国产大厚板加氢反应器研制

分析δ=150 mm的12Cr2Mo1R(H)国产板与δ=182 mm进口板材料性能,探讨国产大厚度板焊式加氢反应器的主要制造难点,并成功完成了该台加氢反应器的制造。研究表明,该项目的研制成功拓宽了板焊式容器的使用领域,改变了目前大厚度加氢反应器均采用锻焊结构的局面;提升了我国自主创新能力。     

2 1/4 Cr-1Mo钢加氢反应器的热处理

介绍了2 1/4 Cr-1Mo钢的化学成分、力学性能、回火脆化倾向评定试验(即阶梯冷却试验)和加氢反应器制造中的热处理工艺.     

9／4Cr—1Mo钢加氢反应器的热处理

介绍了9/4Cr-1Mo钢的化学成分、力学性能、回火脆化倾向评定试验(即阶梯冷却试验)和加氢反应器制造中的热处理工艺。     

加氢反应器焊缝步冷试验数据优化方法探讨

加氢反应器是炼化装置中的核心设备之一,现均为热壁加氢反应器,其工作环境特殊,因而多采用2.25Cr-1Mo,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V,3Cr-1Mo等材质.由于Cr-Mo钢在回火时会产生脆化现象,制造时对回火脆化倾向性评定试验要求较高.而焊缝试验数据受客观因素影响较大,离散度难以控制.文中通过使用Boltzma...     

国产21／4Cr-1Mo-1／4V钢工艺焊接性试验

本文通过对国产21／4Cr-1Mo—1／4V钢的工艺焊接性试验确定了国产钢板的焊接预热、后热参数,经试验评定,表明其焊接接头性能满足加氢设备的技术要求。     

制造加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢的焊接性能试验

2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢是一种抗氢用钢,该新型Cr-Mo钢与普通的2.25Cr-1Mo钢相比,各方面都有明显的优势:强度及许用应力、最高使用温度高,抗氢性能好,能够满足更苛刻的操作工况的需要,使用该钢的设备质量更趋轻量化.介绍了该钢种开发过程中的焊接性能试验结果,掌握用该材料制造加氢反应器的焊接工艺技术,为应用该种材料制造加氢反应器奠定了基础.     

加氢反应器特厚锻件的热处理

加氢反应器用21/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V钢特厚锻件的调质厚度为477.5 mm,锻件的技术要求高。采用890~990℃正火,680~720℃回火的锻后热处理工艺,以及较低的淬火温度(900~980℃)保证了各项性能要求。     

氢对2(1/4)Cr-1Mo钢力学性能的影响

在模拟加氢反应器工况条件下,研究氢对加氢反应器器壁材料2(1/4)Cr-1Mo钢的力学性能的影响。采用低周疲劳实验计算原始状态和渗氢试样的裂纹扩展速率da/dN及门槛值△J_(th);并测试裂纹尖端附近的氢分布。结果表明,氢含量与应力场有关,应力越大氢含量就越高。假设在反应器壁内存在表面裂纹的情况下,估算了加氢反应器的剩余寿命。     

2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V低合金钢用焊接材料的检验

0前言2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢是制造加氢反应器的首选材料,但是其配套焊接材料开发难度大,比主体材料开发晚将近10年。国内制造的2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢加氢反应器用低合金钢焊接材料全部依赖进口。在高温高压临氢工况下,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢及其焊缝容易发生回火脆化及低温韧性降低等材料劣化现象。目前,国内生产的2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢性能已达到较高水     

热处理规范对Cr-Mo钢焊接头力学性能的影响

高温、高压加氢反应器是加氢裂化和加氢脱硫装置的核心设备,现今大多采用Cr-Mo钢材料,最常采用2.25Cr-1Mo钢.尤其是其中的热壁加氢反应器壳体绝大部分都采用该钢制造.随着冶炼技术的不断发展,这种钢的纯洁性、匀质性、抗氢性能、抗回火性能和综合力学性能也在不断提高和改善,12Cr2Mo1R(H)钢在我国压力容器制造已得到广泛应用,通过对12Cr2Mo1R(H)钢的不同规范的焊后热处理,分别检验经三种热处理规范后该钢的焊接接头性能,结果表明三种热处理规范均能满足技术要求,由于产品制造中实际热处理温度有一定的温差,建议采用690℃焊后热处理规范,可保证获得合格的产品性能.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.