Aluminium contents in baked meats wrapped in aluminium foil

In this investigation, the effect of cooking treatments (60 min at 150 °C, 40 min at 200 °C, and 20 min at 250 °C) on aluminium contents of meats (beef, water buffalo, mutton, chicken and turkey) baked in aluminium foil were evaluated. Cooking increased the aluminium concentration of both the white and red meats. The increase was 89–378% in red meats and 76–215% in poultry. The least increase (76–115%) was observed in the samples baked for 60 min at 150 °C, while the highest increase (153–378%) was in samples baked for 20 min at 250 °C. It was determined that the fat content of meat in addition to the cooking process affected the migration of aluminium (r² = 0.83; P < 0.01). It was also found that raw chicken and turkey breast meat contained higher amounts of aluminium than the raw chicken and turkey leg meat, respectively. Regarding the suggested provisional tolerable daily intake of 1 mg Al/kg body weight per day of the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, there are no evident risks to the health of the consumer from using aluminium foil to cook meats. However, eating meals prepared in aluminium foil may carry a risk to the health by adding to other aluminium sources.     

Aluminium in foodstuff and the influence of aluminium foil used for food preparation or short time storage

Aluminium is an omnipresent part of everyday life. It is widely used in industry and furthermore in products like cosmetics, sun creams or it can be applied for instance as aluminium foil by consumers during food preparation in households. However, over the last decades the toxicity of aluminium for humans has been heavily discussed and is still not completely clarified. Therefore, food aluminium concentrations were investigated in different untreated foodstuff as well as a possible aluminium transfer from aluminium foil to food. The results show that untreated food is not significantly contaminated. Furthermore, short time contact to aluminium foil increases the food aluminium concentration only marginally. Nevertheless, as soon as the food is in contact to aluminium foil and at the same time in contact with metals (alloys) with a higher standard electrode potential than aluminium (?1.66 V) high aluminium contaminations were observed.     

Investigation on mercury migration discipline in different paper-plastic food packaging containers

The understanding of the migration of mercury from packaging materials to food stuffs is the prerequisite for the development of food safety regulations. In this article, the migration of mercury from food paper-plastic packaging containers to four food stimulants under different migrated temperatures is studied. The results show that the mobility and the maximum migration volume of mercury increase at certain temperatures when the migration time is extended. It is also noted that the time to reach equilibrium is reduced as the temperature increases. Meanwhile, different solvents appear various different while the rates of migration are 3% acetic acid >10% ethanol >20% ethanol >50% ethanol. But they show the same trend at the different temperatures. Our data suggest that different solvents, temperatures, and food stimulants affect the migration rates, and ameliorate those conditions will reduce migration and promote food quality.     

Quality assessment of gutted wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) stored in ice, cling film and aluminium foil

The effects of aluminium foil and cling film on microbiological, chemical and sensory changes in wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored at chill temperature (4 °C) were studied. A quality assessment of wild sea bass stored in ice, in boxes without ice, wrapped in aluminium foil (WAF) and wrapped in cling film (WCF) at 4 °C was performed by monitoring sensory quality, nucleotide breakdown products, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and total viable counts (TVCs). The observed organoleptic shelf-life of sea bass was found to be 16 days in ice, 4 days in boxes without ice, 8 days in aluminium foil and 8 days in cling film. Demerit points did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between WCF fish and WAF fish. The nucleotide degradation pattern was found to be similar for all storage conditions except for inosine and hypoxanthine contents, which decreased after 12 days of storage for WAF and WCF. The content of TVB-N for all storage conditions showed similar tendencies until 12 days storage but reached the highest level (41.6 mg TVB-N 100 g^–1 flesh) for fish stored in WAF and WCF. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in TVB-N concentrations within the treatments during the early stages of the storage period. Bacteria grew most quickly in the sea bass kept in boxes without ice, followed by those kept WAF, WCF and in ice. Significant differences (P<0.05) in TVC were observed amongst the treatments, especially between fish stored in boxes without ice and fish stored in ice     

Migration of antimony from PET containers into regulated EU food simulants

Antimony migration from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers into aqueous (distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% and 20% ethanol) and fatty food simulants (vegetable oil), as well as into vinegar, was studied. Test conditions were according to the recent European Regulation 10/2011 (EU, 2011). Sb migration was assayed by ICP-MS and HG-AFS. The results showed that Sb migration values ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 μg Sb/l, which are far below the maximum permissible migration value for Sb, 40 μg Sb/kg, (EU, Regulation 10/2011). Parameters as temperature and bottle re-use influence were studied. To assess toxicity, antimony speciation was performed by HPLC-ICP-MS and HG-AFS. While Sb(V) was the only species detected in aqueous simulants, an additional species (Sb–acetate complex) was measured in wine vinegar. Unlike most of the studies reported in the literature, migration tests were based on the application of the EU directive, which enables comparison and harmonisation of results.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测食品接触用铝箔在不同迁移条件下的铝迁移量

