臭氧催化氧化-活性炭处理微污染源水

通过连续流试验比较了载锰颗粒活性炭催化臭氧氧化（催化氧化）与臭氧氧化及其后续活性炭过滤对微污染松花江水的处理效能。处理效率最高时,催化氧化对CODMn、UV254、DOC及三卤甲烷生成潜能的平均去除率分别为59.7%、75.8%、40.8%和42.4%,分别是臭氧氧化的3.6、1.4、5.0和2.8倍。随着时间的增加,催化氧化对有机物平均去除率下降,降低程度依次为：UV254〉CODMn〉DOC。催化氧化-活性炭工艺对水力负荷变化有较强的适应能力。臭氧氧化后水中氨氮浓度上升,而催化氧化后稍有下降,同时催化氧化后续活性炭对氨氮的平均去除率在80%左右,比臭氧氧化后续活性炭去除率高而且更加稳定。     

预臭氧化工艺处理低温低浊水的应用研究

通过进行预臭氧化-紫外/氯工艺处理低温低浊期水源的生产性试验,分别对各处理单元出水pH、浊度、DOC和UV254进行了测定。结果表明,在低温低浊期,整套工艺对浊度、DOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为93.83%、29.38%和57.20%。此外,预臭氧化单元对pH及去除浊度、DOC和UV254也有一定的影响。预臭氧化单元可有效降低UV254,但对浊度和DOC的去除效果不明显。     

气-质联用法测定水中三氯乙醛的研究

开发了气-质联用直接测定水中三氯乙醛的技术。利用该技术调查了水厂各工艺段对三氯乙醛前体物的去除,预臭氧接触池,平流池和砂滤池对三氯乙醛前体物去除率分别为8. 69%,25%和32. 6%,后臭氧增加了三氯乙醛生成势,但在后续活性炭环节得到有效去除,并未造成三氯乙醛升高,整套工艺可以有效去除三氯乙醛前体物。三氯乙醛生成势、溶解性有机碳和UV254与三氯乙醛生成势相关性R2分别为0. 64、0. 80和0. 90,UV254可以作为指标来预测三氯乙醛的生成情况。     

臭氧—生物活性炭工艺对微污染长江原水中有机物的去除特性

采用中试装置研究了臭氧—生物活性炭工艺对长江南京段微污染原水中有机物去除的特性,考察了臭氧投加量和臭氧接触时间对臭氧氧化、生物活性炭单元中DOC、BDOC、CODMn、UV254和微量有机污染物去除的影响。结果表明臭氧投加量为2 mg/L、臭氧停留时间为10 min时,臭氧氧化单元CODMn和UV254的去除率分别达到18.8%和47.5%,DOC和BDOC分别增长了30.3%和128.2%,生物活性炭滤柱对四种污染物指标的去除率分别为37.7%、88.7%、60.7%和37.7%。各单元在适宜工况下运行时,整个工艺对1,2,4-三氯苯、氯代苯、DMP、DBP和PAHs的总去除率分别为46.7%、100%、70.5%、52.5%和69.2%,高于常规处理工艺和生物强化滤池工艺。臭氧—生物活性炭工艺有效提高了有机污染物的去除效果,可保障出水水质安全。     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对消毒副产物前体物的去除特性

某水厂采用臭氧一生物活性炭(ozone-activated carbon,O_3-BAC)深度处理工艺对淮河微污染原水进行处理,其中溶解性有机物是含碳消毒副产物的主要前体物。研究在某一工况条件,工艺对污染物以及消毒副产物生成势的去除特性。结果表明:O_3-BAC对浊度、COD_(Mn)、DOC、UV_(254)、氨氮的去除率分别为99.8%、82.8%、44.0%、95.4%、97.1%;O_3-BAC对总三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)以及三氯甲烷生成势(TCMFP)、一溴二氯甲烷生成势(BDCMFP)、一氯二溴甲烷生成势(CDBMFP)、三溴甲烷生成势(TBMFP)的去除率分别是48.7%、65.5%、38.1%、18%、-100.9%;对总卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)以及一氯乙酸生成势(MCAAFP)、一溴乙酸生成势(MBAAFP)、二氯乙酸生成势(DCAAFP)、三氯乙酸生成势(TCAAFP)、二溴乙酸生成势(DBAAFP)的去除率分别是69.7%、-77.4%、11.4%、76.7%、83.3%、-108.1%。采用预处理、常规处理工艺和深度处理组合工艺可以有效去除水中的污染物,保障出厂水水质安全。     

臭氧组合工艺去除黄浦江原水中有机物

采用预臭氧化-常规处理-后臭氧化-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对黄浦江原水进行了中试试验,研究结果表明该工艺对去除有机物方面有良好效果,CODMn、UV254、DOC、AOC的总体去除率分别是62.3%、91.8%、63.7%、27%.臭氧氧化不能彻底去除有机物,但通过活性炭的协调作用可将其有效去除.     

