超大口径PCCP管内水压承载能力试验

采用原型现场试验的方法,分析PCCP的管内水压试验方法、破坏特征和承载机理。详细叙述了试验前试件成型与测量方案,阐述了内水压承载试验的具体过程及试验破坏特征。基于试验结果分析了PCCP的承载机理:PCCP较普通混凝土管承载力的提高是由于预应力钢丝的作用,极限内水压时,表现为钢丝的屈服和混凝土的最终拉裂破坏,发挥了组合结构中各材料的性能。试验研究为超大口径PCCP管道的生产、施工积累了经验,为制订超大口径PCCP管道标准及其质量验收标准提供依据。     

超大口径预存裂缝的预应力钢筒混凝土管结构分析与试验研究

针对南水北调工程中预应力钢筒混凝土(PCCP)管芯混凝土预存裂缝问题,通过对原型管道的抗裂外压承载力试验,探讨了预存管芯外壁纵向裂缝对承载力的影响,分析了混凝土管的受力特性。试验结果表明,PCCP在抗裂外压检验荷载下,其破坏主要发生在管顶、管底内侧管芯混凝土和管腰外侧砂浆保护层的受拉破坏。基于ABAQUS有限元分析,选用混凝土塑性损伤模型,对PCCP抗裂外压试验进行结构数值模拟,数值计算与试验结果一致。计算结果表明,管芯混凝土预存裂缝对PCCP抗裂外压极限荷载影响不大,但在外载作用下,预存裂缝会对混凝土、砂浆保护层出现应力集中现象,从而导致裂缝的发生与扩展。     

超大口径PCCP管道结构安全与质量控制

超大口径PCCP管道的结构安全和质量控制,对于南水北调中线工程来说是重要的。文中从超大口径PCCP管道的施工技术要点、超大口径PCCP质量控制标准、保障安全性的关键技术、PCCP管道水力特性参数的选择等方面,论述了大口径PCCP管道结构安全与质量控制。     

南水北调超大钢筒混凝土管道结构安全评估

我国从2006年开始首次把直径4 m的超大预应力钢筒混凝土管道(简称PCCP)用于南水北调中线京石段供水工程中.基于PCCP结构安全使用100年的要求,针对南水北调中线PCCP项目遇到的管芯裂缝和预应力松弛等对结构安全影响如何评估的技术难题,采用现场实体管道试验(裂缝PCCP抗裂外压承载力试验、PCCP现场断丝原型试验、预应力钢丝松弛PCCP内水压承载试验)和非线性有限元数值模拟等方法对PCCP结构的承载能力进行了系统分析研究.结果表明:管芯出现一条或少量细小裂纹,不需修补或用水泥净浆涂刷即可;较宽的裂缝,可按规定程序进行修补;出现多条纵向裂缝、或环向裂缝长度超过周长的裂缝、或出现十字交叉裂缝的管芯为废品管.预应力钢丝作为PCCP的主要承载体,应确保钢丝质量,避免断丝.有关部门基于研究结果和提出的工程处置建议,并借鉴国外先进国家PCCP制造厂商经验,对工程中已经出现裂缝的PCCP进行了全方位安全评估,对不满足管芯外表面裂缝控制要求的管道进行报废处理(该工程共计报废35根),以满足工程安全需要;对一些裂缝影响较小的PCCP可用在埋深较浅的地段,从而节省了工程成本.最后阐述了下一步需继续研究的工作.     

超大口径预存裂缝的PCCP管结构分析与试验研究

摘 要：预应力钢筒混凝土管道（PCCP）作为一种新型组合结构管材，以其特有的材料受力优点，正被越来越多的应用到城市供水工程中。本文针对南水北调实际工程中出现的PCCP管芯混凝土预存裂缝问题，通过对原型管道的抗裂外压承载力试验，探讨了预存管芯外壁纵向裂缝对承载力的影响,分析了管子的受力特性。试验结果表明：PCCP在抗裂外压检验荷载下，其破坏主要分布为管顶、管底内侧管芯混凝土和管中外侧砂浆保护层受拉破坏。在此试验结果上，本文基于ABAQUS有限元分析，选取混凝土塑性损伤模型，对PCCP抗裂外压试验进行结构数值模拟分析，数值计算与试验结果相一致。数值计算结果表明：管芯混凝土预存裂缝对PCCP抗裂外压极限荷载影响不大，但在荷载作用下，预存裂缝会对混凝土、砂浆保护层出现应力集中现象，将首先出现混凝土损伤，从而导致裂缝发生与扩展。     

