Multiple correlations between personality factors and SVIB Occupational scales.

Investigated the construct validity of the Occupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with 359 male college students as Ss. 5 personality factors derived from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were correlated with each of the SVIB Occupational scales. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged from .24 to .64. The median coefficient of determination (corrected for shrinkage) was .18. The CPI Extraversion, Emotional Sensitivity, and Independent Thought factors yielded the highest individual correlations with the scales. The CPI Adjustment and Conventionality factors correlated negligibly with the SVIB Occupational scales. The significant relationships are consistent with J. L. Holland's personality theory of careers. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity studies of the Strong vocational interest inventories.

The concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the predictive validity of the SVIB were studied in an 18-yr follow-up of a university counseling center group of male college graduates. Results were compared with a previous 12-yr follow-up of the same Ss using C. McArthur's method (1954). The SCII had concurrent validity greater than the SVIB (T399) even after correction was made for a higher percentage of high standard scores on occupational scales. Predictive validity for 18 yrs was not quite as good as for 12 yrs. Although group data were similar for the predictive validity studies, classifications of individuals between studies varied substantially. A 6-yr predictive validity study for the SVIB (T399) had validity comparable to predictive studies using an earlier edition of the SVIB. Job satisfaction and satisfaction with type of work were statistically different, but resulted in no practical difference when used as a correlate with standard occupational scale score. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Reliability and concurrent validity data for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were developed for a total of 180 high school and college students, scored on appropriate sex norms and scales. These data were compared with data for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), data reported in the SCII Manual, and data for the same sample scored on the opposite sex's norms and scales and scored disregarding sex. 2-wk test-retest reliability correlations were approximately .90. Agreement between high scores and self-reported curriculum and occupational preferences ranged from 32% to 60%. The SCII had same-sex reliability and concurrent validity near those of the SVIB. Cross-sex scores were not significantly less reliable and valid. Scoring on all Occupational scales produced significantly higher concurrent validity. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ten-year follow-up of the Tyler Vocational Card Sort and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

The Tyler Vocational Card Sort (TVCS) and SVIB for men were completed by 67 university students in 1965. The 1975 occupations held by 47 of these Ss were identified. The TVCS was more accurate than the SVIB, by a very small amount, in predicting occupation held 10 yrs after original testing; both methods achieved about 50% accuracy. Of the 47 Ss, 23 took the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) 10 yrs after the original testing. The reliability of the SVIB (1965) scores and the SCII (1975) scores was greater by a very small amount than that of the SVIB (1965) and the TVCS (1975) scores and that of the TVCS (1965) and TVCS (1975) scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed and inventoried vocational interests: A comparison of instruments.

Compared the responses of 84 female Ss to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The VCS task included J. L. Holland's themes and used the basic interest and occupational scales from the SCII. The results from both measures were related. The VCS was not significantly different from the SCII in internal consistency. The VCS themes were better predictors of expressed choices than the SCII themes. Comparisons of the instruments by the Ss did not yield clear preferences, and there was a strong tendency for Ss to suggest that a friend take both instruments. Ss perceived sex bias in the SCII but not in the VCS. Overall, the results support the use of the VCS including the Holland themes and the SCII basic interest category. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for vocational counseling and future research. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A longitudinal study of who seeks counseling when.

Determined at what time the members of a university freshman class who sought counseling initiated their contacts with counselors. Over the 4-yr period 401 males and 319 females sought counseling. In general, the rate of initiation declined steeply over time, both by years and by quarters within years. An occasional reversal occurred for females. Characteristics of the Ss as related to time of initiating counseling were also studied, utilizing scores on the School and College Ability Test, Omnibus Personality Inventory, and SVIB, administered in freshman orientation. Neither male nor female Ss differed significantly in test results when time of counseling initiation was considered by the 4 academic quarters. By year, quarter by quarter, and by parts of quarters, the Omnibus Personality Inventory yielded significant results on some scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential response for female and male law students on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory: The question of separate sex norms.

Analyzed differential responses to Female and Male Lawyer scale items on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) for 67 male and 35 female law students. While there was systematic difference in responses between the sexes, the pattern of differential response on items unique to one or the other of the scales indicates that this difference would not affect scores if the scales were combined. Furthermore, the nature of the relation between the occupational groups and between the occupational and in-general groups on these items suggests that combined scales are feasible. Because there is an implicit bias in maintaining separate sex scales, it is suggested that the SCII be considered an intermediate step to a combined instrument. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Errata: "A Longitudinal Study of Who Seeks Counseling When"

Reports an error in the original article "A Longitudinal Study of Who Seeks Counseling When" by W. Harry Sharp and Barbara A. Kirk (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1974[Jan], 21[1], 43-50). The sentence on page 50 should read as follows: "They appeared to be more intellectually oriented, less personally integrated, and altruistically inclined." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1974-26400-001.) Determined at what time the members of a university freshman class who sought counseling initiated their contacts with counselors. Over the 4-yr period 401 males and 319 females sought counseling. In general, the rate of initiation declined steeply over time, both by years and by quarters within years. An occasional reversal occurred for females. Characteristics of the Ss as related to time of initiating counseling were also studied, utilizing scores on the School and College Ability Test, Omnibus Personality Inventory, and SVIB, administered in freshman orientation. Neither male nor female Ss differed significantly in test results when time of counseling initiation was considered by the 4 academic quarters. By year, quarter by quarter, and by parts of quarters, the Omnibus Personality Inventory yielded significant results on some scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of interests and the predictive and concurrent validity of the 1981 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college majors.

