大厚度翼型弹性振动中的分叉现象分析

基于SST两方程湍流模型,求解了雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程获得非定常气动力,耦合翼型弹性振动方程,在时间域内模拟了大厚度对称翼型的振动过程,探讨了大迎角下大厚度翼型的流场和气动弹性的分叉现象。研究发现,在百万雷诺数条件下,厚度大于20%的对称翼型在一定大迎角范围内,会出现气动弹性振动过程的分叉现象,通过跟踪流场的变化发现,引起翼型振动分叉的原因在于翼型分离涡平衡态的转化。     

基于当地流活塞理论的气动弹性稳定性分析方法研究

基于改进的当地流活塞理论,推导了用模态坐标表示的弹性振动翼面的非定常广义气动力表达式。通过与非定常Euler方程的比较,证明该气动力模型具有较高的数值精度,放宽了原始活塞理论对翼型厚度、迎角、马赫数的限制。再耦合两自由度结构运动方程,在时域和频域内实现了超音速、高超音速气动弹性的稳定性分析。应用算例计算了一系列二元机翼和三维舵面的气动弹性特性。通过与耦合非定常Euler方法或实验结果的比较,证明该方法在保证精度的同时大大提高了超音速气动弹性的计算效率,在颤振分析中有较高的工程实用价值。     

一种基于CR理论的大柔性机翼非线性气动弹性求解方法

大展弦比大柔性机翼在气动载荷的作用下,产生较大的弹性变形,其惯性特性、刚度特性、动气动弹性特性等亦发生较大改变,常规的线性气动弹性分析方法不再适用。基于Co-rotational(CR)理论,推导了机翼变形后的切线刚度矩阵和质量矩阵,建立了考虑几何非线性效应的大柔性机翼结构动力学模型;耦合改进的ONERA非线性非定常气动力模型,提出了一种适用于大柔性机翼的非线性气动弹性求解方法。采用Newmark直接数值积分法及松耦合技术在时域内对气动弹性运动方程进行求解,对所提出的非线性气动弹性求解方法的正确性和精度进行了验证,并研究了大柔性机翼的极限环颤振特性。研究表明:适用于大柔性机翼完整的非线性气动弹性建模需要考虑机翼结构大变形和非定常气动力动态失速等非线性因素;弯曲变形可降低临界极限环颤振速度的15%以上,而前移弹性轴能够有效的提高临界极限环颤振速度;所提出的非线性气动弹性求解方法具有较好的精度和效率,满足大柔性机翼非线性气动弹性的求解需求。     

一种跨音速伺服气动弹性分析方法

基于CFD技术,运用系统辨识方法,建立了基于模态坐标的跨音速气动力降阶模型(ROM)。耦合气动状态方程、结构状态方程和伺服状态方程,建立了一个适合跨音速伺服气动弹性分析的数学模型。算例首先通过对比基于ROM技术的分析结果和直接仿真结果,以证明该模型的正确性和精度。在保证精度的同时,其计算效率比直接耦合CFD技术的仿真方法高1个～2个数量级。算例还研究了传感器安放位置和结构陷幅滤波器对该导弹伺服气动弹性特性的影响,结果显示结构陷幅滤波器的引入可以显著地降低开环气动弹性系统和控制系统的耦合。     

跨音速颤振的主动抑制研究

运用基于非定常Eu ler方程的气动力辨识技术,得到跨音速非定常气动力的降阶模型。基于耦合结构方程、主翼和控制面的气动力状态方程,在状态空间内建立了跨音速伺服气动弹性分析模型。运用基于输出反馈的次优控制方法设计控制律。算例首先分析了跨音速伺服气动弹性标准算例（BACT W ing）的开环结果,基于ROM技术的分析结果与基于Eu ler方程的数值仿真结果及实验结果作了比较。而后将基于ROM技术的闭环分析结果与基于Eu ler方程的伺服气动弹性数值仿真结果也作了对比,以验证控制律的设计方法和伺服气动弹性分析方法的正确性。次优控制方法设计的控制律可将颤振速度提高15%左右。     

分离流动诱发的失速颤振和锁频现象研究

采用非定常雷诺平均N-S方程(Unsteady Reynold Averaged Navier-Stockes,URANS)模拟失速颤振中的非定常气动力,通过耦合结构运动方程,建立时域气动弹性分析方法,其中结构运动方程采用基于预估-校正技术的四阶隐式Adams线性多步法进行时域推进求解。首先对动态失速气动力响应和锁频区域的预测精度进行验证,确保求解器适用于模拟失速颤振。其次,采用该气动弹性分析方法对NACA23012翼型的颤振边界进行数值模拟,结果表明,预测得到的颤振速度边界和实验结果吻合较好。通过对失速颤振中的结构运动响应和流动特性进行分析,发现在失速颤振中前缘漩涡的产生和尾涡脱落是一种能量转换和注入机制,用以维持翼型的等幅振荡;同时失速颤振中出现的锁频现象是导致翼型在初始攻角为15°、16°和17°时颤振频率突然降低的主要原因。     

基于CFD技术的流场/结构时域耦合求解方法研究

针对流场/结构耦合方程,基于Adams隐式方法发展了一种杂交的线性多步法（HLMS）,广义气动力项采用插值求解,结构项仍采用隐式格式计算,融合了显式方法耦合简单和隐式方法稳定性好的特点.该时域耦合迭代格式使用预估-校正法进行时间推进,仅需在预估步调用一次流场求解器,校正步的广义气动力项采用插值求解.算例运用非定常Euler方程计算了一个标准气动弹性模型（Isogai Wing）的颤振结果,并与几种经典的时域模拟方法进行了比较,证明该方法具有效率高、稳定性好、精度高的优点.     

