基于GATE的PET系统仿真研究

PET和SPECT是现代核医学最高水平的影像技术,GATE是专用于PET和SPECT的蒙特卡罗仿真工具。研究以西门子公司的PET扫描仪ECAT EXACT HR+和PET/CT Biograph2为原型,分别使用GATE实现其系统的完整仿真。依据NEMA 2001标准,对仿真系统的空间分辨率、散射分数和灵敏度分别进行测试与评估。测试结果表明,仿真系统性能参数和实验结果之间具有良好的一致性。     

基于LYSO正电子发射乳腺断层成像系统探测器的设计与评估

本文介绍了一种平板正电子发射乳腺断层成像系统的探测器设计与评估方法。该探测器的闪烁晶体材料为LYSO,晶体阵列包含22×74个晶条,晶条的中心间距为2 mm,晶体厚度为10 mm,探测器有效成像面积为44 mm×148.56 mm,晶体阵列被耦合在3个并排的H8500上。该探测器由两个平行相对的探头构成,两侧探头相距17.4 cm。其中一侧探测器晶体单元的能量分辨率为10.54%–19.84%,平均能量分辨率为13.34%。另一侧探测器晶体单元的能量分辨率为11.75%–33.72%,平均能量分辨率为14.17%。该探测器符合事件的时间分辨率为2.6 ns,有效符合事件计数率约为21×103s 1。探测器在长轴和短轴的图像空间分辨率分别为1.14 mm和1.20 mm。测试结果表明,该探测器与设计预期相符,为早期乳腺癌的检测提供了可能。     

MV级EPID成像系统中滤过板的应用

与kV级X射线成像相比,MV级电子射野影像系统(EPID)成像质量较差,图像模糊,影响患者图像定位和摆位验证的精确性。本文结合Monte Carlo模拟计算的方法,在不改变治疗靶的现有MV级EPID系统中,提出增加滤过板进行康普顿散射线的滤过,通过Monte Carlo模拟、Matlab作图、临床实验,得出在6 MV级EPID系统中,增加1层2 mm厚铜材料的滤过板,有助于成像质量的改善。     

基于单管γ相机的SPECT系统的Monte Carlo研究

借助于Monte Carlo模似,仔细研究了基于单管γ相机的小型SPECT系统对特定活度分布的源响应特性。揭示了断层成像质量（空间分辨率、对比度）对系统准直器参数、角度采样频数的变化规律。     

正电子发射断层成像系统中数字化多通道时间数字转换研究

利用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）内部延迟链,对正电子发射断层成像（PET）系统中高精度时间数字转换（TDC）进行研究。采用粗时间和精细时间相结合的方式测量时间,粗时间利用时钟计数器实现,精细时间利用FPGA延迟链实现。测试时间测量的微分非线性和积分非线性,并在双探头PET实验平台上通过时间符合,对系统总体时间分辨进行测试。实验结果表明,TDC时间分辨达79.3ps,微分非线性为-0.2LSB/0.2LSB,积分非线性为-0.2LSB/0.3LSB,双探头PET实验系统总体时间分辨达2.1ns,可满足PET系统对时间测量的要求。     

正电子发射断层成像探测单元光电倍增管的增益调整

保持各个光电倍增管的增益一致性对正电子发射断层成像（PET）的质量至为重要。事件的响应输出取决于光电倍增管对于事件发生位置的光收集效率和事件的能量。光电倍增管对于某位置的光收集效率与光电倍增管对此位置所张的立体角成正比。当光电倍增管增益漂移后,通过计算出的各个管子的输出信号比值的变化完成对增益的自动调整,结果证明方法是有效的。     

