were modified by irradiating with a high-power continuous wave laser to form a rapidly solidified continuous surface layer. A detailed characterization of the laser surface modified alumina using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a development of (110) crystallographic texture and a systematic evolution of surface microstructure in terms of surface grain size, porosity and roughness with laser processing fluence. Also, due to complexity of surface microstructures, a fractal based approach is suggested to completely describe the surface state of laser surface modified alumina. The results indicated that fractal dimensions of the surface microstructures can be effectively correlated with the surface features of laser surface modified alumina.     

旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元仿真与试验研究

为了研究固结磨粒磨具的磨料粒度对旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力的影响,采用随机空间平面切割正六面体的方法构建了具有实际磨粒几何特征的不规则多面体磨粒,并基于虚拟格子法建立了磨粒在磨具端面随机分布的多颗磨粒磨具模型。使用Deform-3D软件构建了三维旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元模型,采用拉格朗日增量算法获得了多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削钛合金Ti6Al4V的磨削力仿真值,得到了磨料粒度对磨削力的影响规律,并通过试验进行了验证。结果表明,旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力随着磨料粒度的增大而减小,且试验结果和仿真结果具有一致性,说明了多颗磨粒磨具模型、旋转超声磨削有限元模型具有一定的准确性,为多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削的相关研究提供了新的方法。     

Modeling and multi-response optimization of machining performance while turning hardened steel with self-propelled rotary tool

There are many advanced tooling approaches in metal cutting to enhance the cutting tool performance for machining hard-to-cut materials.The self propelled rotary tool(SPRT) is one of the novel approaches to improve the cutting tool performance by providing cutting edge in the form of a disk,which rotates about its principal axis and provides a rest period for the cutting edge to cool and allow engaging a fresh cutting edge with the work piece.This paper aimed to present the cutting performance of SPRT while turning hardened EN24 steel and optimize the machining conditions.Surface roughness(R_a) and metal removal rate(r_(MMR)) are considered as machining performance parameters to evaluate,while the horizontal inclination angle of the SPRT,depth of cut,feed rate and spindle speed are considered as process variables.Initially,design of experiments(DOEs) is employed to minimize the number of experiments.For each set of chosen process variables,the machining experiments are conducted on computer numerical control(CNC) lathe to measure the machining responses.Then,the response surface methodology(RSM) is used to establish quantitative relationships for the output responses in terms of the input variables.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) is used to check the adequacy of the model.The influence of input variables on the output responses is also determined.Consequently,these models are formulated as a multi-response optimization problem to minimize the R_a and maximize the r_(MMR)simultaneously.Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmII(NSGA-II) is used to derive the set of Pareto-optimal solutions.The optimal results obtained through the proposed methodology are also compared with the results of validation experimental runs and good correlation is found between them.     

旋转超声内圆磨削砂轮变幅器的设计与试验研究

砂轮变幅器是旋转超声内圆磨削谐振系统的关键部件,其设计质量直接影响超声磨削的工艺效果。但目前内圆磨削砂轮变幅器缺乏较为完善的理论分析模型。为提高砂轮变幅器理论分析模型的通用性,基于非谐振设计理论建立了纵向谐振砂轮变幅器的理论分析模型,并利用砂轮变幅器各振动单元间的力、位移连续条件与边界条件推导了其频率方程。然后,针对频率方程进行编程求解,并通过ANSYS有限元仿真分析进行验证。最后,加工制作了纵向谐振砂轮变幅器,并开展阻抗特性分析试验、超声谐振试验和振动位移测量试验,分析了其谐振特性。试验结果表明,所研制的砂轮变幅器的谐振试验频率与理论设计频率一致,其输出端振动位移的试验值与仿真值的相对误差为7.83%,符合旋转超声内圆磨削的要求,验证了理论分析模型求解的正确性。研究结果为旋转超声内圆磨削砂轮变幅器的设计提供了便捷且有效的方法。     

基于RSM的Al2O3陶瓷膏体配方优化

为采用低成本在低温下实现复杂陶瓷零件的成型,研究Al2O3陶瓷膏体的配方对其成型过程以及成型后物理机械性能的影响.采用中心组合方法设计实验方案,考察了p H值、粘结剂和分散剂三因素对Al2O3陶瓷膏体黏度的影响,运用响应面方法(RSM)对影响Al2O3陶瓷膏体黏度的工艺参数进行详细分析,建立了Al2O3陶瓷膏体黏度的响应模型,进行响应曲面分析,根据满意度函数(DFM)确定最佳陶瓷膏体黏度值对应的工艺参数,试验表明,所建立的模型能实现相应的黏度值预测.     