116 of the 162 Occupational scales of the 1981 revision of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were constructed with new criterion samples. This study (a) assessed the concurrent and predictive validity of the revised SCII and explored its usefulness for predicting college majors (Exp I) and (b) examined the differential effect of stable and unstable interests during college on the validity of the SCII (Exp II). Data were analyzed for 354 females and 261 males who completed the SCII as college freshmen; 81% were still enrolled in school at the time of this study. Results indicate that the revised SCII can be used to predict college majors, having concurrent and predictive validity comparable to previous forms of the SCII. It was slightly more predictive for females than for males. Findings also show that the majority of Ss had stable interests during their college careers. The revised SCII was significantly more predictive of college majors for Ss who were satisfied with their majors or who had stable interests than it was for those who were dissatisfied or had unstable interests. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Characteristics of users of counseling centers and psychiatric services on a college campus.

Administered the School and College Ability Test, Omnibus Personality Inventory, and SVIB to 1,761 male and 1,292 female incoming university freshmen. After Ss graduated 4 yrs later, university mental health service records were examined to determine the characteristics, by sex, of Ss who had contacted the counseling center only, the psychiatric service only, both, or neither. Despite attrition during this period, approximately 1/3 of the Ss were users, with proportionally more females than males. In terms of characteristics measured at entrance, all 4 groups differed on the 3 instruments employed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between self-esteem and response style.

Response preferences of 30 high, 30 middle, and 30 low self-esteem undergraduate Ss on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were analyzed to examine relationships between sex, self-esteem, and response style. Based on discriminant analyses, significant results indicated that like and dislike preferences discriminated between self-esteem groups but not between sex groups. Ss of high and middle self-esteem groups responded more often with like preferences, while Ss of the low self-esteem group responded more often with dislike preferences across all sections of the SCII. Inspection of the Your Characteristics section revealed that high and middle self-esteem Ss attributed strengths to themselves more frequently than did low self-esteem Ss. Two-way ANOVAs of Ss' profile scores revealed significant self-esteem effects but not significant sex and interaction effects. Compared with test profiles of low self-esteem Ss, test profiles of high and middle self-esteem Ss exhibited greater differentiation and provided more helpful information regarding particular interests and occupational areas for further vocational exploration. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An experiential-behavioral approach to the treatment of bulimarexia.

Investigated the effects of a group therapy program utilizing social learning theory, experiential methods, and a sociocultural perspective with 14 18–45 yr old bulimarexic women. Bulimarexia was operationally defined as a cyclical eating disorder characterized by bingeing–purging behaviors and abnormally low self-esteem. Ss had been binge-eating and purging via forced vomiting, laxative abuse, or habitual fasting and dieting on a daily basis for at least 4 yrs. None of the Ss were significantly underweight, overweight, or in need of medical management at the time of treatment. Dependent measures included responses to the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and a modified Body Cathexis Scale (BCS), which were administered pre, post, and 1 yr following the group treatment procedure. Application of repeated measures ANOVA to the CPI yielded significant results on 8 of 18 scales. The BCS data proved significant at posttest and at 1 yr follow-up. Bingeing behaviors were eliminated or attenuated in 10 of 14 cases. Results are consistent with the idea that bulimarexia is related to the struggle to achieve a perfect, stereotypic female image in which women surrender most of their self-defining powers to others. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparative impact of the SCII and the Vocational Card Sort on career salience and career exploration of women.

The effects of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), the Vocational Card Sort (VCS), and an exercise designed to make respondents aware of myths and realities of women in the world of work, the Auxiliary Informative Material (AIM), were examined in relation to (a) number and type of career options considered, (b) frequency and variety of information-seeking behaviors, (c) career salience, and (d) satisfaction with the career exloration experience. 120 female dormitory residents were randomly assigned to a control group and 4 treatment groups: (a) VCS only, (b) AIM and VCS, (c) SCII only, and (d) AIM and SCII. Analyses of variance indicated some differences in the impact of the SCII and the VCS on the dependent variables; the VCS was more effective than the SCII in broadening career options and in increasing the frequency with which Ss read occupational information. Although the AIM had no significant impact on broadening the career options or on stimulating information-seeking behaviors, it increased the career salience of women. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coping and defense mechanisms related to personality inventories.

