IP over WDM网络中能耗自感知的混合疏导专有保护算法

针对绿色生存性IP over WDM网络中资源开销大、网络阻塞率高的问题,提出一种能耗自感知的混合疏导专有保护(HG-PA-DPP)算法。首先在IP层的核心路由器对低粒度业务请求集中疏导;然后通过实时感知WDM层的链路负载和双层器件带来的链路能耗状态定义链路权值,基于分层图在不同波长平面上为各业务请求寻找权值小且链路分离的工作路径和保护路径,同时在业务的中间节点处对不需要光-电-光转换的光路进行光旁路处理;最后,将空闲或保护资源设置为休眠模式以实现节能。仿真结果表明,所提算法在高负载时有着更好的节能效果,且在大网络拓扑下资源开销(RO)为传统算法的76.5%,阻塞率(BP)仅为传统算法的61.1%。     

绿色IP over WDM网络研究进展

近年来光网络朝着高速率、大带宽的方向迅猛发展,设备数目快速增加导致网络能耗急剧增长。为了降低网络能耗,提高能量利用率,绿色IP over WDM网络的概念被提出,并成为光网络领域的最新研究热点之一。对现有光网络节能方法的研究状况进行综述,从网络设备入手,讨论业务负载和设备能耗的关系,建立了两种能耗模型。基于IP over WDM网络结构,利用数学表达式描述了网络能耗最小化问题。对当前网络级的节能方法进行分类,分析了其基本原理和节能效果,并选取代表性的节能方法进行比较,得出了现有方法存在的局限性和不足,对进一步的研究方向提出了建议。     

IP over WDM网光层QoS业务映射模型设计

在IP over WDM网络中,WDM光网作为底层传送网络,目前还不能完全解析IP层对业务QoS区分等信息.针对IP和WDM网络中两种不同的QoS机制,应用IP网络差分服务模式,通过UNI接口汇聚来自IP网络的流量,将其映射为光域中相似的业务需求,在光域中为不同QoS业务提供不同QoS保障的光连接通道,实现了WDM网络层的QoS区分服务.     

IP over WDM的演进之路

Internet流量的指数级增长和波分复用(WDM)在传送网中的主导地位，使得直接利用WDM技术承载IP业务的IP over WDM光网络成为理想的选择．通过对其三个发展阶段的介绍和分析，文章旨在探讨IP over WDM光网络的演进思路．     

面向多优先级的绿色路由算法的研究北大核心CSCD

针对IP over WDM网络,提出一种面向多优先级的绿色路由算法,对网络传送的业务进行QoS等级划分。对不同优先级的业务,制定不同的路由选择标准,综合考虑业务的QoS要求和网络功耗优化问题。仿真结果表明,与普通绿色路由算法相比,该算法在低负载时可以减少约40%的时延和52%的物理跳数,同时节能效果也优于普通绿色路由算法。     

面向多优先级的绿色路由算法的研究

针对IP over WDM网络,提出一种面向多优先级的绿色路由算法,对网络传送的业务进行QoS等级划分。对不同优先级的业务,制定不同的路由选择标准,综合考虑业务的QoS要求和网络功耗优化问题。仿真结果表明,与普通绿色路由算法相比,该算法在低负载时可以减少约40%的时延和52%的物理跳数,同时节能效果也优于普通绿色路由算法。     

在IP/MPLS over WDM网络中基于准入机制的区分服务

在IP over WDM网络中,光层可以通过建立新的光路来为IP层提供带宽.如何利用光层有限的资源使网络服务提供商的利润最大化是流量疏导的一个重要目标.文章基于迭加网络模型,研究IP/MPLS over WDM网络的准入机制,设计算法在不影响整体效率的前提下为网络提供区分服务.     

IP over WDM光网络的演进趋势

由于IP业务的指数增长以及WDM在传送网中的主导地位,将IP业务直接承载于WDM系统的IP ver DM光网络成为理想的选择。IP over WDM光网络可分为三个阶段,即：点到点IPoverWDM、IP0ver可重构WDM、IPover光交换的WDM。     

IP over WDM网中的QoS机制分析

IP网络提供的传统Qos(服务质量)机制很难应用到全光网络，这主要是因为在电域中电子包交换设备具有存储转发功能。能够在连接过程中通过排队和缓冲分组包来操纵网络带宽的竞争，而光域交换设备没有这样的功能。由于IP网是“尽力而为”的。IP over WDM网络需要建立QoS保障机制。而建立这些机制必须考虑到光域的物理特性和限制，因此介绍了当前IP over WDM网中几种典型的QoS实施方案，主要表现为波长路由、光分组交换和光突发交换三种光交换模型。     