饮用水处理工艺中臭氧剂量控制消毒副产物生成势研究

依托江苏某自来水厂预臭氧+常规处理+臭氧-BAC深度处理示范工程,在浑浊度、TOC、CODMn、UV254等常规评价指标监测基础上,重点探讨不同臭氧投加量条件下各处理单元对总三卤甲烷生成势(TTHMFP)与总卤乙酸生成势(THAAFP)各类消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)物质的去除规律与作用机理。结果表明,在预臭氧最佳投加量为1.1 mg·L-1,后臭氧最佳投加量为1.8 mg·L-1时,预臭氧和臭氧-BAC深度处理单元对THMFP的去除以三氯甲烷生成势(TCMFP)为主,其去除量分别占TTHMFP去除量的86.8%和60.2%,对HAAFP的去除在预臭氧单元以三氯乙酸生成势(TCAAFP)为主,占THAAFP去除量的77.2%,在O3-BAC深度处理单元以氯代卤乙酸生成势(Cl-HAAFP)为主,占THAAFP去除量的70.2%。深度处理工艺不同工艺段在最佳臭氧投加剂量下对TTHMFP及THAAFP的平均去除率分别可达21.9%及63.2%,生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)总去除率达82.49%,说明该优化的深度处理工艺能够较有效地去除DBPFP,保障出水水质生物稳定性。     

UV/O3-BAC与O3-BAC处理二级出水中有机污染物的研究

将光助臭氧氧化-生物活性炭(UV/O3-BAC)新型组合工艺用于处理城市污水厂二级出水中有机污染物.考察了臭氧剂量、氧化反应时间和生物活性炭停留时间对出水水质影响,TOC去除率随着臭氧剂量、氧化反应时间和生物活性炭停留时间增加而增加;其优化工艺参数为:臭氧剂量为3 mg/L,氧化反应和生物活性炭空塔停留时间均为15 min.在优化工艺参数下,UV/O3-BAC工艺对TOC和UV254平均去除率分别达到46%和71%,比O3-BAC工艺(同样工艺参数下)对TOC和UV254平均去除率分别提高35.3%和14.5%;两组合工艺对有机物去除具有协同效应,其中UV/O3-BAC工艺的协同效应比O3-BAC工艺大.UV/O3和O3过程将水中大分子有机物氧化成小分子,增加了出水的可生化性,从而有利于后续BAC对有机污染物的去除.二级出水中主要有机污染物是酚类和酞酸酯等,经氧化处理后,二级出水中芳香烃和含一C=C-有机物消失或浓度减少,同时也生成一些小分子氧化产物,但经BAC处理后,污染物种类和浓度均大为减少.     

预臭氧 BAC工艺处理微污染原水参数优化与有机物去除特性

采用中试装置研究了预臭氧生物活性炭工艺对长江南京段微污染原水有机物的去除特性,考察了臭氧投加量和臭氧接触时间对预臭氧氧化、砂滤及生物活性炭单元中DOC、BDOC、CODMn、UV254和微量有机污染物去除的影响。结果表明当臭氧投加量为3 mg/L、臭氧接触时间为10 min时,预臭氧氧化单元中DOC、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别达到19％、31％和78％,BDOC增长了33％;砂滤单元四种指标的去除率分别为25％、52％、42％和44％,而生物活性炭滤柱对四种污染物指标的去除率分别为46％、83％、52％和20％,高于常规处理工艺。整个工艺对三种微量有机物（1,2,4三氯苯、DMP和DEHP）的去除率也分别达到了60％、68．6％和68．8％。与未投加臭氧相比,臭氧的投加有效促进了砂滤和生物活性炭对有机污染物的去除。采用预臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理微污染长江原水,有效提高了有机污染物的去除效果,可保障出水水质安全。     

水处理各工艺单元对有机物及消毒副产物前体物的去除效果

通过搭建具有新型工艺"臭氧预处理+常规工艺+臭氧生物活性炭处理(臭氧-BAC)"的中试装置,考察了其对北太湖原水中有机物和消毒副产物前体物的去除效果。结果表明:整套工艺能够有效降低各类有机物浓度,对COD_(Mn)、DOC、UV_(254)和三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)的去除率分别达到63.8%、42.1%、72.3%以及33.4%,其中COD_(Mn)的出水浓度为1.39 mg/L,出水中THMFP的浓度为316.1μg/L;对有机物和三卤甲烷(THMs)前体物去除效果最显著的是混凝沉淀阶段,其中对UV_(254)的去除效果最明显,去除率达到59.1%,UV_(254)能够间接表征水体中的THMFP含量;水中的余氯能够持续与有机物反应生成消毒副产物,因此三卤甲烷初始值(THM_0)与水中余氯含量的变化具有较大的相关性;臭氧-BAC阶段THMFP浓度升高了13.0%。     