目的系统研究食品接触用铝箔纸中铝的迁移条件和检测方法。方法结合食品接触用铝箔纸实际接触条件,模拟3种迁移实验条件,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行对铝迁移量检测。结果该方法检出限为0.5μg/L,线性范围宽,加标回收率为87.0%～99.2%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)在0.4%～5.5%(n=6)。结论建立的方法适合食品接触用材料铝箔在不同迁移条件下的铝迁移量的检测。     

不锈钢餐具中镍含量的测定

研究了以非离子型微乳液乳化剂-OP/n-C4H9OH/n-C7H16/H2O为介质,Ni(Ⅱ)与1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)的显色反应,在pH值8.58～10.70范围内,配合物的最大吸收波长为570nm,回归方程:A=0.0313c-0.0066(c/μg·25mL-1),相关系数r=0.9996,表观摩尔吸光系数为4.56×104L/mol·cm,Ni(Ⅱ)浓度在0.2μg/25mL～25μg/25mL范围内服从比尔定律,检出限0.2μg/25mL,相对标准偏差(RSD%)在0.014%～0.64%之间,加标回收率在95.00%～110.9%之间。该法用于合成样和不锈钢餐具浸泡液中镍的测定,结果令人满意。     

热流道技术在塑料容器注塑加工中的应用

介绍了热流道系统的组成和与冷流道的比较,国内外热流道注塑模具的差距及热流道系统的发展方向。     

不同容器发酵昌黎地区霞多丽干白葡萄酒的香气研究

不同的工艺发酵环境及发酵容器都会对葡萄酒的香气产生影响,该实验旨在研究不同发酵容器对昌黎地区霞多丽葡萄酒香气的影响.研究采用相同的酿酒葡萄原料分别经过橡木桶发酵罐和不锈钢发酵罐进行发酵,采用相同的发酵工艺和发酵条件,对发酵后的原酒进行香气测定,分析不同发酵容器发酵出的原酒在香气上的区别.     

Availability of aluminium from tea and coffee

 The amount of aluminium in different kinds of tea and ground coffee was analysed, the transfer of aluminium into the infusion was determined and aluminium intake via tea and coffee was calculated within the framework of our investigations. Aluminium concentrations amounted to (in μg/g dry matter): black tea, 899; flavoured black tea, 763; peppermint tea, 477; mountain herbal tea, 419; fruit tea, 292; ground coffee, 19. About 30% of the aluminium stored in black tea’s dry matter was transferred into the infusion, which contained 4.2 mg Al/l. In contrast, the availability of aluminium from peppermint and fruit tea as well as from ground coffee was very low (about 5%). The calculated aluminium intake via tea and coffee was 0.2 to 0.3 mg/day and contributed about 5% to the total aluminium intake. Only black tea infusions are a significant source of aluminium intake via beverages. Received: 9 January 1997     

一次性餐饮具中微量甲醛的溶出实验研究

一次性餐饮具中甲醛的残留量倍受关注,实验采用乙酰丙酮法测定在不同浸泡溶液(25℃水、95℃水和60℃4%乙酸)和不同浸泡条件(恒温静置、超声波作用、紫外照射和微波炉加热)下一次性餐饮具中甲醛的溶出情况。结果表明,用60℃4%乙酸浸泡纸质餐饮具2h,甲醛的溶出量最高可达0.102mg/L;而用95℃水浸泡并经紫外照射后,甲醛溶出量达到0.131mg/L;当用60℃4%乙酸浸泡同时经紫外照射后,甲醛的溶出量可增至0.213mg/L,是95℃水恒温浸泡时的2倍。此外,实验发现:外表有印刷图案的纸质餐饮具在相同的浸泡溶液和浸泡条件下,甲醛的溶出量均高于无印刷图案的餐饮具,且溶出量随着浸泡时间的延长而增加。     

端视ICP-AES法测定食品用塑料包装容器在四种食品模拟物中有害元素迁移量

建立了端视电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定食品用塑料包装容器在4种食品模拟物中有害元素铅、镉、铬、砷、锑和锗迁移量的分析方法。研究了不同食品模拟物试液的处理方法以及仪器工作参数对铅、镉、铬、砷、锑和锗测定信号的影响,消除了乙醇基质的严重抑制干扰,并优化了ICP-AES测定条件。铅、镉、铬、砷、锑和锗的检出限分别为0.0025、0.00023、0.00016、0.0033、0.0032、0.0030mg/L,测定低限:以蒸馏水、3%乙酸、10%乙醇作食品模拟物时分别为0.010、0.0010、0.0010、0.010、0.010、0.010mg/L;以精制橄榄油作食品模拟物时分别为0.020、0.0020、0.0020、0.020、0.020、0.020mg/L。加标回收率在92.0%～98.8%,相对标准偏差在1.69%～7.64%(n=8)。方法灵敏、简便、快速、准确,适用于进出口食品用塑料包装容器中有害元素迁移量的快速测定。     

Hybrid of multi-signal processing methods for detection of small objects in containers filled with beverages using ultrasound

Ultrasound backscattered signals for object detection could be too weak to be perceived when superposed to strong reflection signals, and could also be complicated either in time or frequency domain. These peculiarities raise a challenge for signal processing methods. In this paper four signal processing methods were studied to detect objects in containers. Root mean squares (RMS) method was better in object detection but needed to combine other methods to increase detection success rate. Variance, center frequency pressure ratio (CFPR) and backscattered amplitude integral (BAI) methods have similar overall detection ratings. The optimal signal size, to increase the detection ability, corresponded approximately to the length of reverberation signals before it was dissipated.     