一种改进的气动弹性时域推进方法

针对气动弹性控制方程,结构项采用标准龙格库塔方法推进,广义气动力项采用时间上的插值技术,发展了一种在每一时间步内只用计算一次非定常气动力的近似四阶龙格库塔推进方法。通过计算非线性Bernoulli方程和某一超音速翼面的气动弹性响应,证明该方法的时间准确度远高于采用气动力冻结技术的四阶龙格库塔方法。其准确度与标准龙格库塔方法相差不大,而其调用非定常气动力求解器的次数仅为其四分之一,大大提高了气动弹性数值模拟的效率。对于一般的气动弹性响应而言,该时间推进方法只用保证每个周期内的时间步在20～30个左右就能满足较高的准确度要求。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的结构几何非线性静气动弹性数值方法研究

柔性飞行器在气动力作用下会发生大变形,产生结构几何非线性,线性小变形方法难以获得准确的气动弹性分析结果。基于RANs的三维N-S流场控制方程耦合非线性结构静力学方程时域分析方法,用于考虑结构几何非线性的静气动弹性分析。该方法在结构静力学方程求解上采用非线性增量有限元方法进行迭代求解,考虑结构刚度矩阵随结构位形的变化,采用径向基函数方法实现气动/结构界面的数据交换和动网格变形。在建立某型宽体客机复材机翼三维有限元模型的基础上,对其静气动弹性进行了数值仿真,分析了线性结构和考虑结构几何非线性的结构在静气动弹性作用下翼面扭转、展向位移、垂向位移以及升力系数等物理量。算例结果表明,与线性结果相比,非线性结构由于结构几何非线性的影响,在展向和垂向变形上两者存在显著差异。为准确进行柔性结构的气动弹性分析,必须考虑结构几何非线性的影响。     

大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角颤振分析

首先导出大展弦比复合材料梁弯扭耦合模态的半解析解，对具有NACA0012翼型的大展弦比的夹芯翼，在模态空间内建立了运动方程。然后采用半经验的ONERA非线性气动力模型描述空气动力，形成了对大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角气动弹性问题的描述。通过结构求解器和空气动力求解器联合求解来完成非线性颧振边界的计算。为了验证非线性颤振边界的求解方法，还利用ONERA气动力模型中的线性部分建立了夹芯翼的线性颤振方程。结果表明：零翼根攻角时，线性颤振速度与用非线性颧振边界求解方法得到的颧振速度完全一致；颤振速度随翼根攻角的增加而迅速减小；复合层铺设方式对颤振速度有较大影响。     

Two‐dimensional transonic aeroservoelastic computations in the time domain

A computational method to perform transonic aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic calculations in the time domain is presented, and used to predict stability (flutter) boundaries of 2‐D wing sections. The aerodynamic model is a cell‐centred finite‐volume unsteady Euler solver, which uses an efficient implicit time‐stepping scheme and structured moving grids. The aerodynamic equations are coupled with the structural equations of motion, which are derived from a typical wing section model. A control law is implemented within the aeroelastic solver to investigate active means of flutter suppression via control surface motion. Comparisons of open‐ and closed‐loop calculations show that the control law can successfully suppress the flutter and results in an increase of up to 19 per cent in the allowable speed index. The effect of structural non‐linearity, in the form of hinge axis backlash is also investigated. The effect is found to be strongly destabilizing, but the control law is shown to still alleviate the destabilizing effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Continuous-time state-space unsteady aerodynamic modeling based on boundary element method

In this paper a continuous-time state-space aerodynamic model is developed based on the boundary element method. Boundary integral equations governing the unsteady potential flow around lifting bodies are presented and modified for thin wing configurations. Next, the BEM discretized problem of unsteady flow around flat wing equivalent to the original geometry is recast into the standard form of a continuous-time state-space model considering some auxiliary assumptions. The system inputs are time derivative of the instantaneous effective angle of attack and thickness/camber correction terms while the outputs are unsteady aerodynamic coefficients. To validate the model, its predictions for aerodynamic coefficients variations due to the various unsteady motions about different wing geometries are compared to the results of the direct BEM computations and verified numerical and theoretical solutions. This comparison indicates a good agreement. Since the resulting aerodynamic model is in the continuous-time domain, it is particularly useful for optimization and nonlinear analysis purposes. Moreover, its state-space representation is the appropriate form for an aerodynamic model in design or control applications.     

