Erratum to articles by Keselman and Keselman and Murray.

In the articles, "The Statistic With the Smaller Critical Value," by H. J. Keselman (Psychological Bulletin, 1974, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 130-131) in record 1975-22206-001, and "Tukey Tests for Pair-wise Contrasts Following the Analysis of Variance: Is There a Type IV Error?" by H. J. Keselman and Robert Murray (Psychological Bulletin, 1974, Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 608-609) in record 1975-02174-001, there is an error regarding Jacob Cohen's (Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; New York: Academic Press, 1969) effect size index, f. The f values and their respective proportions of variance in the two articles are larger than the values that Cohen has operationally defined as small, medium, and large. However, it is important to note that this misrepresentation neither invalidates nor limits the usefulness of the multiple-comparison results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Keselman concerning Cicchetti's interpretation of the findings of Petrinovich and Hardyck.

H. J. Keselman (see record 1974-08133-001) recently challenged a statement made by D. V. Cicchetti in 1972 that the Tukey and Scheffe tests control adequately for Type-I and Type-II errors. The present paper challenges Keselman's reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Rotton, Tikofsky, and Feldman.

Reports an error in the original article by Rotten et al (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 67(2) Apr 1982, 230-238). The receipt date was incorrectly listed as May 11, 1982. The article was actually received on May 11, 1981.(The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-20688-001) In Exp I, 42 Ss (mean age 30.4 yrs) tracked a moving target and monitored lights after receiving sublingual drops that contained either water, sodium nitrate (4.5, 45, 450, or 4,500 ppm), or sodium fluoride (.1, 1, 10, or 100 ppm). Dosage levels equaled, exceeded, or fell below those of municipal waters. In Exp II, 20 females performed this task after receiving sublingual drops of the same test substances in a repeated measures design; dosage levels equaled or exceeded levels found in municipal waters by 100 or 500 times. Neither type nor amount of chemical affected primary task performance; however, after receiving sublingual drops in Exp I, Ss paid less attention to lights on their right. In Exp II, Ss made more errors and had longer response latencies after they received moderate and very high concentrations of test substances. It is concluded that challenge testing is a safe but effective technique for provoking and studying reactions to chemicals when combined with a sensitive measure of sensorimotor performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Anderson, Horowitz, and French.

In the article, "Attributional Style of Lonely and Depressed People," by Craig A. Anderson, Leonard M. Horowitz, and Rita deSales French (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 127-136), there were errors consisting of several reversed signs on the ability attributional style correlations with loneliness and depression. Corrections are published here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1984-06765-001). Compared the attributional styles of lonely and nonlonely people and of depressed and nondepressed people in 2 studies. A questionnaire was formed, consisting of 20 hypothetical situations. Half of the situations were interpersonal, and half were not; half described successful outcomes, and half described failures. S selected an attributional alternative that best explained the outcome. The questionnaire was administered to 304 college students, along with the Beck Depression Inventory and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Results show that lonely and depressed people ascribe interpersonal failures to unchangeable characterological defects in themselves (e.g., a lack of ability). Because the prototype of a lonely person is more singularly interpersonal than is the prototype of a depressed person, it was hypothesized that loneliness would show higher correlations with the attributional style. This hypothesis was confirmed in Study 2 with approximately 200 college students. Findings were replicated using a modified version of the questionnaire. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Schmidt, Hunter, and Urry.

Reports an error in the article "Statistical Power in Criterion-Related Validation Studies" by F. L. Schmidt, J. E. Hunter, and V. W. Urry (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976[Aug], Vol. 61[4], 473-485). Rhe first, unnumbered formula in the left column of page 475 is corrected. The calculation at the bottom of the right column of page 476 is corrected as well. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1976-29035-001.) Examined systematically the sample sizes necessary to provide adequate power in validation studies under various conditions of range restriction and criterion unreliability. For purposes of brevity, the examination was restricted to the validity parameter values (i.e., true validities) of .35 and .50. Results demonstrate that sample sizes required to produce adequate power in empirical validation studies are substantially larger than has typically been assumed. This finding leads to the conclusion that, from the viewpoint of sample-size requirements, criterion-related validity studies are "technically feasible" much less frequently than is commonly assumed. It is also shown that the "situational specificity" of employment test validities may be in large part a consequence of excessive faith in small-sample analyses, that is, belief in "the law of small numbers." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Sandell, Gross, and Bornstein.