Natural organic matter and formation of trihalomethanes in two water treatment processes

The investigation involved the study of performance of two local plants' slightly different treatment processes for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) which comprises trihalomethane (THM) precursors. Ultrafiltration separated the contained NOM into various apparent molecular weight (AMW) fractions to reveal the two processes NOM removal efficiencies, in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance (UV254) and THM formation potential (THMFP). DOC and UV254 levels of source water at both plants tested low and they concentrated in the portion with AMW less than 3,000 Daltons. The combined expression of UV254 with DOC as specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA) indicated that the source water of Macau had a value less than 3 L/mg-m. Therefore the main DOC content was fulvic in character, which is difficult to remove and favors the formation of brominated THMs. Low DOC removal percentages recorded in both processes confirm this observation. However, both processes showed similar removal efficiency of around 50% on humic substances and THM precursors quantified by measurements of UV254 and THMFP, respectively.     

磁性离子交换树脂强化水源中有机物去除性能研究

在调查某水厂水源水质及传统工艺处理效能的基础上,对比探讨了粉末活性炭和磁性离子交换树脂分别以预吸附、预吸附-混凝、混凝沉淀-吸附等不同工艺对水源水中溶解性有机物的去除效能,确定了最佳工艺。该水源存在季节性有机物污染,亲水性有机质占比80%。水厂传统工艺对有机物的去除能力约20%~30%。与其他工艺相比,树脂预吸附-混凝对有机物的去除功效最好,DOC和UV254的去除率分别达到41.48%和80.0%,与单独强化混凝相比,该工艺可将DOC和UV254的去除效率分别提高17.7和35.49个百分点,且可减少86.67%的混凝剂投加量。Langmuir等温线模型和拟二级动力学方程可定量描述树脂吸附有机物平衡和动力学。磁性离子交换树脂预吸附可作为该水厂强化去除水源中溶解性有机物的可靠技术。     

常规处理与深度处理工艺对南京长江原水中有机物去除效能比较

以长江南京段原水为研究对象,通过常规处理及深度处理工艺(强化过滤工艺和生物活性炭工艺)对长江南京段水源水中有机物的去除效能进行对比研究。结果表明常规工艺对CODMn、UV254、DOC及BDOC的去除率分别为30%、41%、27%及25%。强化常规工艺和生物活性炭工艺各指标的去除率分别为34%和52%、48%和50%、37%和40%及74%和82%。强化过滤工艺及生物活性炭工艺对1,2,4-三氯苯的去除效果明显,能显著提高出水水质。常规工艺对MW大于5 kDa的有机物去除效果明显,强化过滤工艺对MW小于1 kDa的有机物去除率大于25%,生物活性炭工艺对各个分子量区间的去除效果都比较好,特别是对原水中占多数的MW小于1 kDa的有机物去除率大于30%。     

Evaluating Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX)® Pretreatment to Increase Ozone Disinfection and Reduce Bromate Formation

Magnetic ion exchange resin, known by its commercial name (MIEX®) provides one pretreatment alternative that could maximize ozonation disinfection while decreasing bromate formation in bromide-containing waters. During a 5-week pilot study, the MIEX® process removed up to 30 % of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and reduced ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV 254) by up to 60%. When MIEX® pretreated water was ozonated, ozone decay rates were reduced, increasing the CT achieved by 40% to 65%. The increased disinfection capability reduced the transferred ozone dosages required for Cryptosporidium inactivation by 15% to 25% and bromate formation by 35%.     

生物活性炭工艺去除长江原水中有机成分的研究

以长江南京段原水为研究对象,以提高水处理出水水质和生物稳定性为目标,研究了生物活性炭工艺对有机物指标和氯苯类化合物的去除效果,并从有机物分子量的角度研究了生物活性炭工艺对有机物的去除机制。中试试验结果表明：生物活性炭工艺能有效地去除水中的有机物,对CODMn,UV254,溶解性有机碳（DOC）及可生物降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）的去除率可分别达到52％,50％,40％和82％,对氯苯类化合物的去除效果也较为明显,去除率为40％左右。生物活性炭工艺对各个分子量区间的去除效果都比较好,对原水中占多数的小于1k的溶解性有机物（DOM）去除效果尤为显著。     

