AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺窗口的建立

建立AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的工艺窗口。采用不同的工艺参数如旋转速度和焊接速度来焊接该铝合金。通过对焊接接头的宏观形貌分析,建立搅拌摩擦焊的工艺窗口。通过拉伸试验、显微组织观察,对工艺窗口不同区域的接头强度进行分析。焊接接头断裂的位置与最低硬度分布相关。所建立的工艺窗口可以用来选择适当的工艺参数来获得高质量的AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接。     

5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

采用不同的工艺参数对5083-OT与6005A-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊焊接。通过金相分析、XRD分析、拉伸性能等方法，研究焊接速度、轴肩直径及搅拌头偏移量等参数对5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明：5083/6005A异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊界面无明显脆性金属间化合物生成；焊核区组织发生动态再结晶，形成细小的等轴晶组织；前进侧热机影响区受到的机械搅拌作用力大于后退侧，晶粒变形大于后退侧热机影响区；热影响区组织仅受到热循环的作用，晶粒有粗化现象；随着偏移量的增加，使得焊核区和后退侧热机影响区硬度值降低，最低值出现在6005A侧热影响区，其抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率均逐渐减小，当焊接速度为600 mm/min、轴肩直径为12 mm、偏移量为0 mm时接头性能最好：抗拉强度为245 MPa，屈服强度为165 MPa，延伸率为5.67%。     

2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊初始温度场数值模拟与分析

搅拌摩擦焊下压过程中温度场的建立对工件的焊接质量有重要的影响。在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,搅拌工具与焊接工件的摩擦接触关系及焊接工艺参数的选取,决定了焊接过程中工件的温度场分布。基于修正的库仑摩擦定律,建立了火箭燃料贮箱所用3 mm厚2024铝合金材料搅拌摩擦焊接下压过程的热量输入模型,通过有限元分析得到了整个过程中的温度场分布。分析结果表明,该模型的下压阶段温度场计算精度较高。模型的计算结果对指导铝合金焊接初始下压过程中转速、下压速度及顶锻力的大小等焊接工艺参数的选取具有重要意义。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

试验研究了3.5mm厚铝合金5083-H321搅拌摩擦焊工艺,分析了焊接参数对焊缝成型、力学性能和金相组织的影响。结果表明,5083-H321铝合金具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊接性能,采用优化的工艺参数可以使焊接接头的抗拉强度达到母材的93.6%,正弯和背弯角度均可达到180°。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

试验研究了3.5mm厚铝合金5083-H321搅拌摩擦焊工艺,分析了焊接参数对焊缝成型、力学性能和金相组织的影响.结果表明,5083-H321铝合金具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊接性能,采用优化的工艺参数可以使焊接接头的抗拉强度达到母材的93.6%,正弯和背弯角度均可达到180°.     

热源同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊工艺特性分析

研究了激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊中激光/搅拌摩擦焊的热量分配对不同系列铝合金焊缝成形、接头力学性能及显微组织的影响,并得到了相应的优化能量分配条件.结果表明,加入激光辅助热源可有效扩大工艺参数窗口,特别是流动性差的5A06和2219铝合金,焊接速度可提升30%以上.激光辅助热源对6061及5A06铝合金焊接接头性能影响较小,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能影响明显,焊接热输入增大后,接头性能下降,但总得来说,加入激光辅助热源能够在更小的焊接热输入下获得更高的接头性能.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷分析及工艺优化

以7075铝合金为研究对象,采用自设计的2.5°内凹轴肩三斜面圆锥搅拌头进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,研究了下压量,搅拌头旋转速度,焊接速度等不同焊接工艺参数对接头质量的影响。通过分析焊接参数、摩擦产热以及材料塑性流动之间的相互影响,揭示缺陷的形成机理及其对焊接接头性能的影响,并提出了相关的预防与工艺优化方案,以降低7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的形成机率。     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝成形

针对7．6mm厚的7A52铝合金，研究了搅拌头的形状和焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响，分析了搅拌摩擦焊缺陷产生的原因。结果表明，搅拌头的形状决定了焊接时焊缝成形的旋转速度范围；搅拌头旋转速度、焊接移动速度、焊接倾角、搅拌头轴肩压入被焊接件表面深度等都对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形有重要影响，只有合适的工艺匹配才能保证焊缝成形良好。     

LY12搅拌摩擦焊接技术

搅拌摩擦焊接是一种新兴的焊接工艺,本文作者在立式铣床上配置辅助夹具,对LY12铝合金做了大量的搅拌摩擦焊接（Friction Stir Welding)工艺试验,在焊接过程中捕捉到一些与接头形成相关的理化信息,进而探讨了FSW接头的形成机理,初步优化了LY12铝合金FSW工艺参数,分析研究了搅拌头形状、旋转速度、焊接速度对FSW接头质量的影响。试验结果表明,焊接厚度为4mm的LY12铝合金,夹持器与特形指棒直径之比3：1为好,特形指棒直径与焊件厚度之比1：1为好。焊接速度选择37．5mm/min。搅抖头旋转速度选择2000r/min时,接头质量良好。本文试验结果为进一步研究开发搅抖摩擦焊接技术奠定了一定的理论与试验基础。     

基于田口法的高硅铝合金超高旋转速度搅拌摩擦焊接工艺优化

超高旋转速度搅拌摩擦焊借助超高旋转速度摩擦热量实现了薄板高硅铝合金的连接,这一方法大大降低了搅拌摩擦焊接的轴向力,减小了焊接变形,对焊接薄板铝合金具有独特的优势。文中以焊缝成形质量和焊接接头抗拉强度作为响应值,基于田口法对影响焊接质量的主要焊接工艺参数(旋转速度、焊接速度和下压量)进行试验设计,优化高硅铝合金超高旋转速度搅拌摩擦焊工艺。结果表明,焊接速度和下压量是显著影响因素,最优焊接工艺参数焊接速度为60 cm/min,旋转速度为14 000 r/min,下压量为1.8 mm。这一工艺条件下高硅铝合金超高旋转速度搅拌摩擦焊接接头的最大抗拉强度为129 MPa,达到母材高硅铝合金抗拉强度的97%。     

