关于地下水资源评价问题的若干思考

介绍了地下水资源的概念,结合地下水资源的评价内容,分析了地下水资源评价与地下水资源管理的关系,对地下水资源评价与地下水资源管理分离的后果进行了论述,指出地下水资源评价是地下水资源管理的条件,而地下水资源评价中又融合着地下水资源管理的成分。     

基于GIS的黄水河流域地下水脆弱性评价研究

从影响地下水脆弱性的因素出发,结合国内外已有的地下水脆弱性影响因素、评价指标和评价标准,根据研究区的具体情况和可获得资料,确定了北方滨海地区地下水脆弱性的影响因素,建立了地下水脆弱性评价DRAMTICH指标体系和评价标准。以黄水河流域为例,进行了地下水脆弱性评价和编图,为当地今后制订地下水资源保护与管理、土地利用及城市规划等政策措施提供决策依据。该方法同样适用于其它类似地区的地下水脆弱性评价。     

地下水允许开采量及其潜力评价研究

综合分析了国内外关于地下水允许开采量的概念,提出了实用的地下水允许开采量的涵义。探讨了平衡或有潜力水源地地下水允许开采量的计算评价、增源增采条件下地下水最大允许开采量的计算评价、超采水源地地下水允许开采量的计算评价,以及消耗型水源地地下水允许开采量的计算评价原则,并分别列举了实例。     

地下水脆弱性评价研究综述

地下水脆弱性评价是地下水资源保护的重要依据。本文对地下水脆弱性评价的概念、脆弱性评价方法进行了论述,提出了目前地下水脆弱性研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于GIS的区域地下水功能评价模型系统

基于GIS技术设计开发地下水功能评价模型系统。应用GIS叠加分析方法,将参与评价的空间图层要素叠加,以叠加后形成的图元为基本单元,参考地下水功能评价技术要求,进行地下水功能评价,将评价结果进行归并,得出地下水功能评价系列分区成果图。在VC++6.0下,应用MapGIS二次开发函数库,开发了地下水功能评价模型系统,作为地下水资源调查信息系统的有机组成,评价结果可交信息系统管理及进一步利用。     

基于过程模拟法研究的热电厂地下水污染风险评价

通过对热电厂事故时泄露污染物污染地下水过程的系统分析,构建以观测井作为评价对象对地下水污染进行评价的方法。确定地下水污染风险评价因子,建立污染物基于过程模拟法的迁移转化模型。分别以高锰酸钾指数、石油类污染物及液氨作为水污染风险评价因子对热电厂地下水进行了水污染风险评价。利用建立的热电厂地下水污染风险评价方法,对葫芦岛大唐国际热电厂进行了地下水风险评价。污染源与污染物迁移转化的共同作用决定了地下水污染范围和程度。地下水污染风险评价方法的构建,为热电厂发生事故泄漏时污染物对地下水污染范围和程度的判别提供了有效的监管方法和防治依据。     

基于层次分析法的沈阳市地下水地源热泵适宜性研究

为了使沈阳市地下水地源热泵系统能健康有序地发展,利用层次分析（AHP）法,以MapGIS为平台,综合考虑工作区地质水文地质条件、地下水动力场、地下水化学特征等因素,建立了地下水富水性、地下水回灌能力、地下水水位埋深、地下水径流条件、含水层渗透系数、地下水Fe含量、地下水总硬度等7项评价指标,对沈阳市辖9区范围内地下水地源热泵适宜性进行了评价。结合沈阳市已建地下水地源热泵工程调查情况表明,沈阳市已建地下水地源热泵工程大多集中在所规划的适宜区内,建立的评价指标体系合理,评价结果可以作为沈阳市浅层地温能开发利用规划的依据。     

DRASTIC模型在贵州省毕节地段浅层地下水脆弱性评价中的应用

为了实现贵州省毕节地段地下水系统脆弱性评价的直观展示,选取含水层埋深、含水层补给、含水层介质类型、土壤介质类型、坡度、包气带厚度和渗透系数七项评价因子,采用DRASTIC模型建立了地下水系统脆弱性评价模型,通过模糊层次分析法(FAHP)确定了评价因子的权重,并基于ArcGIS软件对毕节地段地下水资源的各项数据指标进行了矢量化,实现了毕节地段地下水脆弱性等级划分的直观性分布图。评价结果表明,该区域地下水脆弱性较高且分布不均。     

地铁工程地下水风险识别与模糊综合评判

地下水问题是地铁工程建设中的主要危险因素之一,进行工程地下水风险评估具有重要意义.以上海地铁10号线同济大学站为例,采用模糊综合评价法,在全面识别勘察、设计、施工和运营过程中地下水风险因子的基础上,结合统计资料和专家评价,详细阐述了风险评估模型的建立及评价过程,根据不同阶段地下水风险因子的权重对地下水风险进行了综合评判...     