基于平板型闪烁晶体成像探测器位置刻度系统

对于通过准直方式成像的γ相机,因其闪烁体、位置灵敏光电倍增管（PSPMT）光阴极均具有一定的厚度,以及通过重心法计算位置的方式等原因,造成了γ相机在不对所成图像进行修正的情况下,这些γ图像向中心压缩,即出现边沿压缩效应。为减少和修正边沿压缩效应,本文设计了一套刻度系统。该系统采用逐点扫描探测器表面的办法,获得平板型探测器有效区域内所扫点位置与探测器响应位置的原始信息,得到进入探测器的光子的真实位置与γ相机电路输出信息之间的关系映射,形成用于还原每个进入γ相机有效区域内γ光子的实际位置的查找表,从而有效解决了γ相机成像时无法避免的边沿压缩效应造成的图像畸变。该系统在刻度过程中无需人工干预,自动生成位置查找表,为γ相机小孔成像的图像还原或编码孔成像的图像重建提供了必要条件。     

基于MCNP5与WINXCOM仿真计算的铋玻璃屏蔽特性研究

通过MCNP 5（蒙特卡罗,Monte Carlo）和WINXCOM程序研究了在0.662 MeV、1.17 MeV和1.33 MeV三种γ射线下铋玻璃的衰减系数,并与铅玻璃进行对比。根据衰减倍数K以及综合考虑材料屏蔽性能和机械性能后,材料可以选择含氧化铋含量为50%的铋玻璃。计算了137Cs与60Co源照射以及铋玻璃的厚度分别为2 cm和10 cm的水模体剂量率分布。结果反应出在适合的能量下,铋玻璃可能会替代铅玻璃作为防辐射玻璃。     

基于最小二乘法的航空?能谱解析

在天然辐射环境下,无法找到仅含单一天然放射性系列的近似无限大地层用于获取航空γ谱仪的响应谱,这是导致无法利用最小二乘法解析航空γ能谱的关键问题所在。本文基于介质互换原理、地层模块化与分能区多次模拟的思想,通过构建Monte Carlo组合模型,从而获得了含不同放射性物质的任意形状地层上空航空γ谱仪的响应谱。依据航空γ能谱测点上γ辐射来源与石家庄动态带分析,建立了一套可靠的最小二乘法航空γ能谱解析模型。通过对野外10 km测线分析发现,当地层含量大于4×10~(-6)时,该方法与标准方法分析结果相当。同时该方法为人工放射性核素响应谱的剥离提供参考。     

一种核材料识别系统的Monte Carlo方法仿真研究

因核材料敏感性及强放射性辐射危害性等因素使研究核材料识别较困难。为此本文从物理原理和试验统计数据出发,构造了核材料识别系统仿真模型,采用Monte Carlo方法获得了对粒子输运过程抽样,得到了三路时域脉冲信号,进而对三路信号进行自、互相关及功率谱密度等时-频分析,得到可供识别核材料所需的相关时-频域特征标签。仿真研究结果表明,本文构造的仿真模型、过程仿真及数据计算能较好地反映核裂变中粒子输运过程,可呈现核材料识别系统中若干特征标签的有效性,为后续实际条件下相关实验的开展及特征谱线的解读和分析奠定了基础,并对核军控核查技术的实验室仿真研究有积极意义。     

GATE simulation based feasibility studies of in-beam PET monitoring in 12C beam cancer therapy

In comparison with conventional radiotherapy techniques,12C beam therapy has its significant advantage in cancer treatment because the radiation dose are mostly concentrated near the Bragg peak region and damage to normal tissues along the beam path is thus greatly reduced.In-beam PET provides a way to monitor dose distribution inside human body since several kinds of positron-emitting nuclei are produced through the interaction between 12C beam and body matters.In this work,we study the quantitative relationship between the spatial location of the Bragg peak and the spatial distribution of positrons produced by positron-emitting nuclei.Monte Carlo package GATE is used to simulate the interactions between the incident 12C beam of different energies (337.5,270.0 and 195.0 MeV/u) and various target matters (water,muscle and spine bone).Several data post-processing operations are performed on the simulated positron-emitting nuclei distribution data to mimic the impacts of positron generation and finite spatial resolution of a typical PET imaging system.Simulation results are compared to published experimental data for verification.In all the simulation cases,we fred that 10C and 11C are two dominant positron-emitting nuclei,and there exists a significant correlation between the spatial distributions of deposited energy and positrons.Therefore,we conclude that it is possible to determine the location of Bragg peak with 1 mm accuracy using current PET imaging systems by detecting the falling edge of the positron distribution map in depth direction.     