搅拌工具尺寸和工艺参数对塑料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝质量的影响

用不同尺寸的搅拌工具对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行了搅拌摩擦对接焊工艺试验.试验证明,在搅拌工具肩部直径为30 mm,搅拌头直径为10 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为1 660 r/min,焊接速度为25 mm/min的情况下,可以得到焊缝饱满、成形美观的焊接接头.提高搅拌头的旋转速度可以成比例地提高焊接温度;焊接速度的影响较复杂,增大焊接速度一方面会降低焊接热输入,一方面又会间接地增大搅拌头的进给阻力,从而增大摩擦发热功率,提高焊接温度;搅拌工具肩部直径直接影响肩部与被焊材料表面的摩擦发热功率,增大肩部直径可以提高焊接温度,还有利于阻止焊缝材料的飞溅和外溢;而搅拌头直径的影响较复杂,增大它既可以提高搅拌头侧面与被焊材料之间的相对运动线速度,从而提高焊接温度,又会增加被焊材料的吸热功率和传热面积,从而降低焊接温度.     

Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA2219 Aluminum Alloy

AA2219 aluminum alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the joint strength. An attempt has been made to develop an empirical relationship between FSW variables to predict tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminum alloy. To obtain the desired strength, it is essential to have a complete control over the relevant process parameters to maximize the tensile strength on which the quality of a weldment is based. Therefore, it is very important to select and control the welding process parameter for obtaining maximum strength. To achieve this various prediction methods such as response surface method (RSM), analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student’s t-test, coefficient of determination, etc., can be applied to define the desired output variables through developing mathematical models to specify the relationship between the output parameters and input variables. Four factors, five levels central composite design have been used to minimize number of experimental conditions. The developed mathematical relationship can be effectively used to predict the tensile strength of FSW joints of AA2219 aluminum alloy at 95% confidence level.     

Effects of welding parameters and tool geometry on properties of 3003-H18 aluminum alloy to mild steel friction stir weld

Defect-free butt joints of 3003 Al alloy to mild steel plates with 3 mm thickness were performed using friction stir welding (FSW). A heat input model reported for similar FSW was simplified and used to investigate the effects of welding speed, rotation speed and tool shoulder diameter on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar welds. The comparison between microstructure, intermetallics and strength of welds shows the good conformity between the results and the calculated heat input factor (HIF) achieved from the model. The joint strength is controlled by Al/Fe interface at HIF of 0.2–0.4, by TMAZ at HIF of 0.4–0.8 and by intermetallics and/or defects at HIF>0.8.     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

2219铝合金FSW/VPPA交叉焊缝气孔缺陷

2219铝合金在搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）后,进行变极性等离子弧焊（VPPA）十字交叉焊接,其交叉接头存在气孔缺陷.针对6 mm 2219铝合金进行FSW/VPPA交叉焊接试验,探究了交叉焊缝的气孔类型,分别对比不同FSW热输入量、不同的VPPA焊接速度对交叉焊缝气孔缺陷程度的影响.结果表明,FSW热输入量越大,交叉焊缝气孔缺陷程度呈下降趋势,这与FSW过程产生瞬时空腔有关;而VPPA焊速越大,交叉焊缝气孔缺陷程度呈上升趋势.因此,为了抑制FSW/VPPA交叉焊缝气孔的产生,可以对FSW过程进行惰性气体保护、适当地提高FSW热输入量以及降低VPPA焊接速度.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy rolled sheets: Influence of processing parameters

The temperature evolution during friction stir welding (FSW) and the resulting residual stresses of AZ31 Mg alloy were studied to get a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this process. The relationship between the processing parameters, the heat and plastic deformation produced and the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. Increasing the shoulder diameter or the tool rotation speed or decreasing the welding speed produced an increase in the heat generated during the process and then promoted grain growth. The temperature distribution on the advancing side and on the retreating side differed, and stress levels were higher on the retreating side. The grain size heterogeneity produced by FSW was not the prevailing cause of failure.     

Multi-Response Optimization of Friction-Stir-Welded AA1100 Aluminum Alloy Joints

AA1100 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures. Friction stir welding process (FSW) is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The process and tool parameters of FSW play a major role in deciding the joint characteristics. In this research, the relationships between the FSW parameters (rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter, and tool hardness) and the responses (tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion rate) were established. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the tensile strength and minimize the corrosion rate were identified for AA1100 aluminum alloy and reported here.     

Numerical studies on controlling of process parameters in friction stir welding

A thermo-mechanical model is developed to predict the material deformations and temperature histories in the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Based on this model, the effects of the welding parameters on temperatures and material behaviors are investigated. Numerical results indicate that the maximum temperature in the FSW process can be increased with the increase of the rotating speed. The increase of the welding speed can lead to the obvious increase of the efficient input power for FSW system. The material particles on the top surface do not enter into the wake and just pile up at the border of the wake at the retreating side and this is the reason for the formation of the weld fash in FSW. Both the increase of the rotating speed and the decrease of the welding speed can lead to the increase of the stirring effect of the welding tool, which can improve the friction stir weld quality. But when the rotating speed is increased, the weld fash becomes more obvious. When the welding speed becomes higher, the rotating speed must be increased simultaneously to avoid any possible welding defects such as void. The simultaneous increase of the rotating and the translating speeds of the welding tool can lead to the increase of the residual stress.