超采条件下间歇性河流入渗补给地下水对两岸的分水比例研究

依据石河子市地下水资源评价资料,运用Modflow软件建立石河子地区地下水数值模型。在超采条件下,对玛纳斯河河道入渗补给地下水在东西两岸的分水比例进行了定量分析,对准确评价玛河两岸石河子市和玛纳斯县地下水资源量具有重要意义,对划分不同行政单元之间地下水资源量提供了新的思路和方法。     

Integrated understanding of urban land, groundwater, baseflow and surface-water quality—The City of Birmingham, UK

Integrated understanding of urban land, groundwater (shallow and deep), baseflow and surface-water quality relationships is required for effective urban water-quality management. Chemical quality data from across these media have been collected for the Birmingham (UK) aquifer—River Tame conurbation to assess chemical transport from contaminated land to groundwater to baseflow to surface water. Although metals concentrations were high in soils, low leachability and attenuation caused concentrations in groundwaters and baseflow discharging to surface water to be generally low with only sporadic elevated concentrations attributed to localised point sources. Hydrocarbon VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were similarly absent or at low concentration attributable to their ready natural attenuation. Chlorinated VOCs, however, were widely encountered in groundwater, discharging as baseflow to surface water and impacting surface-water quality. This is attributed to their DNAPL (dense nonaqueous-phase liquid) properties and relative recalcitrance although there was some evidence of biodegradation, albeit insufficient to protect surface water and groundwater abstraction receptors. Some inorganic trends were evident across the various media; nitrate was the most significant quality concern. Generic conclusions are drawn on urban water-quality management and the need for risk-based management strategies to optimise use of urban, sporadically contaminated groundwater in conjunction with surface water highlighted.     

Integrated understanding of urban land, groundwater, baseflow and surface-water quality--the City of Birmingham, UK

Integrated understanding of urban land, groundwater (shallow and deep), baseflow and surface-water quality relationships is required for effective urban water-quality management. Chemical quality data from across these media have been collected for the Birmingham (UK) aquifer--River Tame conurbation to assess chemical transport from contaminated land to groundwater to baseflow to surface water. Although metals concentrations were high in soils, low leachability and attenuation caused concentrations in groundwaters and baseflow discharging to surface water to be generally low with only sporadic elevated concentrations attributed to localised point sources. Hydrocarbon VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were similarly absent or at low concentration attributable to their ready natural attenuation. Chlorinated VOCs, however, were widely encountered in groundwater, discharging as baseflow to surface water and impacting surface-water quality. This is attributed to their DNAPL (dense nonaqueous-phase liquid) properties and relative recalcitrance although there was some evidence of biodegradation, albeit insufficient to protect surface water and groundwater abstraction receptors. Some inorganic trends were evident across the various media; nitrate was the most significant quality concern. Generic conclusions are drawn on urban water-quality management and the need for risk-based management strategies to optimise use of urban, sporadically contaminated groundwater in conjunction with surface water highlighted.     

Nutrient hydrochemistry for a groundwater-dominated catchment: the Hampshire Avon, UK

The patterns in nitrate and phosphorus sources, loads and concentrations in a groundwater-dominated lowland catchment, the Hampshire Avon, are examined and water quality signatures are used to identify a typology of headwater stream types. The major separations in water quality are linked to geology and groundwater chemistry as modified by the impacts of point source sewage effluents. The water quality of the major tributaries and the main stem of the River Avon are linked to the relative contributions of these source types, the impact of further direct effluent inputs to the main channel and in-stream processing. The tributaries and main stem of the Avon act as net sinks for total reactive phosphorus (TRP). Low concentrations of TRP were found in the Chalk groundwater and the groundwater system acts as an efficient buffer, removing and retaining TRP from water draining from the catchment surface into the aquifer. Thermodynamic analysis of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) solubility controls indicates that this natural 'self-cleansing mechanism' system within the groundwater may be directly linked to CaCO3-P co-precipitation within the aquifer matrix.     

地下水环境氯离子时空变异性模拟研究

地下水所在的多孔介质空隙几何条件复杂多变,水文地质参数往往呈空间随机分布,致使地下水水流系统中参数具有时间和空间上的变异性和不确定性。本文着重阐述浅层地下水环境评价中的时空变异性,通过实验模拟浅层地下水非均质运移环境,利用时空地质统计学计算了区域化变量氯离子的时空变异函数,构建了乘积—和时空理论模型,并对时空估计插值方法的应用作了进一步探讨。结果表明, 从时间和空间上的变程可以得出浅层地下水水质指标的演变在3.9 h左右,空间上为0.5 m左右;时间边界上的变异性相对空间边界上的要好一些;时空变异性能更精确地反映和估计环境变量在时间和空间的分布,对浅层地下水污染物的迁移运转及预测研究具有重要的现实意义。     

Groundwater quality in the netherlands — collection and interpretation of data

In The Netherlands many groundwater quality data are available. At the same time, much research is being done on groundwater quality and groundwater pollution. This paper deals with problems of interpretation of groundwater quality data related to hydrogeological conditions, location of boreholes and sample handling. Attention will be paid to the quality of groundwater in The Netherlands.     