Reports an error in the article "Color Categories in Macaques" by Julia H. Sandell, Charles C. Gross, and Marc H. Bornstein (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1979, Vol. 93 [4], pp. 626-635). In Table 1 under the section Experiment 2, the entry in the far right column for the Munsell designation should read "2.5YR 7/10" instead of "2.5R 7/10." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1980-29677-001). Investigated whether macaque monkeys partition the photic spectrum into the same 4 basic hue categories that humans do (i.e., blue, green, yellow, and red). Seven males were trained to respond in the presence of one chromatic stimulus and were tested, in extinction, for generalization to others. In extinction, Ss responded at similar and high levels to stimuli that fell in the same human hue category as the training stimulus and at similar and much lower levels to stimuli that fell in a different human hue category from the training stimulus. It is concluded that macaques and humans categorize the spectrum in a similar fashion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Lawson, Inglis, and Stroud.

In the article "A Laterality Index of Cognitive Impairment Derived From a Principal-Components Analysis of the WAIS-R" by J. S. Lawson, J. Inglis, and T. W. F. Stroud (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1983, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp 841-847; see record 1984-05641-001), a number of errors exist in the equations on pp. 844-845. The corrected equations are published here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Timberlake, Wahl, and King.

Reports an error in the article, "Stimulus and Response Contingencies in the Misbehavior of Rats" by William Timberlake, Glenda Wahl, and Deborah King (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1982, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 62-85). The abscissa of Figures 1, 2, 5, and 6 were incorrectly labeled. In each case, the word DAYS should replace the word TRIALS. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-20408-001.) Misbehavior by rats was produced in Exps I (16 Wistar female albino rats) and II (15 Sprague-Dawley female albino rats) by pairing a ball bearing with food or by requiring contact with the ball bearing for food (Exps IV, 6 Ss, and V, 11 Ss). Misbehavior occurred before and after eating the food pellet. The frequency, complexity, and duration of prepellet misbehavior was increased by delay of food until after the ball bearing exited (or was programmed to exit) and by requiring contact with the bearing to obtain food. Alternative goal-directed behaviors occurred in Pavlovian contingencies in which food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit. Postpellet misbehavior tended to occur when food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit and before S released the bearing. Omission of food delivery on contact reduced the duration, complexity, and frequency of misbehavior, although experienced Ss continued to contact (Exp III, 15 Ss). Misbehavior was affected by both stimulus- and response-reward contingencies but showed characteristic organization and topography under both types of contingency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Huba, Wingard, and Bentler.

Reports an error in the article "Beginning Adolescent Drug Use and Peer and Adult Interaction Patterns" by G. J. Huba, Joseph A. Wingard, and P. M. Bentler (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 265-276). On page 269 all the coefficients in Table 3 should be positive (with the indicated numerical value). On page 270-271 the loading in Table 4 for the variable "are liked by parents" on Dimension II' should read .00 instead of -.60. Interpretation of the results does not change. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1979-28564-001). Interaction patterns among drug users, their peers, and significant adults have been implicated as causal factors of later drug abuse. Data were collected from 1,634 adolescents about their current use of 13 substances and about their interactions with peers and significant adults. Five canonical dimensions were necessary to explain the significant covariation in each of 2 comparable samples. The replicated pattern of rotated canonical loadings indicated that users of various classes of substances associated with other individuals who used the same substances. Other indicators of interaction patterns did not suggest that the drug users had friends who were particularly deviant. Adolescent drug users do not appear to form subcultures delineated from nonuser subcultures along interaction dimensions other than that of drug use. The results are consistent with an interactionist-socialization viewpoint of the development of drug use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Schmidt, Hunter, and Pearlman.