Design feasibility of gamma camera without collimator based on specific arrangement of the detectors

In gamma camera and single-photon emission computerized tomography, the collimator removes most photons. Here, a gamma camera without collimator utilizes a specific arrangement of detectors. Instead of bending beams(like a lens) or directing beams(by parallel hole collimator), changes are created in detectors' field of view(FOV), so that each detector's FOV looks different from others. Simulation proved this theory, with 98 detectors(2 cm 9 1.41 cm) arranged in a zigzag manner for Monte Carlo simulation. A radioactive source with energy of140 ke V was situated on the detectors' faces. Sixty projections, each 3(0 –179) apart, were simulated by Monte Carlo N-Particle(MCNP) 4C code, rotating detectors around a radioactive point. The band containing the radioactive source is clearly visible in each projection.Counts obtained after simulation in different projections were reconstructed, and point source location emerged correctly. Simulation of gamma camera with zigzag arrangement of detectors and MCNP-4C code demonstrated that one could string the space and determine radioactive source by image reconstruction without using collimators, solely through these special detectors' distribution.     

Optimization of GEANT4 settings for Proton Pencil Beam Scanning simulations using GATE

This study reports the investigation of different GEANT4 settings for proton therapy applications in the context of Treatment Planning System comparisons. The GEANT4.9.2 release was used through the GATE platform. We focused on the Pencil Beam Scanning delivery technique, which allows for intensity modulated proton therapy applications. The most relevant options and parameters (range cut, step size, database binning) for the simulation that influence the dose deposition were investigated, in order to determine a robust, accurate and efficient simulation environment. In this perspective, simulations of depth-dose profiles and transverse profiles at different depths and energies between 100 and 230 MeV have been assessed against reference measurements in water and PMMA. These measurements were performed in Essen, Germany, with the IBA dedicated Pencil Beam Scanning system, using Bragg-peak chambers and radiochromic films. GEANT4 simulations were also compared to the PHITS.2.14 and MCNPX.2.5.0 Monte Carlo codes. Depth-dose simulations reached 0.3 mm range accuracy compared to NIST CSDA ranges, with a dose agreement of about 1% over a set of five different energies. The transverse profiles simulated using the different Monte Carlo codes showed discrepancies, with up to 15% difference in beam widening between GEANT4 and MCNPX in water. A 8% difference between the GEANT4 multiple scattering and single scattering algorithms was observed. The simulations showed the inability of reproducing the measured transverse dose spreading with depth in PMMA, corroborating the fact that GEANT4 underestimates the lateral dose spreading. GATE was found to be a very convenient simulation environment to perform this study. A reference physics-list and an optimized parameters-list have been proposed. Satisfactory agreement against depth-dose profiles measurements was obtained. The simulation of transverse profiles using different Monte Carlo codes showed significant deviations. This point is crucial for Pencil Beam Scanning delivery simulations and suggests that the GEANT4 multiple scattering algorithm should be revised.     

Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Swarm in the Diamond Film Growth via EACVD

Monte Carlo simulations are adopted to study the electron transport porcess in the non-uniform electric field.Some important parameters of electrons in diamond films dynamic process at low temperature via EACVD such as angle distribution,energy distribution,average energy of electrons are given.The results indicate that the electron scattering near the substrate is mainly of a large-angle scattering,exhibiting a double-peaking distribution .All of the conclusions provide some theoretical data referential to the vapor dynamic model of diamond film growth at low temperature via EACVD.     

Simulation study of transverse optical klystron radiation

The radiation from a transverse optical klystron(TOK) is calculated by far field approximation and numerical integration,in which the effects of electron-beam emittance and energy spread are considered.Accurate electron-beam profiles have been experimentally determined and modeled by the Monte Carlo method.The calculated spectra illustrate the emittance of Hefei storage ring imposes on the spontaneous radiation of TOK.     