IP over WDM网中的综合选路算法

研究了IP over WDM网中,当节点不具备波长变换能力并且配备有限光收发器对时,如何利用综合选路(IR)算法为到达业务请求建立标签交换路径(LSP)。提出一种新颖的辅助图模型(AGM)表示网络的当前状态,基于AGM提出一种动态IR算法-最小光收发器对法(MTA)。MTA总是选择占用光收发器对最少的通路来建立LSP,仿真结果表明：与已有算法相比,MTA可以降低全网的阻塞率,从而提高业务通过率,并且有利于减少业务连接所经光／电变换的次数。     

Dynamic link sleeping reconfigurations for green traffic engineering

The high volume of energy consumption has become a great concern to the Internet community because of high energy waste on redundant network devices. One promising scheme for energy savings is to reconfigure network elements to sleep mode when traffic demand is low. However, due to the nature of today's traditional IP routing protocols, network reconfiguration is generally deemed to be harmful because of routing table reconvergence. To make these sleeping network elements, such as links, robust to traffic disruption, we propose a novel online scheme called designate to sleep algorithm that aims to remove network links without causing traffic disruption during energy‐saving periods. Considering the nature of diurnal traffic, there could be traffic surge in the network because of reduced network capacity. We therefore propose a complementary scheme called dynamic wake‐up algorithm that intelligently wakes up minimum number of sleeping links needed to control such dynamicity. This is contrary to the normal paradigm of either reverting to full topology and sacrificing energy savings or employing on‐the‐fly link weight manipulation. Using the real topologies of GEANT and Abilene networks respectively, we show that the proposed schemes can save a substantial amount of energy without affecting network performance.     

基于约束路由的绿色虚拟拓扑设计算法

摘 要：针对Internet核心网日益严重的能耗问题,建立了绿色虚拟拓扑设计(GVTD)问题的形式化模型,通过业务汇聚、按需配置网络资源、动态虚拟拓扑设计和多粒度睡眠机制降低网络能耗。提出了一种基于约束路由的启发式算法——CBR-GVTD算法,利用单跳路由和多跳路由相结合的方法构建网络虚拟拓扑,并通过基于约束的路由实现网络功耗与路由性能的折衷。模拟结果表明,CBR-GVTD算法可在接口平均利用率为80%~90%和最大路由跳数不超过5的条件下,最多可降低62%~90%的网络功耗     

基于路径的整数线性规划方法在阻塞IP over WDM网络中能耗优化的应用

针对容量有限的透明IP over WDM网络模型,该文提出一种基于路径的整数线性规划(ILP)方法来优化网络的能耗。相对基于连接的整数线性规划方法,该方法可以在光层提供更多的路径选择组合。仿真结果显示,基于路径的整数线性规划方法能够通过选择更优的光路组合进一步降低网络的能耗。     

基于贝叶斯博弈的WLAN节能机制研究

针对无线局域网（Wireless Local Area Networks,WLAN）中密集部署无线接入点（Access Point,AP）导致的能耗和同频干扰问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯博弈的节能机制（BaYesian Game based Energy Saving scheme,BYG-ES）.首先,对通用AP设备的能耗进行测量与分析,构建AP发射功率-负载-能耗的关系模型;然后,基于该关系模型及软件定义网络控制器实时收集的网络状态信息,设计基于贝叶斯博弈的能耗优化模型;最后,利用社会选择函数求解能耗优化模型,获得干扰限制下最优的休眠AP集合和发射功率配置规则,完成用户流量卸载和AP发射功率的调整,同时保证AP参与博弈的诚实性.实验结果表明,BYG-ES节能机制能在减小系统能耗的同时提高网络性能.     

A Novel Scheduled Power Saving Mechanism for 802.11 Wireless LANs

Power conservation is a general concern for mobile computing and communication. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the current 802.11 power saving mechanism (unscheduled PSM) and identify that background network traffic can have a significant impact on the power consumption of mobile stations. To improve power efficiency, a novel scheduled PSM protocol based on time slicing is proposed in this paper. The protocol adopts the mechanism of time division, schedules the access point to deliver pending data at designated time slices, and adaptively adjusts the power state of the mobile stations. The proposed scheme is near theoretical optimal for power saving. It greatly reduces the effect of background traffic, minimizes the station idle time, and maximizes its energy utilization. Comprehensive analysis and simulations are conducted to evaluate the new protocol. The results show that the new protocol provides significant energy saving over the unscheduled PSM, particularly in circumstances where multiple traffic streams coexist in a network. Moreover, it achieves the saving at the cost of only a slight degradation of the one-way-delay performance.     