Ratings of coping and defense mechanisms were made on the basis of intensive interviews with a sample of 99 men and women. Analyses of the Ss' California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were conducted by contrasting the item responses of extreme groups based upon the ego-mechanism ratings. Comparisons based on the coping mechanisms produced more differentiating items on the CPI than on the MMPI, and comparisons based on the defense mechanisms produced more on the MMPI than on the CPI. Defense in general, however, is not so well handled by these procedures as coping. The sets of items which were found to characterize the coping and defense mechanisms were then intercorrelated with the standard CPI and MMPI scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Female college students' scores on the men's and women's Strong Vocational Interest Blanks.

Administered the men's and women's forms of the SVIB and a career orientation questionnaire to a sample of 90 undergraduate women. Significant differences were found between mean scores on Occupational scales common to both forms and on mean number of B+ and A ratings on the men's and women's forms. Occupational scale scores and number of B+ and A interest ratings were examined in relationship to career vs. homemaker orientation. Ss differentiated on the basis of career orientation obtained significantly different mean numbers of B+ and A interest ratings on the women's SVIB. Implications for vocational counseling are discussed, and use of both forms of the SVIB is recommended in vocational counseling with college women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Three approaches to counselor-free career exploration among college women.

Compared the effects of 3 counselor-free career exploration treatments, the interpretive format of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), the Self-Directed Search (SDS), and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS), using 140 undergraduate women. One significant group effect was found, indicating that the SDS and VCS Holland themes were more closely related to the expressed choices of Ss than were the SCII themes. A comparison of the number of significant pretest/posttest and interaction effects suggests that reactivity is a potential issue of concern and that overall, few treatment differences exist. The significant effects found tentatively suggest that the general occupational themes of the SCII may cause some confusion in Ss seeking confirmation of their expressed choices. No significant differences were found between the groups on the Ss' perceptions of sex bias in the instruments. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A review of female–male score differences on the Strong-Campbell twin occupational scales.

The current version of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) contains 37 occupational scales that are "twin" scales (TS), with one scale based on female norms and another based on male norms. (The general pattern of scores on the SCII TS is for test takers to receive higher scores on the other-sex scale than they do on their same-sex scale.) However, the various occupational scales differ from one another in their patterns of score differences. Four studies of the SCII TS—B. F. Laime and D. G. Zytowsky (1963), J. D. Stanfel (1970), P. H. Munley et al (1973), and P. W. Lunneborg (1975)—were reviewed, and correlations were developed to show the degree of similarity in the results. Various explanations for the phenomena have been advanced, relating the score differentials to the masculinity or femininity of the occupations. These explanations were tested with the SCII differential score data with only partial success. Findings indicate that counselors will need to know average female and male test-taker scores on other-sex occupational scales to make accurate SCII test interpretations. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is math anxiety a local phenomenon? A study of prevalence and dimensionality.

Administered the Math Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) and the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) to 1,045 college freshmen. The relationship between MARS scores and performance in freshman mathematics was determined by partial correlation and multiple regression techniques. Correlations were computed between each of 3 scales of the SCII and the MARS. Most Ss reported only low levels of math anxiety, and there were no large sex differences on the MARS either for the total sample or within course levels. There were small but significant correlations between the MARS and 2 of the 3 SCII scales. The MARS was factor analyzed; 3 factors were identified and labeled Evaluation Anxiety, Arithmetic Computation Anxiety, and Social Responsibility Anxiety. Results are contrasted with findings of previous studies of math anxiety, and methodological and conceptual issues in the study of math anxiety are discussed. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting prison adjustment with structured personality inventories.

Investigated the degree to which individual scales and multivariate combinations of scales on the MMPI and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) could predict criteria of adjustment in prison. Ss were 1,313 male inmates (mean age 22.2 yrs) at a federal correctional institution who were admitted over a 2-yr period. Two-thirds of the sample was used as a derivation sample and one-third was used for cross-validation. Ss completed the scales soon after incarceration. Results support the construct validity of several MMPI and CPI scales, but the absolute magnitude of the associations was low. Combinations of MMPI and CPI scales produced higher multiple correlations but generally did not hold up on cross-validation. It is concluded that neither the MMPI or CPI scales or weighted linear combinations thereof provided enough accuracy to be used alone for individual actuarial prediction. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Occupational groupings of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Occupational groupings on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) are useful for (a) extrapolating the results to nonincluded occupations in the same family and (b) judging the reliability of a high score by other scores in the same group. These purposes can be accomplished only if the groups are shown to be homogeneous. For 337 male entering college freshmen tested on the SVIB, Form T399, and 201 tested on the SCII, Form T325, average intercorrelations were calculated for occupations within existing groups and also for new groups derived from a factor-analytic study. Average intragroup correlations of .40-.79 were found for the T399, .49-.73 with the T325, and .60-.68 with the factored groups. The average of all within-groups correlations was significantly higher for the latter than for the other two. The predominant groupings of the factor study were Interpersonal Manipulation, Technical and Scientific, and Verbal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)