Simulation of a soft-gamma-ray polarimeter on board a microsatellite

Gamma-ray polarimetry is a new and prospective tool for studying extremely high-energy celestial objects and is of great significance for the field of astrophysics.With the rapid development of microsatellite technology,the advantages of space exploration have become increasingly apparent.Therefore,we simulated a soft-gamma-ray polarimeter for a microsatellite based on the Compton scattering principle.We performed detailed Monte Carlo simulations using monoenergetic gamma-ray linear-polarization sources and Crab-like sources in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV considering the orbital background.The polarimeter exhibited excellent polarization detection performance.The modulation factor was 0.80±0.01,and the polarization angles were accurate within an error of 0.2° at 200 keV for on-axis incidence.For the Crab-like sources for on-axis incidence,the polarization degrees were consistent with the set values within the error tolerance,the modulation factor was 0.76±0.01,and the minimum detectable polarization reached 2.4％at 3σ for an observation time of 106 s.Additionally,the polarimeter exhibited recoil electron tracking,imaging,and powerful background suppression in a large field of view(FoV;～2π sr).The proposed polarimeter meets the requirements of a space soft-gamma-ray polarization detector and has promising research prospects.     

A characterization study on perovskite X-ray detector performance based on a digital radiography system

X-ray imaging technologies such as digital radiography(DR),is an important aspect of modern non-destructive testing and medical diagnosis.Innovative flexible X-ray detector technologies have recently been proposed and are now receiving increasing attention owing to their superior material flexibility compared with traditional flat-panel detectors.This work aims to study these innovative flexible X-ray detectors in terms of their effectiveness in DR imaging,such as detection efficiency and spatial resolution.To achieve this goal,first,a Monte Carlo model was developed and calibrated to an in-lab 150 kV DR imaging system containing a flat-panel X-ray detector.Second,the validated model was updated with various types of flexible X-ray detectors to assess their performance in nearly realistic conditions.Key parameters such as the detection efficiency pertaining to the crystal material and thickness were studied and analyzed across a broader energy range up to 662 keV.Finally,the imaging performance of the different detectors was evaluated and compared to that of the flat-panel detector in the 150 kV DR imaging system.The results show that the flexible detectors such as the CsPbBr3 crystal detector deliver promising performance in X-ray imaging and can be applied to a wider range of application scenarios,especially those requiring accurate detection at challenging angles.     

超级蒙特卡罗核计算仿真软件系统SuperMC

蒙特卡罗方法对于复杂核系统的模拟具有明显优势,然而在实际工程应用中存在巨大的挑战,如复杂结构与材料分布精准建模难度大、计算收敛速度慢、海量数据难以及时有效分析等。超级蒙特卡罗核计算仿真软件系统SuperMC设计为支持以辐射输运为核心,包含燃耗、辐射源项/剂量/生物危害、材料活化与嬗变等的综合中子学计算,支持热工水力学、结构力学、化学、生物学等多物理耦合模拟。SuperMC目前已发展了精准建模、高效计算、四维可视化等关键技术,通过2 000余个国际基准模型及实验的验证与确认,在反应堆工程等方面获得广泛应用,本文对其发展概况进行介绍。     

Characterization of Nitrogen Glow Discharge Plasma via Optical Emission Spectrum Simulation

Optical emission spectroscopy in nitrogen glow discharge plasma is simulated, and the collision excitations and characteristic emissions of the species （N2, N2^＋, N^＋, N） are investigated by a Monte Carlo model for nitrogen molecular gas discharge. The excitation rates of the main excited states are calculated and the corresponding relation and relative magnitude between the distribution of excitation rate of a certain excited state and the distributions of the emission rates of various lines originating from this excited level are also explored. The simulated results are compared with the experimental measurements in two typical discharge conditions. The luminescence mechanism of the line N2^＋： 391.4 nm is explained based on the microscopic plasma processes. The cathode glow in N2 discharge is found to be mainly caused by N^＋ impact excitation and the intensity of cathode glow decreases with the voltage. The corresponding relation between the emission rate or intensity of the 391.4 nm line and the production rate and the density of N2^＋ is also examined.