Aluminium levels of fish fillets baked and grilled in aluminium foil

During storage and preparation of food, aluminium foil is often used for wrapping heat-sensitive raw food for protection against direct heat, e.g. grilled or baked fish fillets. In this investigation the aluminium contents of grilled and baked fish fillets with and without ingredients wrapped in aluminium foil were determined. The selected fish species were mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.), a fatty species, ocean perch (Sebastes spp.), a medium fatty species, and cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens), two lean fish species. The wrapped fillets were baked for approximately 20 min at 200°C in an oven, either without ingredients or, alternatively, with vinegar and sodium chloride added. In another experiment one part of a fillet was grilled over charcoal without ingredients and the other part was grilled with onion rings and mixed spices added. All aluminium concentrations of both baked and grilled fillets wrapped in aluminium foil increased during heating. The increase in aluminium concentration ranged from a factor of 2 (baked saithe fillets without ingredients from 0.10 up to 0.21 mg/kg) to a factor of 68 (grilled mackerel fillets with ingredients from 0.07 up to 5.04 mg/kg). The aluminium contents of grilled fillets were higher than those of baked fillets. Presumably two factors were responsible for the higher aluminium contents in grilled fillets: first the higher temperature of preparation when grilling fillets and second the high aluminium content of mixed spices (63.5 mg Al/kg), which may be taken up in part by the grilled fillets. All results clearly showed that some aluminium migrated from the aluminium foil into the food. The aluminium migration seems to depend on several factors, e.g. the duration and the temperature of heating, the composition and the pH-value of food, the presence of any other substances (such as organic acids and salt) and complexing reactions that result in dissolution of the complexed metal. Considering the present state of knowledge and the suggested provisional tolerable daily intake of 1 mg Al/kg bodyweight per day of the [World Health Organisation, 1989], no risk to health of the consumer would to be expected from eating meals prepared in aluminium foil.     

海带、紫菜中铝污染水平的风险分析

目的了解白山地区海带(Laminaria Jjapomca AresCh)、紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)中铝污染情况,为开展铝元素食品安全风险评估工作提供技术数据。方法采用干法消解、铬天青S分光光度法对海带、紫菜进行铝元素分析测试,并进行方法确认。结果海带、紫菜中铝含量水平均较高,其中紫菜铝含量在176.0~396.0 mg/kg,海带铝含量在388.6~623.4 mg/kg,均在100 mg/kg以上。结论参照GB2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中面制品、豆制品、焙烤食品中铝限量标准(≤100mg/kg),所检的海带、紫菜中铝含量均超标,将产生铝摄入风险,尤其是海带、紫菜作为幼儿辅助食品风险更大。     

Corrosion of aluminium in soft drinks

The corrosion of aluminium (A1) in several brands of soft drinks (cola- and citrate-based drinks) has been studied, using an electrochemical method, namely potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the corrosion of A1 in soft drinks is a very slow, time-dependent and complex process, strongly influenced by the passivation, complexation and adsorption processes. The corrosion of A1 in these drinks occurs principally due to the presence of acids: citric acid in citrate-based drinks and orthophosphoric acid in cola-based drinks. The corrosion rate of A1 rose with an increase in the acidity of soft drinks, i.e. with increase of the content of total acids. The corrosion rates are much higher in the cola-based drinks than those in citrate-based drinks, due to the facts that: (1) orthophosphoric acid is more corrosive to A1 than is citric acid, (2) a quite different passive oxide layer (with different properties) is formed on A1, depending on whether the drink is cola or citrate based. The method of potentiodynamic polarization was shown as being very suitable for the study of corrosion of A1 in soft drinks, especially if it is combined with some non-electrochemical method, e.g. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).     

Total content and speciation of aluminium in tea leaves and tea infusions

A total of 29 tea samples of different origin, 13 green tea samples, 13 black tea samples, two semi-fermented and one white tea, imported to the Czech Republic, were collected and analysed for total content of aluminium (Al) in tea leaves and tea infusions, as well as for Al compounds in these infusions. The total content of metals in tea leaves differs according to the type of tea (green or black) and is probably influenced by many factors, e.g., soil properties. The HPLC/IC speciation of Al in tea infusions was performed for all samples. The addition of Al³⁺ to the tea infusion proved that Al³⁺, Al(Y)²⁺ and Al(X)¹⁺ species can be determined in tea infusions. Increased extraction time did not show any affect on Al speciation, neither did the addition of sugar. After the addition of lemon juice, the speciation changed in one sample of black tea and five samples of green tea. These findings suggest that lemon juice as an additive can significantly influence Al speciation in tea infusions.