Wire electrical discharge machining characteristics of AA6061/cenosphere as-cast aluminum matrix composites

Machining of metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with low-density waste byproduct particulates using nonconventional processes is relatively new in the field of material science. However, more attention has been paid for investigations on nontraditional machining of such MMCs currently as the conventional machining may generate additional complexity. This study investigates the wire electro-discharge machining behavior of compo-casted cenosphere-reinforced AA6061 alloys. Cu₆₀Zn₄₀-coated copper wire was used as electrode material. The investigation demonstrates that melting and vaporization are the dominant machining mechanisms. The weight fraction of cenosphere was observed to be the most substantial process variables affecting the cutting rate, on-time, and the wire speed of tool were the next in the order of importance. The presence of nonconductive cenosphere particles along with thermal degradation of the aluminum matrix composites leads to degrading processed machined surface quality. The issues related to wire breakage and poor quality of the machined surface, surface finish, and dimensional accuracy are described in detail.     

旋转超声磨削Si3 N4陶瓷用金刚石磨具磨损行为研究

热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷材料常应用于航天飞行器中关键耐高温零部件,但由于高硬度和低断裂韧性,其加工效率和加工表面质量难以满足制造需求。为了提高热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工质量,减小由于金刚石磨具磨损带来的加工误差,开展了磨具磨损行为研究。基于热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工实验,分析了金刚石磨具磨损形式;基于回归分析建立了金刚石磨具磨损量数学模型,揭示了加工参数及磨具参数与金刚石磨具磨损量间映射关系;并研究了磨损形式与磨具磨损量及加工表面粗糙度影响规律。结果表明：磨粒磨耗是旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷用金刚石磨具最主要磨损形式,比例超过50%;主轴转速和磨粒粒度对磨具磨损量影响最为显著;且磨损量较小时,加工表面粗糙度值反而增加。以上研究可为提高旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷加工精度和加工质量提供指导。     

Investigation of sliding wear surfaces in alumina using transmission electron microscopy

In this study, the subsurface microstructure of alumina wear surfaces and the microstructure of agglomerated debris generated from unlubricated sliding wear at room temperature have been investigated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens were thinned through the use of a focused ion beam miller (FIB). TEM studies, including analysis of electron diffraction patterns from the agglomerated region of the specimen, revealed the presence of an aggregate of nano crystalline particles embedded in an amorphous phase, together with some larger alumina particles. These larger alumina particles appear at the base of pits in the alumina surface, whereas the finer material appears at the contact surface. The agglomerated debris was readily distinguished from the alumina substrate, which contained localised dislocation damage and microcracking. It is proposed that the wear process involves the removal of ‘large ’ alumina particles from thesurface by a combination of trans- and intergranular microcracking. These particles are then ground into very fine, nanometer-sized particles that react on the surface with moisture in the air to form an amorphous hydroxide film. These are then compacted to form a nanocrystalline structure within an amorphous matrix that may also be viewed as a grain boundary phase.     

Investigation of sliding wear surfaces in alumina using transmission electron microscopy

In this study, the subsurface microstructure of alumina wear surfaces and the microstructure of agglomerated debris generated from unlubricated sliding wear at room temperature have been investigated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens were thinned through the use of a focused ion beam miller (FIB). TEM studies, including analysis of electron diffraction patterns from the agglomerated region of the specimen, revealed the presence of an aggregate of nano crystalline particles embedded in an amorphous phase, together with some larger alumina particles. These larger alumina particles appear at the base of pits in the alumina surface, whereas the finer material appears at the contact surface. The agglomerated debris was readily distinguished from the alumina substrate, which contained localised dislocation damage and microcracking. It is proposed that the wear process involves the removal of ‘large’ alumina particles from the surface by a combination of trans- and intergranular microcracking. These particles are then ground into very fine, nanometer-sized particles that react on the surface with moisture in the air to form an amorphous hydroxide film. These are then compacted to form a nanocrystalline structure within an amorphous matrix that may also be viewed as a grain boundary phase.     

超声导波在管材中的传播特性

文中简要地介绍了近年来超声导波在管中的研究现状,并对导波在管中的传播特性以及管材内径与壁厚之比变化时,对导波频散特性的影响进行了分析。结果表明：管材的内径与壁厚比变化时将对管中导波的模式行为产生很大的影响。当内径与壁厚之比很大时,圆管中波的模式行为与同厚度板中波的模式行为基本相同,可看作板材中的导波进行近似的分析。