MIEX和PAC对微污染水源水的水质净化效果比较

研究了MIEX和PAC两种水处理吸附剂对微污染水源水的水质净化性能。实验分别考察了MIEX和PAC对DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除效率,并通过凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析,研究了MIEX和PAC对不同相对分子质量区间以及不同种类有机物的去除规律。在正常的吸附剂投加量下(MIEX 5~8 ml·L^-1,PAC 30~50 mg·L^-1),MIEX对DOC和UV₂₅₄的平均去除率比PAC高23%和20%。但随着吸附剂投加量的增加,两者去除效率差别逐渐减小,MIEX对DOC和UV₂₅₄的最大去除率仅比PAC高6%~8%。与PAC相比,MIEX去除的有机物相对分子质量分布范围更广,特别是对中等分子量(5000~50000)有机物,其去效率明显高于PAC。MIEX对腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物的去除率略高于PAC,而对蛋白质类有机物的去除率则远高于PAC。动力学分析表明,MIEX和PAC对DOC的吸附去除过程符合准二级动力学,MIEX对有机物的吸附速率是PAC的40倍左右。     

镇江市饮用水有机物分子量分布特性的研究

研究分析了镇江市原水、净水工艺和管网水中有机物分子量分布的变化特性.试验结果表明：原水水质较好,溶解性有机物含量维持在1.4～2.8mg/L之间,小分子有机物占溶解性有机物的主要部分;与常规处理相比,臭氧活性炭深度处理能有效提高DOC和UV254的去除效果;各个处理流程对大于1000分子量区间的有机物去除效果较好;氯和臭氧氧化能使有机物由高分子量区间向低分子量区间推移.     

Effect of Ozone and GAC Process for the Treatment of Micropollutants and DBPs Control in Drinking Water: Pilot Scale Evaluation

To improve the quality of water supplied to the City of Seoul in Korea, a pilot-scale evaluation of how the conventional treatment process could be upgraded was conducted. Three candidate processes were evaluated and compared: a conventional process (consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration) plus GAC (Train A); a conventional process plus ozone and GAC (Train B); and a process consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, intermediate ozone, sand filtration, and GAC (Train C). Treatment efficiency of the unit process and overall treatment trains were evaluated using several parameters such as turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄), specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), micropollutants (pesticides, benzenes, and phenols), disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and aldehydes), and total organic halogen (TOX). Results showed that ozone and/or GAC was effective for removing micropollutants and controlling chlorinated by-products such as THMs and HAAs. However, any synergistic effect of ozonation (adsorption and biodegradation) on GAC was observed due to the low concentration of aldehydes in raw and process water.     

The relationship between disinfection by-products formation and characteristics of natural organic matter in raw water

The influence of the characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) on disinfection by-product formation was investigated for Maeri raw water, located in downstream of Nakdong river and Hoedong reservoir at Busan in Korea. The NOM was chlorinated and analyzed for trihalomethanes (THMs), 5 haloacetic acids (HAA-5) and total organic halide (TOX). Aromatic contents determined by specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) correlated well with THMs, HAA-5 and TOX formation for the NOM in the Maeri raw water and Hoedong reservoir. Especially, THMFP/DOC showed better correlation with SUVA than HAAFP-5/DOC and TOXFP/DOC with SUVA. Chloroform formation showed good correlation with SUVA for Maeri raw water, but poor correlation with SUVA for the Hoedong raw water. In addition, TCAA formation potential showed good correlation with SUVA for both raw waters. In contrast, a lack of correlation was observed for DCAA formation for both raw waters. THM formation per unit DOC concentration was 70.2–81.1% and 18.9–29.8% for hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter in the Maeri raw water, respectively, in which the hydrophobic organic matter had much higher THM formation. In contrast, HAA-5 formation per unit DOC concentration varied seasonally for Maeri raw water. THM formation in the Maeri raw water had a good correlations with SUVA regardless of the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fraction, and THM formation per unit DOC concentration was higher for the order of humic acid>fulvic acid>hydrophilic organic matter. HAA-5 formation per unit DOC concentration for the hydrophilic organic matter was about 30 μg per mg DOC regardless of SUVA values, but HAA-5 formation per unit DOC concentration for the hydrophobic organic matter was proportionally increased with increasing SUVA values. However, the HAA-5 formation per mg DOC was the highest for the hydrophilic organic matter.     

生物强化技术对水源地有机污染物的降解

利用两种新型PM和ACP材料进行生物强化技术降解水源地水体有机污染物的研究。通过对比不同的载体密度和水力停留时间来考察有机物降解效率的影响,中试结果表明：当载体密度为13．1％、停留时间为7d、原水C0DMn为4.69～6．93mg／L、UV254为0．057-0．121cm^-1,TOC为3．92-7．85mg／L的条件下,生物强化技术对CODMn、UV254、TOC的平均降解率分别达到21．35％、14．51％、34．63％,而对比空白池,对CODMn、UV254、TOC的平均降解率低至0．85％、0．94％、1．51％。可见利用生物强化技术能有效降解水源地水体的有机污染物,它对富营养化水源地水体的水质和生态系统有明显的改善作用。