钢套筒混凝土压力管道(SSCP)外载超载试验研究

为了研究钢套筒混凝土压力管道(SSCP)的抗外压承载性能、管道内外层钢筒的变形特点以及管芯混凝土裂缝的开展规律,通过1/10尺寸普通SSCP模型外压破坏试验的方法,分析模型关键部位荷载—应变曲线、管顶荷载—位移曲线、外载管道破坏形式,得到外载试验中SSCP的一般破坏规律,即:初始裂缝分别出现于管顶和管底处;最终裂缝形态为侧向斜裂缝和自内向外的垂直裂缝;内钢筒屈曲破坏形成凹形。然后,基于等效刚度理论提出SSCP管道外压承载性能的弹性阶段承载力计算方法。计算结果表明:管道的弹性极限承载力为1 138 k N/m;管道的比例极限试验值在1 025~1 200 k N/m之间,与理论计算结果吻合较好,二者相对误差小于10%,证明了计算公式的准确性,满足工程需要;管道的塑性极限承载力试验值为2 176 k N/m。     

南水北调中线PCCP管道工程安全监测方案研究

PCCP管道工程是南水北调中线北京段最长的大型输水工程,为两排直径4m预应力钢筒混凝土管道(包括2条隧洞).通过对PCCP安全监测设计进行研究,阐述了长距离、超大口径PCCP输水工程安全监测的设计原则、监测项目、详细布置及监测结果分析,为同类输水工程的监测设计提供借鉴,并为超大口径PCCP管道结构安全与质量控制研究提供合理的数值依据.     

长距离大口径PCCP管道水压试验方法改进研究

水压试验是压力管道竣工验收之前履行的一个试验项目,验证管道及各附属建筑物设计工况.对于长距离超大口径PCCP管道,受水源、工期、靠背等工程条件限制,若采用规范中的有关试验要求将难以实施.文中分析了不同规范的水压试验要求,阐述了水压试验改进的必要性,并针对南水北调PCCP管道工程,从加强工程前期的管道压力分段、检修设施布置、管道接头打压设计以及严格控制管道制造、安装相关试验过程等方面.论述了设计改进方法.     

超大口径PCCP管道结构安全与质量控制研究

简要介绍了国家＂十一五＂科技支撑计划项目＂南水北调中线工程关键技术研究与应用＂课题之一＂超大口径PC-CP管道结构安全与质量控制研究＂课题研究成果,包括PCCP结构安全性关键技术、超大口径PCCP制造关键技术及质量控制标准、安装关键技术及质量控制标准、PCCP阴极保护成套技术、PCCP管道水力特性参数等。研究工作紧密结合PCCP工程的实际情况,课题取得的成果可应用于PCCP工程建设、管理,对我国PCCP相关规范的制定具有指导意义,对PCCP在我国的应用起到推导作用。     

超大管径PCCP管道的水压试验

PCCP管道安装施工时的水压试验是质量控制的关键，而缺乏规范数据和施工实践经验的超大管径PCCP输水管线安装的水压试验更是重中之重。本文介绍了新疆引额济乌三个泉倒虹吸Ⅱ标工程采用超大管径PCCP的水压试验过程，并对试验结果进行了分析，为超大管径PCCP管道施工积累了经验，掌握了大量的第一手资料，更重要的是为超大管径PCCP管道取得了一系列接口闭水试验的技术数据，为三胶圈超大管径PCCP管道接口闭水试验提供了强有力的保证，并在此基础上为制定超大管径PCCP管道施工安装规程及质量验收评定标准提供了依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.