Intelligent characterisation and diagnosis of the groundwater quality in an urban fractured-rock aquifer using an artificial neural network

This paper addresses the problem of how to diagnose the effect of stormwater infiltration on groundwater quality variables and to capture the complex nonlinear relationships that exist between groundwater quality variables. It is argued that because of the complex nonlinear relationships between the groundwater quality variables, classical linear statistical methods are unreliable and difficult to visualise the results. The application of intelligent techniques, which can analyse the multi-dimensional groundwater quality data with the sophisticated visualisation technique, is vital for sustainable groundwater management.In this paper, the Kohonen self-organising feature maps (KSOFM) neural network is applied to analyse the effect of stormwater infiltration on the groundwater quality, and diagnose the inter-relationship of the groundwater quality variables in a fractured rock aquifer. Based on the pattern analysis visualised in component planes and U-matrix, the inter-relationships among the groundwater quality variables due to the stormwater infiltration are extracted and interpreted. The pattern distribution of groundwater quality variables due to different aquifer conditions is also analysed.It is concluded that the KSOFM technique described in this paper provides an effective analysing and diagnosing tool to understand the dynamic in the groundwater quality and to extract knowledge contained in the multi-dimensional data. Finally it has considerable potential not only in groundwater quality monitoring and diagnosis, but also in other environmental areas.     

基于投影寻踪法的地下水涌水量预测

为有效控制和管理地下水,基于投影寻踪法对地下水涌水量进行了预测。考虑了影响地下水涌水量的多个因素,得出了地下水涌水量的投影寻踪预测模型。研究发现,训练投影寻踪模型时,地下水涌水量类别的拟合值与实测值之间吻合得很好,拟合值与实测值的相对误差为-5.279 4%~6.250 112%,相对误差绝对值的平均值为1.777 47%;验证投影寻踪模型时,地下水涌水量类别的预测值与实测值之间吻合得较好,预测值与实测值的相对误差为-3.718 53%~8.923 381%,相对误差绝对值的平均值为4.864 86%。结果表明,本文建立的基于投影寻踪法的地下水涌水量预测模型是可行的。     

Modelling the long-term changes in stream, soil and ground water chemistry for an acid moorland in the Welsh uplands: the influence of variations in chemical weathering

A long-term model of stream acidification, MAGIC, has been applied to an acidic moorland catchment, the Gwy, in mid-Wales. This application has been used to examine the effects of variability of weathering on soil, groundwater and stream water chemistry from 1844 to the present day and onwards to 2080 with a predicted acidic oxide reduction of 60% in the future. The results show that weathering initially affects soil, groundwater and stream water chemistry profoundly. Despite this, the results indicate that a simple two-layer (one soil and one groundwater end-member) model can still provide a good prediction of long-term stream water quality even when each soil and groundwater area is heterogeneous in composition. The work provides support for the use of the lumped MAGIC model. However, for the predictions to be applicable it is shown that it is critical that the relative contribution of waters and soil exchange materials from the hydrochemically distinct regions within the catchment are adequately represented within the model. This probably means that further field work is required to examine source area contributions.     

熵权集对分析法在新疆塔里木盆地地下水水质评价中的应用

对于干旱地区来说,地下水水质评价是一项重要而必要的工作,其评价结果为当地的地下水资源开发利用保护提供科学依据。本文通过对新疆塔里木盆地162个地下水水样测试结果的分析,应用5元联系度的熵权集对分析法对研究区地下水水质进行评价。通过不同评价方法的比较分析发现,熵权集对分析法评价结果客观,计算简单、方便等优点,是一种有效的地下水水质评价方法。评价结果表明,巴州地区、塔里木河流域、开孔河流域的地下水水质较其他地区和流域差,阿克苏地区、阿克苏河流域、渭干河流域的地下水水质总体水平较好。     

An assessment of the risk to surface water ecosystems of groundwater P in the UK and Ireland

A good quantitative understanding of phosphorus (P) delivery is essential in the design of management strategies to prevent eutrophication of terrestrial freshwaters. Most research to date has focussed on surface and near-surface hydrological pathways, under the common assumption that little P leaches to groundwater. Here we present an analysis of national patterns of groundwater phosphate concentrations in England and Wales, Scotland, and the Republic of Ireland, which shows that many groundwater bodies have median P concentrations above ecologically significant thresholds for freshwaters. The potential risk to receptor ecosystems of high observed groundwater P concentrations will depend on (1) whether the observed groundwater P concentrations are above the natural background; (2) the influence of local hydrogeological settings (pathways) on the likelihood of significant P transfers to the receptor; (3) the sensitivity of the receptor to P; and, (4) the relative magnitude of P transfers from groundwater compared to other P sources. Our research suggests that, although there is often a high degree of uncertainty in many of these factors, groundwater has the potential to trigger and/or maintain eutrophication under certain scenarios: the assumption of groundwater contribution to river flows as a ubiquitous source of dilution for P-rich surface runoff must therefore be questioned. Given the regulatory importance of P concentrations in triggering ecological quality thresholds, there is an urgent need for detailed monitoring and research to characterise the extent and magnitude of different groundwater P sources, the likelihood for P transformation and/or storage along aquifer-hyporheic zone flow paths and to identify the subsequent risk to receptor ecosystems.