Reports an error in the original article by Schmidt et al. (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 66(2) Apr 1981, 166-185.). On page 169, Table 2 has an error. The values of the mean observed validity and mean true validity for the memory test type in job family B should be .20 and .42, respectively (not .42 and .43). (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1981-22525-001.) Two studies, with a total sample size of 400,000 Ss and with the US Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Job Titles (1977), examined the traditional belief that between-job task differences cause aptitude tests to be valid for some jobs but not for others. Results indicate that aptitude tests are valid across jobs, since the moderating effect of tasks(a) is negligible even when jobs differ grossly in task makeup and (b) is probably nonexistent when task differences are less extreme. Findings have implications for validity generalization, the use of task-oriented job analysis in selection research, criterion construction, moderator research, and proper interpretation of the US's Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures. It is concluded that the belief that tasks are important moderators of test validities can be traced to behaviorist assumptions introduced into personnel psychology in the early 1960's and that, in retrospect, these assumptions are false. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Ryan, Krall, and Hodges.

Reports an error in the article "Self-Concept Change in Behavior Modification" by V. L. Ryan et al (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976[Aug], Vol 44[4], 638-645). On page 641, part of Table 1 is incorrect. Pretreatment means on the ideal self - perceived self measure should read 32.0, 37.1, and 32.2 for the systematic desensitization, relaxation only, and no-treatment control groups, respectively. Posttreatment means for the same measure should read 24.1, 29.8, and 31.0, respectively. Analyses and interpretation of results are correct as published.(The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1976-28421-001.) Studied changes in self-concept as a function of behavioral treatment for test anxiety. 72 test-anxious (Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test) undergraduates were randomly assigned to systematic desensitization (SD) relaxation-training only, or no-treatment control conditions. Levels of test anxiety, self-esteem, and self-ideal-self discrepancy are assessed prior to and following treatment. The SD and relaxation treatments were both effective in reducing test anxiety. Ss' ratings of satisfaction with treatment were equivalent in the 2 treatment conditions. SD Ss showed improvement in self-esteem and significant reductions in self-ideal-self discrepancies; however, Ss who received relaxation training only, or no treatment, did not change significantly. This differential effectiveness of the SD and relaxation procedures is discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of imagined successful coping. Comparisons of Ss' changes in test anxiety and in self-concept suggest that an explanation of change based on simple generalization of treatment effects would be sufficient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Prigatano, Parsons, Wright, Levin, and Hawryluk.

Reports an error in the original article "Neuropsychological test performance in mildly hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" by George P. Prigatano et al. (Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1983[Feb.] Vol 51[1] 108-116). On page 116, the reference Rennick, P. M, should read as follows: Lewis, R. R., & Rennick, P. M. Manual for the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual- Motor Battery. Grosse Pointe Park, Mich.: Axon, 1979. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1983-13068-001) Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological deficits in moderately to severely hypoxemic, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The present article reports on the neuropsychological functioning of mildly hypoxemic COPD patients. 100 patients (mean age 61.5 yrs) and 25 controls (mean age 59.6 yrs) matched on relevant variables were given extensive neuropsychological tests including the WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale, and Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Mild neuropsychological impairment was observed in the COPD Ss, with overall indexes of neuropsychological dysfunction correlating with resting partial pressure of oxygen. Depression and motivation to perform could not account for the results. Long-term reduced oxygen supply to the brain may account for these observed deficits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Data transformation, power, and skew: A rejoinder to Games.

The present authors (see record 1982-27158-001) concluded that if a transformation can be found that will minimize skew while tending to equate group variances, the use of that transformation will increase power of the F test. P. A. Games (see record 1983-20171-001) challenges this conclusion and presents what he considers to be counterexample. That counterexample is shown to be flawed; however, it aptly demonstrates the misconceptions that may arise with respect to the issue of data transformation, skew, and power. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Shirom.

Reports an error in the original article by Shirom (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 67(1) Feb 1982, 45-52). a percentage was incorrectly reported. On page 45, the fourth line from the bottom of the abstract, the value 21% should read 12%. In addition, one of the values in Table 2 (page 50) was incorrectly labeled significant. The asterisk for the value .21 (the adjusted mean for R2) should be deleted. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-10870-001.) Management perceptions of advantageous settlements of strikes were predicted by the extent to which the struck plant was kept in operation, the extent to which a mediator was involved, frequency of strikes in the plant in the past, duration of the strike and its breadth. Data from 51 chief management negotiators show that past frequency, duration, and a mediator's involvement were not significant as predictors. The management's perception of strike settlement as advantageous was found to be positively affected either by large breadth of the strike or by the management's success in keeping the plant in operation during the strike. Results indicate that management's power to resist strikes by operating the struck plant is a significant predictor. Findings cast doubt on the notion that unions are successful in identifying as strike targets employers who are vulnerable to the costs imposed by a strike. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Delucchi.