基于非定常气动力降阶的AGARD445.6硬机翼不同迎角颤振研究

以AGARD445.6硬机翼为研究对象,发展了基于计算流体力学与模态叠加的并行流固耦合方法,计算该机翼在不同初始迎角、不同来流速度的气动弹性时域响应,结果表明：初始迎角小于7°时,该机翼颤振速度随着初始迎角增加而降低;初始迎角7°～10°,颤振速度随着迎角增大而增加。在10°迎角条件建立了基于径向基神经网络的非定常气动降阶模型,准确预测不同速度、减缩频率的非定常气动力,并使用时域龙格库塔法和频域VG法预测10°迎角的颤振特性;建立考虑初始迎角输入的非定常气动降阶模型,预测机翼不同初始迎角的颤振特性。基于降阶模型的初始迎角对颤振边界影响的机理分析表明：小迎角时,随着迎角的增加广义力系数幅值比增加,导致颤振速度的下降;迎角大于7°后展向涡改变了机翼表面压强分布,导致一扭广义力系数幅值比降低,从而增加该机翼颤振速度。     

基于超声电机作动器的翼段颤振主动抑制

研究采用超声电机作为作动器来实现含控制面的翼段颤振主动抑制。首先,通过实验获得超声电机的频率响应,经过非线性最小二乘法进行物理参数识别,建立了超声电机作动器的传递函数模型。然后,设计了具有控制面的翼段颤振实验模型,建立了机翼-控制面的三自由度气动弹性方程,设计了输出反馈的次最优控制律。数值仿真和风洞试验结果表明,以超声电机作为控制面作动器可以有效地抑制机翼颤振,并将颤振临界速度提高了13.4%。     

大展弦比机翼气动颤振的有限元分析

摘要：在Theodorsen二元气动力的基础上,建立非定常气动力时域内积分形式的表达式或者等价的频域表达式,利用粘弹性结构振动分析中对积分方程的等价变换将其写成与结构动力学方程一致的二阶常微分方程,将气动力的影响作为对结构有限元模型质量阵、刚度阵和阻尼阵的补充,保留了结构原有的所有动力学特性,并且能够直接用计算结构动力学的通用有限元软件进行空气-结构耦合的整体动力学分析,适合应用于具有复杂结构的气弹问题。气动力模型的建立可以利用各种试验及数值方法得到的气动力数据,适用性强。算例给出了大展弦比机翼的颤振边界计算结果。     

应用结构奇异值进行频域气动伺服弹性稳定性分析

基于鲁棒气动弹性分析理论,在气动伺服弹性系统中直接应用频域气动力,并引入复数速压摄动,导出了相应的μ分析框架,在此框架下应用结构奇异值理论,提出一种气动伺服弹性稳定临界点预测求解的完全频域方法。该方法既能保证系统结构奇异值的连续性,又可获得较为精确的计算结果。针对某型飞机及其偏航/滚转增稳回路构成的多输入/多输出气动伺服弹性系统的稳定性分析,采用本文方法求得的系统闭环稳定临界点与传统p-k法计算的结果吻合较好。     

Aerodynamic properties of a wing performing unsteady rotational motions at low Reynolds number

Summary The aerodynamic forces and flow structures of a wing of relatively small aspect ratio in some unsteady rotational motions at low Reynolds number (Re=100) are studied by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. These motions include a wing in constant-speed rotation after a fast start, wing accelerating and decelerating from one rotational speed to another, and wing rapidly pitching-up in constant speed rotation. When a wing performs a constant-speed rotation at small Reynolds number after started from rest at large angle of attack (=35°), a large lift coefficient can be maintained. The mechanism for the large lift coefficient is that for a rotating wing: the variation of the relative velocity along the wing-span causes a pressure gradient and hence a spanwise flow which can prevent the dynamic stall vortex from shedding. When a wing is rapidly accelerating or decelerating from one rotational speed to another, or rapidly pitching-up during constant speed rotation, even if the aspect ratio of the wing is small and the flow Reynolds number is low, a large aerodynamic force can be obtained. During these rapid unsteady motions, new layers of strong vorticity are formed near the wing surfaces in very short time, resulting in a large time rate of change of the fluid impulse which is responsible for the generation of the large aerodynamic force.     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN INTEGRATED MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS CAPABILITY

The paper presents details of a numerical formulation and associated general-purpose finite element (FE) software developed for the integrated aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic (ASE) analysis of complex engineering systems, encompassing such disciplines as structures, unsteady aerodynamics, and feedback controls. A linear analysis, involving panel methods for derivation of unsteady aerodynamic forces, is achieved by transforming the equations of motion from the frequency to the Laplace domain and formulating a state-space matrix relationship, the related matrices being further augmented by the analog elements such as actuators and filters as well as digital or analog controllers. For non-linear problems, FE-based structural and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions are adopted for the relevant analyses. Numerical results pertaining to a number of practical problems, obtained by utilizing the associated computer program, are compared to those derived from relevant flight and wind tunnel tests as well as other analyses, and they are presented here in some detail. Such results, involving damping and frequency responses, relate to the stability characteristics of the aerospace vehicles and testify to the efficacy of the present solution procedure. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.