A binary wavelet decomposition of binary images

We construct a theory of binary wavelet decompositions of finite binary images. The new binary wavelet transform uses simple module-2 operations. It shares many of the important characteristics of the real wavelet transform. In particular, it yields an output similar to the thresholded output of a real wavelet transform operating on the underlying binary image. We begin by introducing a new binary field transform to use as an alternative to the discrete Fourier transform over GF(2). The corresponding concept of sequence spectra over GF(2) is defined. Using this transform, a theory of binary wavelets is developed in terms of two-band perfect reconstruction filter banks in GF(2). By generalizing the corresponding real field constraints of bandwidth, vanishing moments, and spectral content in the filters, we construct a perfect reconstruction wavelet decomposition. We also demonstrate the potential use of the binary wavelet decomposition in lossless image coding.     

SAR图像斑点噪声消除算法的研究

ＳＡＲ图像一般都存在相干斑点噪声,严重影响了地物信息的提取与ＳＡＲ图像的应用效果。文中在分析斑点噪声产生机理的基础上提出了一种噪声消除算法,该算法与最常用的均值平滑滤波、中值平滑滤波、Ｆｒｏｓｔ自适应滤波等方法相比具有更明显的效果。实验结果验证了本算法的有效性．     

SUPPRESSING THE COHERENT SPECKLE OF SAR IMAGES WITH WAVELET ANALYSIS

This paper studies Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images contaminated by the coherent speckle noise with the multiresolution analysis of wavelet transform. This study shows that the influences of the speckle on different frequency components of the SAR image are different, and that the SAR image and the speckle have different manners of singularity. So, this paper presents a denoising method of wavelet analysis to reduce the speckle. Some experiments approve that this method not only suppresses the speckle effectively, but also preserves as much target characteristics of the original image as possible. It shows that this denoising method of wavelet analysis offers a very attractive alternative to suppress the coherent speckle noise of the SAR image.     

小波包域值法去除合成孔径雷达图像斑点噪声

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的斑点噪声使图像的解译能力明显降低,影响了SAR图像的应用,去除图像斑点噪声是SAR图像处理及应用的前提。去除的方法在图像域有很多,在频率域,也有基于FFT变换和小波变换的许多方法。文中根据沙漠地区的SAR图像的特点,对基于图像域和频率域的几种滤波方法进行了比较,提出了一种基于小波包变换的SAR图像斑点噪声去除方法,结果表明该方法既去除了斑点噪声,又保持了边缘特征信息。     

基于小波包分解的舰船辐射噪声特征提取方法研究

由于舰船辐射噪声有其自身的非高斯、非线性和非白噪声的非平稳特性,传统时域或频域的信号处理方法不能满足对这类信号的处理.而小波包变换对信号的非平稳特性有适应性.本文通过利用小波包变换分解舰船的辐射噪声,统计噪声在各个频段上的能量分布,将统计的分频段能量作为舰船的目标特征,实现舰船目分类识别标的目的.结合Matlab对舰船辐射噪声进行仿真,提取的目标一和目标二的特征,实现了舰船的分类识别的目的,验证的方法的有效性.     

Nonlinear multiscale wavelet diffusion for speckle suppression and edge enhancement in ultrasound images

This paper introduces a novel nonlinear multiscale wavelet diffusion method for ultrasound speckle suppression and edge enhancement. This method is designed to utilize the favorable denoising properties of two frequently used techniques: the sparsity and multiresolution properties of the wavelet, and the iterative edge enhancement feature of nonlinear diffusion. With fully exploited knowledge of speckle image models, the edges of images are detected using normalized wavelet modulus. Relying on this feature, both the envelope-detected speckle image and the log-compressed ultrasonic image can be directly processed by the algorithm without need for additional preprocessing. Speckle is suppressed by employing the iterative multiscale diffusion on the wavelet coefficients. With a tuning diffusion threshold strategy, the proposed method can improve the image quality for both visualization and auto-segmentation applications. We validate our method using synthetic speckle images and real ultrasonic images. Performance improvement over other despeckling filters is quantified in terms of noise suppression and edge preservation indices.     