In the article "The Use and Misuse of Chi-Square: Lewis and Burke Revisited," by Kevin L. Delucchi (Psychological Bulletin, 1983, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 166-176; see record 1984-00274-001), the standard error of gamma expressed in Equation 19 is incorrect. The variables under the radical should be reciprocals. The correct formula is published here. Delucchi's article reviewed the proper use of the Pearson chi-square for analyzing contingency tables. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in the record attached to the aforementioned citation): Reviews the proper use of the Pearson chi-square for analyzing contingency tables. The 1949 article by D. Lewis and C. J. Burke, who cited 9 sources of error in the use of chi-square, is updated. Since the publication of that article, statisticians have addressed the question of the minimal size of expected cell frequencies. This problem has been examined from 2 perspectives: tests of association hypotheses in contingency tables and testing goodness-of-fit hypotheses. Under certain conditions, expected cell frequencies less than 5 do not substantially alter the Type I error rate. Supplementary and alternative approaches to the chi-square, including those involving log- and log-linear models, log-likelihood ratio, partitioning, comparison of individual proportions, and analysis of ordered categories, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on techniques that are of use to the practicing researcher who often deals with qualitative ordered and unordered data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Pike.

Reports an error in "Comparison of convolution and matrix distributed memory systems for associative recall and recognition" by Ray Pike (Psychological Review, 1984[Jul], Vol 91[3], 281-294). In this article, there were two erroneous sentences, one on page 284 and one on page 285. The sentences are corrected in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1984-27853-001.) Compares 2 closely related distributed memory models in terms of plausibility; arithmetic simplicity; economy of storage space; and ability to account for associative, similarity, and order data in recall and recognition. It is argued that the storage-retrieval system brought about by the convolution-correlation concept outlined by M. A. Eich (see record 1983-04922-001) and B. B. Murdock (see record 1983-04936-001) is neurally implausible, necessitates more complex analyses, and is less economical in storage space than is the matrix memory concept described by J. A. Anderson et al (see record 1978-22353-001). It is shown that the matrix model can easily account for associative symmetry-asymmetry data and for item similarity effects. Means and variances of operating strength for various recall and recognition situations, modeled by the matrix system, are presented, and it is shown how signal-to-noise ratios can be derived. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Knight.

In the article "On Interpreting the Several Standard Errors of the WAIS-R: Some Further Tables" by Robert G. Knight (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1983, Vol. 51, pp. 671-673; see record 1984-02907-001), the final column of Table 2 is entirely incorrect. A corrected table is published in this erratum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Jacobson.

In the article "A Component Analysis of Behavioral Marital Therapy: The Relative Effectiveness of Behavior Exchange and Communication/Problem-Solving Training" by Neil S. Jacobson (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1984, Vol. 52, pp. 295-305; see record 1984-21130-001), there was an omission to the caption for Figure 1 on p. 304. A correction to the caption is included here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Dreger.

Reports an error in the original article by Dreger (Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol 90(3) Jun 1981, 242-260). On page 256, the two columns under the two middle headings in Table 6 should be interchanged. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1981-24783-001.) Describes 1st-, 2nd, and 3rd-order factor analyses of the responses of 1,278 parents to the Children's Behavioral Classification Project (CBCP) instrument. At the 1st order, 30 factors were derived, 26 of which matched factors from an earlier study with 341 Ss. At the 2nd order, 9 factors were found, and at the 3rd order, 2 forms of the well-known conduct problem and personality problem factors that could not be reduced by a 4th-order factoring were revealed. The study also demonstrated convergencies among factors derived from the CBCP instrument and the factors, syndromes, or diagnostic categories of other instruments (e.g., 16-24 DSM-III categories appear to be fair matches for the 1st- and 3rd-order factors of the CBCP). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)