支持WiMAX节点灵活休眠的两阶段可靠多播策略

节能是无线网络的一个重要课题.针对IEEE 802.16e标准第2类节能模型中监听窗口长度固定会导致一些空闲移动站因得不到及时休眠而浪费能量这一不足,该文提出"两阶段可靠多播策略",让基站在第1阶段多播数据包,在第2阶段对第1阶段丢失的数据包进行网络编码并重播.该策略让移动站一旦空闲就进入休眠,实现了时延约束下数据包的可靠传递.仿真试验表明,该策略可以降低能耗,且移动站的占空比、能耗、吞吐率、丢包率等指标均优于传统的重传与确认方案.     

基于可重构网络的节能方法的研究

针对当前IP网络的节能算法实用性不强的问题,根据可重构网络路由配置由中心服务器统一管理的架构特点,基于网络中的OSPF协议探测结果,提出了可重构网络下的节能方法。该方法首先运用改进的OSPF协议的路由算法定位出可被关闭的候选链路集合,接着应用多商品流模型重映射该集合中某些链路的流量到其他的物理路径,从而能够关闭候选链路集合中的空负荷链路实现网络的节能。通过实验模拟验证了该算法的节能效益,并给出了可重构网络中的节能算法与认可度极高的节能方法——GreenTE异同点。     

An Energy-Efficient Self-Adaptive Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Traffic-Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

A plenty of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols deal with static traffics with low traffic load. The performance of these protocols drops significantly when network traffic become dynamic or in high traffic load. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol called Self-Adaptive Duty Cycle MAC (SEA-MAC) by introducing dual adaptive mechanisms: (1) An Adaptive Scheduling (AS) mechanism which makes the nodes’ active duration adaptive to variable traffic load, thus enabling SEA-MAC to resiliently schedule data transmission for the Sleep period. The algorithm is designated to schedule more data transmission in bursty and high traffic load, thus enabling rapid dissemination of data and reduction of latency. While under the light traffic load, nodes enter the Sleep mode timely, mitigating idle listening and saving energy. (2) A Self-Adaptive duty cycle mechanism which further adjusts the duty cycle and makes SEA-MAC adaptive to the dynamic traffic loads. When network experience with very low or very high traffic load, the protocol further adjusts duty cycle dynamically based on the traffic load, thus reducing inefficient duty cycle or reduce end-to-end delay. Experiment results show that the SEA-MAC is a great advancement compared with AS-MAC and RI-MAC protocols on the performance for unicast scenarios, especially under heavy unicast traffic load. SEA-MAC can reduce average and max end-to-end delay up to 50.90 and 68.20% respectively, lower energy consumption up to about 16.28%, and increase PDR up to about 16% compared with AS-MAC. SEA-MAC superiors to RI-MAC in average end-to-end delay by up to 80% and in maximum end-to-end delay up to 90% for all the traffic load in question. SEA-MAC outperforms RI-MAC significantly in average duty cycle under medium and heavy traffic load.     

QoS‐aware cross‐domain collaborative energy‐saving mechanism for FiWi virtual networks

The fiber‐wireless (FiWi) access network is a very promising solution for next‐generation access networks. Because of the different protocols between its subnets, it is hard to globally optimize the operation of FiWi networks. Network virtualization technology is applied to FiWi networks to realize the coexistence of heterogeneous networks and centralized control of network resource. The existing virtual resource management methods always be designed to optimize virtual network (VN) request acceptance rate and survivability, but seldom consider energy consumption and varied requirements of quality of service (QoS) satisfaction, which is a hot and important topic in the industrial field. Therefore, this paper focuses on the QoS‐aware cross‐domain collaborative energy saving mechanism for FiWi virtual networks. First, the virtual network embedding (VNE) model, energy consumption model, and VNE profit model of FiWi networks are established. Then, a QoS‐aware in‐region VN embedding mechanism is proposed to guarantee service quality of different services. After that, an underlying resource updating mechanism based on energy efficiency awareness is designed to realize low‐load ONU and wireless routers co‐sleep in FiWi networks. Finally, a QoS‐aware re‐embedding mechanism is presented to allocate proper resource to the VNs affected by the sleeping mechanism. Especially for video VNs, a re‐embedding scheme which adopts traffic splitting and multipath route is introduced to meet resource limitation and low latency. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism can reduce FiWi network's energy consumption, improve VNE profit, and ensure high embedding accepting rate and strict delay demand of high‐priority VNs.