Frequency decomposition and compounding of ultrasound medical images with wavelet packets

Ultrasound beams propagating in biological tissues undergo distortions due to local inhomogeneities of the acoustic parameters and the nonlinearity of the medium. The spectral analysis of the radio-frequency (RF) backscattered signals may yield important clinical information in the field of tissue characterization, as well as enhancing the detectability of tissue parenchymal diseases. In this paper, we propose a new tissue spectral imaging technique based on the wavelet packets (WP) decomposition. In a conventional ultrasound imaging system, the received echo-signals are generally decimated to generate a medical image, with a loss of information. With the proposed approach, all the RF data are processed to generate a set of frequency subband images. The ultrasound echo signals are simultaneously frequency decomposed and decimated, by using two quadrature mirror filters, followed by a dyadic subsampling. In addition, to enhance the lesion detectability and the image quality, we apply a nonlinear filter to reduce noise in each subband image. The proposed method requires simple additional signal processing and it can be implemented on any real-time imaging system. The frequency subband images, which are available simultaneously, can be either used in a multispectral display or summed up together to reduce speckle noise. To localize the different frequency response in the tissues, we propose a multifrequency display method where three different subband images, chosen among those available, are encoded as red, green, and blue intensities (RGB) to create a false-colored RGB image. According to the clinical application, different choices can evidence different spectral proprieties in the biological tissue under investigation. To enhance the lesion contrast in a grey-level image, one of the possible methods is the summation of the images obtained from narrow frequency subbands, according to the frequency compounding technique. We show that by adding the denoised subband images created with the WP decomposition, the contrast-to-noise ratio in two phantom images is largely increased.     

利用小波分解和顶点成分分析的高光谱异常检测

针对高光谱图像复杂背景影响异常检测结果的问题,提出了一种新的抑制背景的异常检测算法。首先对高光谱图像采用小波分解,将高光谱图像分解成高频图像和低频图像;然后使用顶点成分分析(VCA)方法提取高频图像的端元光谱图;最后使用光谱角匹配(SAM)技术对高光谱图像进行异常检测。实验结果表明,KRX算法相比,本文算法像素目标个数增加32.35%;虚拟个数减少12.12%,计算时间少2个数量级;本文方法的ROC曲线一直位于KRX、PCA-KPX算法的异常检测方法之上,有利于高光谱图像的实时异常检测应用。     

Comments on "Frequency decomposition and computing of ultrasound medical images with wavelet packets"

In this paper, errors and discrepancies in the subject paper [Cincotti et al., (2002)] are highlighted. A comment, concerning the axial resolution associated to the adopted processing procedure is also reported.     

Multiple wavelet threshold estimation by generalized crossvalidation for images with correlated noise

Denoising algorithms based on wavelet thresholding replace small wavelet coefficients by zero and keep or shrink the coefficients with absolute value above the threshold. The optimal threshold minimizes the error of the result as compared to the unknown, exact data. To estimate this optimal threshold, we use generalized cross validation. This procedure does not require an estimation for the noise energy. Originally, this method assumes uncorrelated noise. In this paper, we describe how we can extend it to images with correlated noise.     

Analysis of the input noise contribution in the noise temperature measurements

In measuring the noise temperature of a cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier (LNA), the noise from the input thermal buffer, i.e., the coaxial cable that connects the noise source to the amplifier, needs to be correctly accounted for. With the amplifier's noise temperature approaching just a few Kelvins, the postulate used in calculating the cable's noise temperature, that the cable is homogeneous and has a linear temperature profile, commands a further inspection. This letter analyzes these assumptions and clarifies the situations in which they hold. To substantiate this Kelvin-level discretion, a LNA is designed and measured.     

Fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images using improved IHS and PCA mergers based on wavelet decomposition

Since Chavez proposed the highpass filtering procedure to fuse multispectral and panchromatic images, several fusion methods have been developed based on the same principle: to extract from the panchromatic image spatial detail information to later inject it into the multispectral one. In this paper, we present new fusion alternatives based on the same concept, using the multiresolution wavelet decomposition to execute the detail extraction phase and the intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) and principal component analysis (PCA) procedures to inject the spatial detail of the panchromatic image into the multispectral one. The multiresolution wavelet decomposition has been performed using both decimated and undecimated algorithms and the resulting merged images compared both spectral and spatially. These fusion methods, as well as standard IHS-, PCA-, and wavelet-based methods have been used to merge Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 4 XI and SPOT 4 M images with a ratio 4:1. We have estimated the validity of each fusion method by analyzing, visually and quantitatively, the quality of the resulting fused images. The methodological approaches proposed in this paper result in merged images with improved quality with respect to those obtained by standard IHS, PCA, and standard wavelet-based fusion methods. For both proposed fusion methods, better results are obtained when an undecimated algorithm is used to perform the multiresolution wavelet decomposition.     

基于TV-维纳滤波的散斑噪声抑制

数字全息具备成像方便、分辨率高和实时观测等优势,已广泛应用于信息加密、显微观测、医学诊断、元器件测量等领域.但在数字全息成像中,散斑噪声严重影响了再现像的信噪比和成像分辨率,因此为了提高数字全息成像质量,迫切需要抑制再现像的散斑噪声.本文提出了一种基于TV模型和维纳滤波融合的散斑噪声抑制方法.仿真实验表明经该算法处理的再现像平滑效果好,去噪声能力强,和原图的相似度高.     

Speckle noise reduction of medical ultrasound images in complex wavelet domain using mixture priors

Speckle noise is an inherent nature of ultrasound images, which may have negative effect on image interpretation and diagnostic tasks. In this paper, we propose several multiscale nonlinear thresholding methods for ultrasound speckle suppression. The wavelet coefficients of the logarithm of image are modeled as the sum of a noise-free component plus an independent noise. Assuming that the noise-free component has some local mixture distribution (MD), and the noise is either Gaussian or Rayleigh, we derive the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) and the averaged maximum ${a quad posteriori}$ (AMAP) estimators for noise reduction. We use Gaussian and Laplacian MD for each noise-free wavelet coefficient to characterize their heavy-tailed property. Since we estimate the parameters of the MD using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and local neighbors, the proposed MD incorporates some information about the intrascale dependency of the wavelet coefficients. To evaluate our spatially adaptive despeckling methods, we use both real medical ultrasound and synthetically introduced speckle images for speckle suppression. The simulation results show that our method outperforms several recently and the state-of-the-art techniques qualitatively and quantitatively.      

Ultrasound speckle reduction using adaptive wavelet thresholding

Ultrasound is the most widely used biomedical imaging modality for the purpose of diagnosis. It often comes with speckle that results in reduced quality of images by hiding fine details like edges and boundaries, as well as texture information. In this present study, a novel wavelet thresholding technique for despeckling of ultrasound images is proposed. For analysing performance of the method, it is first tested on synthetic (ground truth) images. Speckle noise with distinct noise levels (0.01–0.04) has been added to the synthetic images in order to examine its efficiency at different noise levels. The proposed technique is applied to various orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelet filters. It has been observed that Daubechies 1 gives the best results out of all wavelet filters. The proposed method is further applied on ultrasound images. Performance of the proposed technique has been validated by comparing it with some state-of-the-art techniques. The results have also been validated visually by the expert. Results reveal that the proposed technique outperforms other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of edge preservation and similarities in structures. Thus, the technique is effective in reducing speckle noise in addition to preserving texture information that can be used for further processing.

     

数字全息再现像的激光散斑消除的研究

由于数字全息图受到激光散斑影响,使得其再现像产生较为严重的噪音。通过详细分析激光散斑形成的原因,并提出了用同一物体的多幅全息图的强度再现像叠加来减小激光散斑的干扰。具体分析了该方法的原理：在记录全息的物体照明光路中加入一散射体,在散射体的M个不同位置记录M张同一物体的全息图,然后将M幅数字全息的再现像叠加,激光散斑噪音下降为M~(-1/2)。最后给出了实验结果。     

Visibility of wavelet quantization noise

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) decomposes an image into bands that vary in spatial frequency and orientation. It is widely used for image compression, measures of the visibility of DWT quantization errors are required to achieve optimal compression. Uniform quantization of a single band of coefficients results in an artifact that we call DWT uniform quantization noise; it is the sum of a lattice of random amplitude basis functions of the corresponding DWT synthesis filter. We measured visual detection thresholds for samples of DWT uniform quantization noise in Y, Cb, and Cr color channels. The spatial frequency of a wavelet is r2^-λ, where r is the display visual resolution in pixels/degree, and λ is the wavelet level. Thresholds increase rapidly with wavelet spatial frequency. Thresholds also increase from Y to Cr to Cb, and with orientation from lowpass to horizontal/vertical to diagonal. We construct a mathematical model for DWT noise detection thresholds that is a function of level, orientation, and display visual resolution. This allows calculation of a “perceptually lossless” quantization matrix for which all errors are in theory below the visual threshold. The model may also be used as the basis for adaptive quantization schemes     

小波支持向量去噪

噪声对图像质量产生不利影响,降低了图像的应用价值,为了更好的消除图像中的噪声,提出一种小波支持向量去噪方法.首先采集大量的激光散斑图像,并将它们划分成为训练图像集和测试图像集,然后将训练图像集输入到小波支持向量机进行学习,将图像中信号划分为噪声和有用信息,最后采用测试图像集对小波支持向量机去噪性能进行测试与分析.实验结果表明,相比于其它激光散斑图像去噪方法,小波支持向量机可以更加有效的去除噪声,可以很好的保护图像边缘细节信息,提高了激光散斑图像的质量.     

相干斑对SAR图像纹理计算的影响

根据相干斑模型,构造相干斑,利用小波变换和灰度共生矩阵对加噪前后的图像分析和对比,通过对得到的实验数据和图形进行深入的分析,探讨相干斑对SAR图像纹理计算的影响。